Earticle

Per Amica Silentia Lunae (Yeats translated it into Through the Friendly Silences of Moon) was written between January and May of 1917, and consists of a Prologue and an Epilogue for Iseult Gonne, "Ego Dominus Tuss," Anima Hominis and Anima Mundi. In Anima Mundi Yeats said, "I have always sought to bring my mind close to the mind of Indian and Japanese poets, old women in Connacht, mediums in Soho, lay brothers whom I imagine dreaming in some mediaeval monastery the dreams of their village, learned authors who refer all to antiquity: to immerse it in the general mind where that mind is scarce separable from what we have began to call 'the subconscious'... ." In the background of his theory of anti-self there are Indian and Japanese Religious thought, Celtic folklore, Spiritualism, the Order of Golden Dawn, and the great poet Dante. "Ego Dominus Tuss" is a dialogue between two men, Hic and Ille, who discuss poetry and creative process. Ille, like Yeats, is a daimonic poet walking in the moonlight. For Yeats, lunar and subjective were always the antitheses to solar and objective. Poesis called for complete subjectivity, for entry into the friendly silence of the moon. The moon is always associated with feminine divinity. With the help of a mask, Ille is calling to the opposite of his daily self, his anti-self. In the end of the poem, Ille found his anti-self. In Anima Hominis Yeats said that the saint like Christ and Buddha, and the poets like Dante and Keats attained the anti-self. The anti-self is a egoless self, the higher self. Saint, hero, and poet are all inspired. Yeats said, "Saint or hero works in his own flesh and blood and not in paper or parchment, have more deliberate understanding of that other flesh and blood." Only when Yeats became the anti-self could he become a totally subjective mind, overcome the illusion of duality, and find a "revelation of realty." Yeats could receive daimonic inspiration only during visionary experiences. Finally Yeats found the anti-self he felt ecstasy. According to his theory, the production of art was an expression of the artist's longing for "Unity of Being." In Per Amica silentia Lunae Yeats said "the poet, because he may not stand within the sacred house but lives amid the whirlwinds that beset its threshold, may find his pardon."

This paper is an attempt to discuss Yeats' meditative poem and its formative process. Before taking up the main subject, I will survey the background of the meditative poem. The most notable of meditative practices were the Ignation meditations that synthesized several medieval branches of meditation and gave them new echo in the early modern world. These meditation then formed the structural backbone of poems that also demanded a similar type of ordered contemplation by Donne, Herbert, Hopkins and Wordsworth. Also Yeats clearly fits into this English meditative tradition due to the Irish and mystical elements but works with meditative techniques in a quite novel manner. The techniques of meditation become significant for their impact on how a poem works to trace the mind's progress. Yeats's poems, especially his mature poems, develop many of the imageable patterns and employ similar technique. There is a close correspondence between meditative discipline and the creative imagination. If we cannot imagination ourselves as different from what we are and assume that second self, we cannot impose a discipline upon ourselves. It is the creation of this self that a meditative poem records. A self is ideally one with itself, with other human beings, with created nature, and with the supernatural. Thus the self of meditative poetry speaks a language based on that of common men, but includes whatever in its own experience is unique and individual. In conclusion, Yeats' meditation allows him to reach that Unity of Being where the oppositions of change and changelessness, time and eternity, are reconciled. Toward the union of "the powers of the soul," Yeats's "Unity of Being" by disciplined effort makes his way, while creation of the poetry plays its part in the struggle. Unity of Being is both the resolution to the tension between opposites and the point at which all things connect.

The current research tested how an anti-smoking message with fear appeals and self-stigma operate. An online experiment with a sample of South Korean smokers (N = 331) found that fear appeals motivated smokers to quit smoking. Individuals with a high level of response efficacy showed a higher tendency to quit smoking when they were exposed to fear appeals, compared to those with a lower level of response efficacy. Self-stigma increased intentions to quit smoking and moreover, it conditionally influenced the effects of fear appeals on motivation to cease smoking for smokers with low response efficacy. Our results imply a beneficial role of self-stigma in health-promoting behaviors among smokers with low response efficacy when fear appeals are shown.

본 논문의 목적은 『켈트족의 여명』에 사용된 이중서사기법이 에세이와 스토리, 두 장르를 결합하는 한편 시인의 반자아의 마스크로서 기능하는 점을 살펴보 는 것이다. 『켈트족의 여명』은 아일랜드의 민담을 정확하고 솔직하게 편집하고자 한 예이츠의 독특하고도 창의적인 시도이다. 상상력을 사용하지 않았다는 그의 주장에도 불구하고 『켈트족의 여명』은 보편적인 상상력과 개인적인 상상력으로 가득한 책이다. 그것의 내러티브는, 예이츠가 전통 및 동시대의 작가들로부터 배워온 고도로 정교한 마스크를 통해 이루어지고 있다. 과거에 상실한 존재의 통합을 복원하는 것이 예이츠 의 담대한 목적이었는데 비록 상업주의가 지배하는 세계에서 필연적으로 실패할 운명 이라 해도 그는 결코 초월적 비전과 이를 향한 수단으로서 예술에 대한 신뢰를 포기 한 적이 없었다. 통합을 상실한 시대의 반자아를 대변하는 서사적 마스크가 본질적으 로 모순적이듯 시인의 상상력과 믿음 그리고 꿈 또한 모순적일 수밖에 없는 현실에서 예술만이 희망임을 그는 너무도 잘 알고 있었기 때문이다.

The objective of this paper is to examine the function of the dual narrative in The Celtic Twilight, as a generic merger between the essay and the story as well as a mask for the anti-self of the poet. The book is a peculiar and creative attempt by Yeats who wanted to compile the Irish folklores accurately and candidly. Despite his denial of imagination used in the book, The Celtic Twilight is full of imagination both personal and universal. It is narrated through a highly elaborate version of mask that Yeats learned from both the ancient and the contemporary writers. While Yeats’s grand project is to reach and recover the Unity of Being lost in the past which was doomed to fail in the commercial world, he never gave up not only his vision but also his trust in art as a means of transcendence. In this world art is the only hope: to Yeats, just as his narrative as a mask of the anti-self was paradoxical by nature, so was the poet’s imagination—beliefs and dreams—which Yeats knew well enough.

This essay aims at probing for a proper interpretation and understanding of anti-Semitism that is prevalent in Chaucer's Prioress's Tale in Canterbury Tales. So far, many critics have tackled the question of anti-Semitism and Chaucer's problematic treatment of Jews by introducing modern critical theories. However, my argument is that their interpretations by and large remain unsatisfactory or incomplete, mainly because their interpretive tools were founded upon the binary opposition between European Christians and Jews. Instead of this binary logic, therefore, I complicate the racial relationship in Medieval Europe by placing “Asia” on the position of the other of European Christians. We then have more complex racial model or what I would call “racial triangle”: European Christians, Asian Muslims, and Jews. Although the word “Asye” is the very first concrete noun of the tale, critics have paid little attention to it, only regarding it no more than a literary device of setting and exoticizing the story and possibly neutralizing anti-Semitism. Yet the critical survey of the historical development of Marian legends illuminates that Asia is not merely a setting for the story, but a primary signifier for an imaginary object of European desire for territorial expansion, or the absolute other against which European Christians identify themselves. The racial triangle is derived from Kristeva's psychoanalytic study on “abject.” By definition, “abject” is not an “object” or “the other” that exists outside the domain of the “subject.” It is part of the subject but something that must be purged out for the unity of identity - that is, the not-self within the self. In this model, Jews can be understood as part of European self but not quite. I conclude that anti-Semitism in the tale is a product of European Christians' historically overdetermined anxiety of the other (Asian Muslim) - that is, they attempt to master their fear of the other by abjecting Jews.

In the paper, "The Anti-self in Yeats's Per Amica Silentia Lunae" published on Dec. 2004, I studied the theory of Yeats's anti-self in the occultic meditation. In "Ego Dominus Tuss," Ille finally found his anti-self. In "Anima Hominis," Yeats said that the saint like Christ and Buddha, and the poets like Dante and Keats attained the anti-self. The anti-self is the opposite of daily self and the egoless self. After leaving the Golden Dawn in 1917 Yeats explored a wide range of meditative traditions such as Zen Buddhism, Upanishads, Tibetan Mysticism and Chinese Taoism. Throughout his poetic career, Yeats defined poetry, and indeed all art, as a form of meditation, as an experience which can reveal the unified "Self," defined by the Upanishads, and unlock its creative energy stored in the "deep of the mind." In "Discoveries," Yeats said that the more he tried to make his art deliberately beautiful, the more he follow the opposite of himself. In this paper I argue that Yeats's anti-self is similar to the "Self" of Upanishads and the Buddhahood of Zen Buddhism. In "The Double Vision of Michael Robartes" the girl dancing between a Sphinx and a Buddha in the fifteenth night is the anti-self of Yeats. In a moment the girl, the Sphinx, the Buddha and the poet himself had overthrown time in contemplation. They remain motionless in the contemplation of their real nature, Buddhahood. Full moon is the light of Samadhi and Turiya which is the forth state corresponding to the whole sacred word "AUM," pure personality, the "Self" of Upanishads. Only when Yeats becomes the anti-self he can be a totally subjective mind, overcome the illusion of duality, and find a "revelation of realty." It is a deliverance that leads simply to seeing things the way they really are, in their most naked reality. The process of spiritual realization is cognitive, for knowledge unites the knower and the known together, reverting to the language of "A Dialogue of Soul and Self," intellect no longer knows/ Is from Ought, or Knower from the Known. "The Self is Brahman": the individual soul is seen to be the universal spirit. When each man realize that his original nature is the eternal spirit, no matter how ordinary he is, he will enter Buddhahood. Like Bodhisattvas who, on the verge of their own enlightenment, vow to hold themselves from that final bliss until all sentient beings are released from the phenomenal world Yeats would like to be an Avalokitesvara in this rag-and-bone shop.

본고는 지금까지 한인 피폭자들의 자기서사에 관한 연구에서 본격적으로 다루 어지지 않았던 원폭2세의 사례와 나가사키에서 피폭한 한인의 사례를 중심으로 논의하면서 이 분야에 관한 기존 연구를 보완하고 연구의 외연을 한층 확장하고 자 했다. 우선 한일 양국에서 지금까지 발표된 한인 피폭자의 자기서사 단행본의 서지사항과 내역을 종합적으로 정리, 확인하였고, 이어서 케이스 스터디로서 원폭 2세 김형률의 반핵인권활동과 사상, 그리고 나가사키에서 피폭한 한인들의 전후 생활과 미래에 대한 지향성을 검토하면서 이들의 사유가 지니는 현재적 의미와 의의를 부각시켰다. 이 검토를 통해 이들 피폭 한인이 전후 한일 사회에서 이중 삼중의 극한적 고통과 고뇌 속에서도 궁극적으로는 어떻게든 인간으로서 일상생 활을 영위해나가고, 인생의 의미를 찾고 실천하고자 하는 노력을 읽어냈다. 본고에서 살펴본 김형률의 반핵인권사상을 비롯하여 피폭 한인이 남긴 고뇌와 치유의 사상은 정치적 이해관계를 넘어서 반전과 반핵, 그리고 진정한 평화를 갈 구하는 역사적 증언이자 인류의 귀중한 육성이며, 정치군사적 갈등과 배외주의가 첨예화되고 있는 오늘날의 국제 정세에 제시할 수 있는 인문학적 교훈으로서 기 능할 수 있다고 생각한다.

This paper aims to supplement existing research in this field and further expand the scope of research, focusing on the case of the second-generation atomic bomb and the case of the Korean people who were exposed in Nagasaki. First of all, Korea and Japan comprehensively summarized and confirmed the contents and details of the Korean victims' self narrative books published so far, and then, as a case study, reviewed the anti-nuclear human rights activities and ideas of the second-generation atomic bomb Kim Hyung-ryul. Through this review, we read the efforts of these exposed Koreans to ultimately lead their daily lives as humans in the midst of extreme pain and suffering in Korean and Japanese society after the war, and to find and practice the meaning of life. Kim Hyung-ryul's anti-nuclear human rights ideology, as well as the anti-nuclear and healing ideology left by the exposed Koreans, is a historical testimony for reversal, anti-nuclear, and true peace, and can serve as humanities lessons.

본 연구는 암환자의 항암화학요법에 관한 교육자료로써 소책자를 만들고 이를 교육하여 환자의 지식과 자가간호수행에 미치는 효과를 파악하여 항암화학요법 환자를 위한 간호중재의 효과를 파악하고자 시도하였다. 연구 설계는 단일군 원시실험연구이다. 연구기간은 2001년 10월 5일부터 2002년 2월 30일까지이었으며, 연구대상은 서울시내 일개 종합병원에 입원하여 항암 화학요법을 받는 대상으로 편의 표출한 24명이었다. 연구도구는 권연숙(1988)의 지식 측정 도구와 Dodd (1984)의 항암요법일지를 번역하여 서순림(1996)의 도구를 수정보완하였으며, 수집된 자료를 SPSS프로그램을 이용하여 통계처리 하였으며, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, Paired t-test, Pearson Correlation으로 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 암환자의 화학요법에 관한 자가간호 지식정도는 교육전후에 차이가 있을 것이다는 지지되었다(t=-2.373, P= .026). 2. 암환자의 화학요법에 관한 자가간호 수행정도는 교육전후에 차이가 있을 것이다는 지지되었다(t=-8.73, P= .000). 3. 암환자의 화학요법에 관한 지식정도와 자가간호 수행정도는 유의한 관계가 있을 것이다는 지지되지 않았다( P〉.05). 결론적으로 환자개별교육이 항암화학요법 환자의 지식과 자가간호 수행정도에는 영향을 주는 것으로 나타나 자가간호 수행 정도를 증진시킬 수 있는 중요한 간호중재임을 확인하였다. 따라서 항암화학요법 환자에게 적절한 관리를 할수 있는 자가간호 수행을 위한 간호중재로 환자교육 프로그램의 적극적인 활용이 요구된다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 제언을 하고자 한다. 1) 단일군 원시실험설계였으므로 결과를 해석하는데 제한이 있다. 따라서 연구 대상자를 확대하여 대조군을 둔 유사실험설계를 제언한다. 2) 화학항암요법 치료를 받는 환자를 위해 표준화할 수 있는 포괄적인 교육 프로그램의 개발을 제언한다. 3) 항암 치료를 보통 6 cycle동안 교육을 언제 몇 번 시켜야 효과적인지에 대한 연구를 제언한다.

The Cancer Patients are rapidly growing and it became one of the main cause of death. Lately with the effect of Chemotherapy, drastically improved patients quality of life and also Prolonged Life of Cancer Patients. But the Chemotherapy not only Kill the Cancer cells but also harm to normal cells witch Cancer lots of side effect. This study was designed to identify the effectiveness of patient education to reduce side effect and help promote self care. The date was collected from October, 2001 to February, 2002 by questionary Survey Method. The subjects were 24 patients Who were and Anti Chemotherapy C University Hospital. Educated booklet contained what is Chemotherapy, what are the side effects, and to promote Self care. Pre test was given after 3-4 weeks re admission period. Analysis data was done by SPSS Program Paired t-test was used to differentiate Knowledge and difference of performing self care. Relationship in between Knowledge and promoting Self care was used Pearson Correlation. As the result of education, knowledge of self care and performance was drastically increased but the relationship in between knowledge of self care performed was not significant. Therefore it is proposed as follows; 1) Further research with experienced subjects to differentiate experience group and control group. 2) Education program need to be develop and standardize for anti cancer Chemotherapy patient. 3) During 6 cycle of Chemotherapy what is ideal number of in order to get the best result.

Anne Tyler is one of the most significant contemporary writers and a highly prolific writer who has published 18 novels to date. She is also known as an intensely private writer labeled the Greta Garbo of the literary world who rarely does book tours, avoids publicity, and does not grant face-to-face interviews. In spite of the richness of her work and sizeable popular audience, she received little scholarly assessment and academic discussion analysis until the 1990s. Tyler’s novels are not only readable and enjoyable but also thought-provoking. Her various characters are painfully realistic, eccentric, and ironically charming. Family relationships are at the core in nearly all her novels set in Baltimore, but her characters end up establishing identity in opposition of family myth. In order to introduce and define Tyler as a masterful fictional realist and a humanist, this paper critically reads her 1998 novel, A Patchwork Planet, which tells of an unheroic, eccentric, uncertain, and lonely protagonist from an affluent American family. Especially, the paper suggests that Shakespeare’s speaker in “Sonnet 29” and Tyler’s narrator in A Patchwork Planet are similar. As self-observers, the insecure young men in 17th century England and 20th century America undergo the ongoing process of self-affirmation and self-development. While emphasizing the individual relationships with others outside one’s immediate family, Tyler realistically portrays the inward journey of the narrator in which he is overwhelmed by loneliness, isolation, and defeat and then gradually comes to terms with self-integrity and self-worth.

This study investigates the effectiveness of tailored anti-smoking campaigns by examining the interplay between self-construals, cigarette types, and stages of change in smoking cessation efforts. Focusing on both combustible cigarette and electronic cigarette users, the research explores how messages framed around either independent or interdependent self-construals influence attitudes and intentions to quit smoking. The findings indicate that in the early stages of cessation, combustible cigarette users respond more positively to messages emphasizing independent self-construals, which highlight personal health risks. Conversely, in the later stages, e-cigarette users are more receptive to interdependent self-construal messages that stress the broader impacts of smoking. We emphasize the importance of aligning smoking cessation messages with the psychological profiles and cessation readiness of different smoker groups. We offer theoretical and empirical insights for enhancing the effectiveness of public health campaigns.

본 연구의 목적은 긍정적 자아개념 증진 활동이 유아의 자아존중감과 반편견 인식에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. 연구대상은 만 5세 유아 46명이며, 평균 월령은 69.21개월이었다. 실험집단에서는 긍정적 자아개념 증진 활동이 실시되었고, 통제집단에서는 생활주제와 연계한 자아존중감 활동이 실시되었다. 연구도구로는 유아의 자아존중감 측정을 위해 지성애, 김영옥과 박희숙(2003)이 개발한 ‘유아 자아존중감 척도’를 사용하였고, 유아의 반편견 인식을 측정하기 위해서는 Verbal Checklist(Lerner & Korn, 1972)를 권현수(2000)가 수정한 검사도구를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 활용하여 독립표본 t-검증을 실시한 후 집단 간 차이를 분석하였다. 연구결과 실험집단이 통제집단 보다 유아의 자아존중감 및 반편견 인식의 점수에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타나, 본 연구에서 개발한 유아의 긍정적 자아개념 증진 활동이 유아의 자아존중감과 반편견 인식의 증진에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of positive self-concept improvement activities on young children's self-esteem and anti-bias perspectives. The subjects used in this study were forty-six, 5 year-old children who attended A, B kindergartens in S city. The mean age of the subjects was 69.21 months. The experimental group participated in positive self-concept improvement activities, while the control group participated in self-esteem activities using topics related to everyday life. The 'Child's Self-esteem Scale (Ji, Kim, & Park, 2003)' and the " Verbal Checklist (Kwon, 2000)' were used in the process of data-collection. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 computer program and a T-test was used to measure significance. The study revealed that the experimental group’s scores in relation to their self-esteem and anti-bias perspectives were significantly higher than those in the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that positive self-concept improvement activities are effective in improving young children's self-esteem and anti-bias perspectives.

Anne Tyler is one of the most significant contemporary writers and a highly prolific writer who has published 18 novels to date. She is also known as an intensely private writer labeled the Greta Garbo of the literary world who rarely does book tours, avoids publicity, and does not grant face-to-face interviews. In spite of the richness of her work and sizeable popular audience, she received little scholarly assessment and academic discussion analysis until the 1990s. Tyler’s novels are not only readable and enjoyable but also thought-provoking. Her various characters are painfully realistic, eccentric, and ironically charming. Family relationships are at the core in nearly all her novels set in Baltimore, but her characters end up establishing identity in opposition of family myth. In order to introduce and define Tyler as a masterful fictional realist and a humanist, this paper critically reads her 1998 novel, A Patchwork Planet, which tells of an unheroic, eccentric, uncertain, and lonely protagonist from an affluent American family. Especially, the paper suggests that Shakespeare’s speaker in “Sonnet 29” and Tyler’s narrator in A Patchwork Planet are similar. As self-observers, the insecure young men in 17th century England and 20th century America undergo the ongoing process of self-affirmation and self-development. While emphasizing the individual relationships with others outside one’s immediate family, Tyler realistically portrays the inward journey of the narrator in which he is overwhelmed by loneliness, isolation, and defeat and then gradually comes to terms with self-integrity and self-worth.

This study focuses on development of anti-corrosion agent with crack self-healing capabilities for reinforced concretestructures. New inorganic mix-proportions with swelling and expansion properties for crack self-healing capabilities weredesigned to conduct such as paste, mortar and concrete experiments. For the flow tests, W/C ratio of 0.35 was used for thecementitious paste. In case of mortar test, W/C ratio of 0.5 and C/S ratio of 1:3 were used. In case of concrete, mixingproportions of concrete; a W/B ratio of 52% and S/A ratio of 48% were applied to all concretes for the fluidity test,compressive strength, corrosion-ratio of steel bar on the NaCl 6% addition to mix-proportion. EPMA results revealedparticular trends in the chemical composition, such as the formation of calcium alumina silicate materials in cracks. Moreover,Cl ions was decreased from surface to internal area in the concrete by self-healing effects. From these results, it was confirmedthe fluidity, compressive strength, and anti-corrosion effect with self-healing capabilities.

Polymer coatings are commonly applied to metal substrates to prevent corrosion in aggressive environments such as high humidity and under salt water. Once the polymer coating has been breached, for example due to cracking or scratches, it loses its effectiveness, and corrosion can rapidly propagate across the substrate. The self-healing system we will describe prevents corrosion by healing the damage through a healing reaction triggered by the actual damage event. This self-healing coating solution can be easily applied to most substrate materials, and our dual-capsule healing system provides a general approach to be compatible with most common polymer matrices. Specifically, we expect an excellent anti-corrosion property of the self-healing coatings in damaged parts coated on galvanized metal substrates.

Self-organized nanogels from polysaccharide derivatives offer a promising approach in treatment of cancer due to their flexibility in chemistry and their ability to improve the therapeutic index of a drug by modifying biodistribution by their preferential localization at target sites and lower distribution in normal healthy tissues. These properties have promoted studies of active cancer targeting by self-organized nanogels for even better accumulation in solid tumors. However although many researchers have reported their potential by using cell culture systems and small animal tumor models in cancer therapy, these nanogels need more decoration such as conjugation with targeting moiety and endowment of stimuli-sensitivity for precise targeting of the cancer site. In this review, we summarize the recent efforts in developing novel targeting approaches via active endocytosis and stimuli-sensitive systems responding to hyperthermic or acidic tumor pH conditions.

레비나스와 보들레르는 세상의 절망과 혼돈, 이것을 피할 수 없는 자아의 운명과 빈곤으로부터 자아의 궁극적 의미를 제시한다. 그 자아는 염세주의적 세계관에 빚지고있지는 않으며 절망을 넘어 신비적 체험, 운명애 등에 의해 초월적 자아로의 비상을 형성하고 있다. 이 점에서 이 글에서 주목하고 있는 점은 두 가지라고 할 수 있다. 첫째, 자아와 세계 사이에서 그들이 이해하고 있는 악 또는 고통의 문제란 무엇인가? 타자성의 관점에서 본다면 그 문제는 선의 가치나 도덕성에 치명적인 해를 끼치거나 심판받아야 할 것이 아니라 원천적인 실존의 한계와 그 있음을 있는 그대로 반영하고 있다는 것이다. 둘째, 그렇다면 그들은 자아의 실존과 그 있음의 문제에서부터 철학적· 문학적 직관을 통해 세계와의 관계에 이르기까지 초월의 가능성을 어떻게 엿보고 있는가? 논자는 이와 같은 주요 요지를 그들의 작품들에 나타난 시적 또는 수사학적 표현들을 분석, 비교하며 소개하고자 한다. 이와 같은 연구를 위해 논자는 그들 사이에서 긴밀한 유대가 있는 사상적 맥락을 찾고 그들의 시대적 배경을 살펴야 했으며 자아(존재), 악, 타자성, 에로스, 초월적 사유를 글의 주제로 다루고자 했다.

Levinas and Baudelaire present the ultimate meaning of the self as arising from both the despair and chaos of the world, and the fate and poverty of the self. The self is not indebted to a pessimistic vision, and it forms an emergence to the transcendent self through mystical experiences, such as fatalism, which transcend despair. In this regard, there are two points that this article focuses on. First, what is the problem of evil or suffering that Levinas and Baudelaire see between the self and the world? From the perspective of alterity, the problem is not something that causes fatal harm to the values of goodness or morality or what should be judged, but rather reflects the limits of original existence and existence itself. Second, how do they view the possibility of transcendence in light of the problem of the existence of the self as well as its relationship with the world? I intend to introduce these main points by analyzing and comparing poetic and rhetorical expressions that appear in their works. For this kind of research, I needed to find ideological contexts that were closely related to the philosophers and examine their historical background, and I also sought to deal with the subjects of their writing: self (existence), evil, alterity, eros, and transcendental thinking.

이 글에서 주목한 것은 반공주의가 작가들에게 자기검열의 기제로 내면화되어 작품의 형식과 내용에 심각한 영향을 주었다는 점이다. 이병주의 「소설·알렉산드리아」와 『그해 5월』을 통해서 그런 사실을 살펴보았다. 반공주의는 공산주의에 대한 단순한 부정이 아니라 고문이나 연좌제와 같은 원초적 공포와 결합되어 있었고, 그래서 분단과 이데올로기 문제를 파헤치고자 할 경우 작가들은 자칫 반공주의의 검열망에 걸려들지 않을까 하는 심한 강박관념에 시달렸다. 그런 현실에서 이병주는 박정희 쿠데타 직후 용공 혐의로 체포되어 징역 10년형을 선고받고, 2년 7개월을 복역한 뒤 석방된다. 이병주가 출옥 후 발표한 작품의 제목에 편집자가 ‘소설’이라는 단어를 삽입한 것이나 작가가 ‘알렉산드리아라’는 먼 외국을 배경으로 서사를 구성한 것은 감시자의 눈을 피하기 위한 장치로 이해할 수 있다. 박정희 사후 발표한 『그해 5월』에서 각종 자료를 동원해서 구속의 부당함을 토로하고 박정희의 만행을 기록한 것은 자기검열의 수위가 낮아지면서 가능했던 일이다. 박정희의 사망과 함께 기록자가 되어 박정희 집권기 전 과정을 일지 형식으로 서술함으로써 『그해 5월』은 한 시대를 증언하고 고발하는 문학적 소임을 수행한다. 쿠데타를 정당화하고 권력을 유지하기 위해 반공을 앞세워 각종 공안사건을 조작하였고, 「분지」(남정현) 필화사건을 통해서 문학마저 정권 유지를 위해 탄압하는, 휴머니즘마저 질식케 하였다. 작가는 그러한 폭정이 북한에 의해 조장된 면이 적지 않다는 것을 지적한다. 60년대 후반기에 북한의 대남 도발은 엄청나게 늘었고, 김일성은 70년대에 가서는 남조선을 해방할 것이라는 목표를 세우고 대남공작을 급격하게 활성화시켰다. 그로 인해 박정권은 간첩의 침투를 막는 정책이나 방침을 강화했고, 그것은 결과적으로 국민을 통제하는 정책이나 방침이 되고 또 반정부 행동을 이적행위로 보는 구실을 제공하였다. 그런 현실을 적시하면서 작가는 “죽어나는 것은 북한의 인민이고 남한의 인민이다. 그러니 문제 해결의 핵심은 남북의 통일에 있을 수밖에 없다”고 단언한다. 통일이 되지 않는 한 안정은 바랄 수 없고, 안정된 상태가 아니고선 민족이 그 품위를 지킬 수 없다는 것. 그렇다면 문제는 통일을 어떻게 할 것인가에 모아진다. 작품 말미에서 언급된 이런 견해는 이병주 문학을 집약한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이병주를 구속시킨 두 편의 칼럼이나 대표작 「소설·알렉산드리아」, 『지리산』, 『그해 5월』, 『소설 남로당』 등은 모두 통일에 대한 고민을 담고 있는 작품이다. 그런 사실을 고려하면 분단과 검열의 족쇄를 뚫고 나간 이병주 문학의 행로란 결국 통일에서 시작해서 통일로 종결되는 통일문학이라 할 수 있다.

This paper focused on anti-communism that was internalized by writers as a mechanism of self-censorship, thereby seriously affecting the form and content of the work. Here, the fact was examined in Lee Byung-joo's 「Novel·Alexandria」 and 『May of that Year』. Anti-communism was not a simple denial of communism, but combined with primitive fears such as torture or implicative system, so writers suffered a severe obsession that they might get caught in the censorship of anti-communism if they wanted to delve into the issues of division and ideology. In this reality, Lee Byung-joo was arrested on charges of bravery immediately after Park Chung-hee's coup, sentenced to 10 years in prison, and released after serving two years and seven months. In the title of the work released by Lee Byung-joo after he was released from prison, the word “novel” was intentionally inserted, while composing the narrative set in a distant foreign country, “Alexandria”, was a device to avoid the eyes of the observer. In 『May of that Year』, which was released after Park Chung-hee's death, it was possible to mobilize various data to express the unfairness of arrest and record Park Chung-hee's atrocities due to the low level of self-censorship. With Park Jeong-hee's death, Lee Byung-joo became a ‘recorder’ and described the entire process of Park Chung-hee's reign in a diary format, so that 『May of that Year』 performs a literary duty to testify and accuse an era. It is very meaningful to point out that Park Chung-hee's tyranny was encouraged by North Korea. In the late 60s, North Korea's provocations against South Korea increased dramatically, and Kim Il-sung set a goal of liberating South Korea in the 70s and rapidly activated North Korea’s espionage against South Korea. As a result, Park Chung-hee's administration reinforced the policy or guideline to prevent the penetration of spies, which in turn became a policy or guideline to control the people and provided an excuse to view anti-government action as an act benefiting the enemy. Pointing to that reality, the artist said, “It is the people of North Korea and the people of South Korea that are dying. Pointing out that reality, the author said, "It is the people of North Korea and the people of South Korea who are dying. Thus, the key to solving the problem is the unification of the two Koreas," he asserts. Unless there is unification, stability cannot be desired, and the nation cannot maintain its dignity without a stable state. If so, the problem lies in how to unify. This view mentioned at the end of the work can be seen as an integration of Lee Byung-joo's literature. The two columns that arrested Lee Byung-joo, and his representative works including 「Novel Alexandria」 and 『Jirisan』, 『May of that Year』 and 『Novel Namroodang』 all contain concerns about unification. Considering such facts, the path of Lee Byeong-joo's literature, which broke through the shackles of division and censorship, can be said to be a Unification Literature that eventually begins with unification and ends with unification.