Earticle

This study investigated the effect of simulated altitude training on the changes of small intestinal mucosa barrier, bacterial overgrowth and inflammatory response in the small intestine of rat. Male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal oxygen sedentary group (n=30), normal oxygen exercise group (n=30), low oxygen sedentary group (n=30) and low oxygen exercise group (n=30). Exercise training was on a treadmill for 1 hr per day on days 3, 6, and 9 in the hypoxia condition. Hematological profiles, hematolxylin and eosin staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcrip-tion-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to analyze the effect of simulated altitude training on the amount of bacteria, and expression of mRNA and protein. Simulated exercise training signifi-cantly increased red blood cells and hematocrit. The small intestinal mucosa barrier was significantly injured by the simulated altitude exer-cise training. Comparatively more bacterial growth was evident in the small intestine by the simulated altitude exercise training. mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and pro-tein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly el-evated by simulated altitude exercise training. These results suggest that the simulated altitude exercise training may impair the small intes-tinal mucosa barrier via elevation of bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and the up-regulation of NF-κB in the rats.

본 연구의 목적은 3주간의 고지대 스키 트레이닝이 크로스컨트리 스키 선수의 근기능에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 향후 크로스컨트리 스키 선수들의 근기능 향상 및 과학적 훈련프로그램 구성을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 연구대 상자는 크로스컨트리 스키 남자 대학 선수 6명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 주기별과 고지대 트레이닝이 크로스컨트리 스키 선수들에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 일반선형모델 반복측정(General Linear Model ANOVA with repeated measure) 과 대응표본 t 검정(Paired Samples t-test)을 적용하여 분석하였다. 고지대 스키 트레이닝을 3주간 실시한 결과 신체조성은 변화가 나타나지 않았지만, 어깨관절, 허리관절, 무릎관절, 발목관절의 등속성 근기능이 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 SP기간과 같은 스키 트레이닝 기간 중에도 지속적인 근력훈련을 실시하여야 할 것으로 사료되면 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of three - week high altitude ski training on the myocardial performance of cross - country skiers and to provide basic data for the future improvement of cross - country skiers'. The subjects were 6 cross - country skiing male college athletes. To investigate the effects of periodic and high altitude training on cross - country skiers, a general linear model ANOVA with repeated measure And analyzed using the Paired Samples t-test. In high altitude ski training for 3 weeks, the body composition did not change but the isokinetic muscular function of the shoulder joint, hip joint, knee joint, and ankle joint was decreased. Therefore, further study is needed if it is considered that continuous strength training should be performed during the ski training period such as SP period.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of beta-alanine supplementation and altitude training on aerobic capacity(200m swim performance) and muscle power in K university’s swimmers. Fourteen male swimmers(two groups; β-ala & Con) were performed swim trials in sea level and altitude(1980m) for respectively 4wk(total 8wk). We were checked 200m X 5th records and muscle power(60o/sec Peak torque) analysis at 3 times(pre, 4wk & 8wk). Body compositions(weight, %BMI, muscle mass) were measured pre & post(8wk). The results showed that 200m swim performance records was significantly different pre training between sea level training (p<.05) and pre training between altitude training (p<.001) in β-ala group. But not Con group(placebo). Muscle power(60o/sec Flexion Peak torque) records was significantly different pre training between sea level training (p<.05) and pre training between altitude training (p<.05) in β-ala group. But not Con group(placebo). In conclusion, efficiency of beta-alanine supplementation were increased a beneficial effect on 200m swim performance(aerobic capacity) and isokinetic’s muscle power in elite swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of altitude training of ski players on inflammatory factors(TNF-α, IL-6, CRP) and lipid peroxidation(MDA). Seven ski players were participated 4weeks altitude training. Blood samples were obtained from before and after training. The training started between 2800 and 3500m of altitude. As a result 4weeks altitude training did not induce any significant change in all parameters. In conclusion, intense exercise and altitude exposure may not have a cumulative effect on inflammation and oxidative stress. Further research are necessary to investigate whether an altitude training could effects other inflammatory and oxidative stress factors.

본 메타분석 연구의 목적은 고지훈련이 지구력 스포츠 선수의 유산소성 능력에 미치는 효과를 평가하는 것이었다. 본 연구의 결과 도출을 위해 Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science의 Data Base를 활용하여 문헌검색을 수행하 였다. Cochrane ROB (risk of bia)을 사용하여 연구의 질을 평가하였다. 또한, 표준화된 평균차 standardized mean difference; SMD) 및 95% CI, 랜덤효과모형(random-effect model)을 이용하여 효과크기를 계산하였다, Cochrane 의 Q 테스트와 I2 통계량을 통하여 연구의 이질성을 평가하였다. 연구 결과 고지훈련은 지구력 스포츠 종목 선수의 최대산 소섭취량에 중간정도의 효과크기를 보이는 것으로 나타났다(SMD -.35, 95% CI –.61~-.08, p=0.01). 또한, 고지훈련 은 지구력 스포츠 종목 선수의 헤모글로빈 함량에 중간정도의 효과크기를 보이는 것으로 나타났다(SMD -.39, 95% CI –.73~-.05, p=0.02). 결론적으로 고지훈련이 지구력 스포츠 종목 선수들의 최대산소섭취량과 헤모글로빈 함량에 유의한 개선이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 지구력 스포츠 선수의 유산소성 능력 향상을 위한 훈련프로그램에 고지훈련이 효과가 있음을 시사한다.

This meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of high-altitude training on the aerobic capacity of endurance athletes. A comprehensive search was carried out using databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane ROB (risk of bias). The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI were chosen to measure the effect size, utilizing a random-effects model. The statistical heterogeneity of the incorporated studies was evaluated using Cochrane's Q test and the I^2 statistic. The analysis revealed that high-altitude training had a moderate effect size on the maximum oxygen intake of endurance sports athletes (SMD -.35, 95% CI -.61 to -.08, p=0.01). Furthermore, high-altitude training demonstrated a moderate effect size on the hemoglobin content of these athletes (SMD -.39, 95% CI -.73 to -.05, p=0.02). High-altitude training significantly enhances both the maximum oxygen intake and hemoglobin content in endurance sports athletes. These findings indicate the effectiveness of high-altitude training in augmenting the aerobic capacity of athletes in endurance sports.

운동학 학술지, 2010, 12(3): 45-53. 단기간 고지대 복합훈련이 고등학교 축구선수의 체력요인, 운동수행력 및 등속성 근기능에 미치는 영향. [서론] 본 연구는 고지대(중국; 곤명)에서 복합훈련이 체력요인, 등속성 근기능, 및 운동수행력에 미치는 효과를 규명하는데 그 목적을 두었다. [방법] 연구 대상은 경기도 소재 S고등학교 축구선수로 훈련 군 18명과 통제군 12명으로 구분하였다. 훈련군은 4주 동안 1896m의 고지대에서 전술과 기술훈련과 shuttle run을 통한 복합훈련을 실시하였다. [결과] 고지대 훈련 후 사이드스텝은 훈련여부와 측정시기에 따른 상호작용효과에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 고지대 훈련 후 지구력 운동수행을 평가하기 위한 방법의 shuttle run에서 최고 왕복 수는 훈련 전후의 측정시기효과에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고(p<.05), 안정 시 심박수는 훈련여부와 측정시기의 상호작용효과가 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). 저속(60°/sec) 등속성 근기능은 좌측신전은 훈련여부의 효과와 좌측 굴곡은 측정시기의 효과에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고(p<.05), 고속(180°/sec) 등속성 근기능은 좌측신전과 좌측 굴곡에서 고지대 훈련여부효과가 유의하게 나타났다(p<.05). [결론] 고지대 훈련으로 체력요인, 등속성 근기능, 그리고 운동수행력의 모든 변인에서 유의하게 나타나지 않았지만 대부분 증가하는 경향이 나타나 복합훈련을 통해 기능적 변화를 유발하고 장기적으로 수행한다면 경기력 향상에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

KINESIOLOGY, 2010, 12(3): 45-53. Effects of Altitude Training on Physical Fitness, Shuttle Run, and Isokinetic Muscular Functions in High School Soccer Players. [INTRODUCTION] The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of 4 weeks altitudes training(1896m) on physical fitness, shuttle run, and isokinetic muscular functions [METHOD] Subjects of this study were 30 high school soccer players(training=18, control=12). The training type was modified shuttle run test and skill training. All data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measure of SPSS. [RESULT] Side step of physical fitness was significantly different interaction of group and trial in post training(p<.05). Shuttle run test for endurance was that maximal repetition was significantly different between pre and post training(p<.05) and rest HR was significantly different interaction of group and trial in post training(p<.05). Isokinetic muscular functions for muscular strength(60 °/sec) was that left extension was significantly different between training and control group(p<.05), left flexion was significantly different between pre and post training(p<.05). [CONCLUSION] The altitude training might enhance physical fitness, the endurance performance, and isokinetic muscular functions of high school soccer players.

본 연구는 성인남성 인터스키 선수들에게 8주간의 고지대 트레이닝 훈련을 시행한 후 VO2max(최대산소섭취량)과 기능적 체력 변화와 인터스키 선수들의 체력향상을 위한 효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 8주간의 고지대 트레이닝을 적용하여 유연성, 평형성, 등속성 근력과 최대산소섭취량에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 한다. 연구대상자 20명의 인터스키 선수들을 대상으로 고지대 훈련군(HATG) 10명과 통제군(CG) 10명으로 집단을 나누어 분류 하였다. 트레이닝 프로그램은 8주 7일 110분 동안 고지대 트레이닝을 실시하였고 기능적 체력과 VO2max(최대산소섭취량)을 실험 전·후 측정하여 결과를 얻었다. 결과는 8주 고지대 트레이닝 후 HATG그룹과 CG그룹의 유연성, 평형성, 등속성 근력과 최대산소섭취량에서 두 집단 간의 통계적 유의한 차이를 나타났으며, 고지대 훈련이 변인들에게 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 결론적으로 인터스키 선수들의 기능적 수행능력과 최대산소섭취량의 증가로 이어져 선수 트레이너들에게 이러한 긍정적 결과를 도출하기 위한 트레이닝 방법의 자료로 제공될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of VO2max (maximum oxygen intake) and functional physical strength change and the improvement of physical strength of interski players after 8 weeks of high-altitude training in adult male interski players. To this end, this study aims to verify the effect on flexibility, balance, and constant muscle strength and maximum oxygen intake by applying 8 weeks of high-altitude training. 20 interski players in the study were classified into 10 high-altitude training group (HATG) and 10 control group (CG). The training program conducted high-altitude training for 110 minutes, 8 weeks and 7 days, and the results were obtained by measuring functional physical strength and VO2max (maximum oxygen intake) before and after the experiment. The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in flexibility, balance, and constant-speed muscle strength of the HATG and CG groups after 8 weeks of high-altitude training, and the high-altitude training had a positive effect on the variables. In conclusion, it is believed that it can lead to an increase in functional performance and maximum oxygen intake of interski players, which can be provided as data for training methods to derive such positive results for athlete trainers.