Earticle

본 논문에서는 이미지에서 돌출되는 객체를 검출하기 위해 Saliency Attention을 이용한 딥러닝 기반의 검출 방법을 제안하였다. 돌출 객체 검출은 사람의 시선이 집중되는 물체를 배경으로부터 분리시키는 것이며, 이미지에서 관련성이 높은 부분을 결정한다. 객체 추적 및 검출, 인식 등의 다양한 분야에서 유용하게 사용된다. 기존의 딥러닝 기반 방법들은 대부분 오토인코더 구조로, 특징을 압축 및 추출하는 인코더와 추출된 특징을 복원 및 확장하는 디코더에서 많은 특징 손실이 발생한다. 이러한 손실로 돌출 객체 영역에 손실이 발생하거나 배경을 객체로 검출하는 문제가 있다. 제안하는 방법은 오토인코더 구조에서 특징 손실을 감소시키고 배경 영역을 억제하기 위해 Saliency Attention을 제안 하였다. ELU 활성화 함수를 이용해 특징 값의 영향력을 결정하며 각각 정규화된 음수 및 양수 영역의 특징값에 Attention을 진행하였다. 제안하는 Attention 기법을 통해 배경 영역을 억제하며 돌출 객체 영역을 강조하였다. 실험 결과에서는 제안하는 방법이 기존 방법과 비교하여 향상된 검출 결과를 보였다.

In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based detection method using Saliency Attention to detect salient objects in images. The salient object detection separates the object where the human eye is focused from the background, and determines the highly relevant part of the image. It is usefully used in various fields such as object tracking, detection, and recognition. Existing deep learning-based methods are mostly Autoencoder structures, and many feature losses occur in encoders that compress and extract features and decoders that decompress and extend the extracted features. These losses cause the salient object area to be lost or detect the background as an object. In the proposed method, Saliency Attention is proposed to reduce the feature loss and suppress the background region in the Autoencoder structure. The influence of the feature values was determined using the ELU activation function, and Attention was performed on the feature values in the normalized negative and positive regions, respectively. Through this Attention method, the background area was suppressed and the projected object area was emphasized. Experimental results showed improved detection results compared to existing deep learning methods.

Neural networks are increasingly being used in cloud-based applications, which require users to upload their sensitive data to the cloud server. However, the data privacy may be compromised when the server trains or infers a neural network model using the plaintext data. To address this privacy issue, many studies have developed privacy-preserving neural networks. Recently, FENet, a privacy-preserving neural networks framework using functional encryption, was proposed by Panzade and Takabi. In this paper, we propose a method to accelerate the secure activation function of FENet. We adopt a precomputation approach to reduce the computational overhead of privacy-preserving matrix multiplication, which is the dominant operation in the secure activation function of FENet. According to our performance analysis, the privacypreserving matrix multiplication can be performed by 3.77 times faster than that of FENet with additional 3.49 MB of memory. Since the secure activation function of FENet can be applied to both the training and inference phases, the proposed method is expected to accelerate both phases.

Objective: To examine whether the pattern of brain activation induced by a motor task and the motor responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have prognostic implications for motor recovery after stroke.Method: Ten patients with first-ever subcortical stroke (55.7±17.3 years, 5 ischemic and 5 hemorrhagic) underwent 2 FDG PET studies under different conditions (1: rest, 2: activation with a specific motor task) at 37.7±25.2 days after stroke. The regions showing more than a 10% increase in glucose metabolism on subtraction images during activation and rest were considered to be significantly activated. Cortical excitability of intracortical inhibition (ICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed using the TMS from both abductor pollicis brevis muscles within 7 days of PET scans. Recovery of motor function was assessed at the point of the neurological plateau. Results: The presence of a motor response at the plegic site to TMS and normal intracortical inhibition, and facili-tation patterns in the unaffected hemisphere were found to be related to good recovery. An association between an ipsilesional activation on PET and good motor recovery was also observed, but this was significantly weaker than that between TMS measured cortical excitability and motor recovery. Conclusion: Integrity of the ipsilesional corticospinal pathway, normalized contralesional intracortical excitability, and task-related activation in the ipsilesional hemisphere were found to predict post-stroke motor recovery signifi-cantly.

This study conducted the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Exam-ination (MMSE-K) to women aged 65 or older residing in Gangwon-do Province and screened those who were suspicious to have mild de-mentia for receiving 23 points or lower in it. For eight weeks, this author tried to verify the effects of whole body vibration exercise intervention on electroencephalogram (EEG) activation and cognitive function in women with senile dementia. According to the results, both EEG activa-tion and cognitive function indicated statistically significant difference in terms of the interactive effect between the measuring times and groups, and there was statistically significant improvement found after the whole body vibration exercise intervention. The results of this study are meaningful because they present the possibility of whole body vi-bration exercise intervention to be integrated into the plan to improve life quality in patients with senile dementia by stimulating their muscle spindles and sensory organs only with the amplitude and the number of vibrations with no burden of physical activity and enhancing their EEG activation and cognitive function through the responses of the neuro-muscular system.

최근 DNN(Deep Neural Network)이 다양한 분야에서 활용되는 요즘, DNN의 보안 요소를 위협하는 공격 방식들도 늘어나고 있다. 특히, DNN의 핵심 요소 중 하나인 활성화 함수는 입력 신호를 처리하고 출력을 생 성하는 중요한 부분이다. 이 함수에 대한 공격은 모델의 학습 및 예측에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 오분류 또는 오작동을 유발함으로써 모델의 성능을 저하시킬 수도 있다. 본 논문에서는 이런 보안 위협에서 DNN의 활성화 함 수 중 출력단에서 사용되는 Softmax에 대한 오류 주입 공격이 가능함을 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 그리고 공격에 대응할 수 있는 대응책을 제안하여 실제 대응이 가능한지 MNIST 데이터셋을 이용하여 평가한다. 결과적으로 오 류 주입 공격에 의해 데이터의 약 90%는 정상 동작을 하지 못함을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 제안한 오류 주입 공격 대응책을 적용하여 실험한 결과, 모든 데이터에 대한 오분류되는 것을 방어할 수 있었다.

Nowadays, as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are used in various fields, the number of attack methods that threaten the security elements of DNNs is increasing. In particular, the activation function, one of the key elements of DNN, is an important part of processing input signals and generating output. Some attacks on this function can have a significant impact on the model learning and prediction, and can also degrade the model performance by causing misclassification or malfunction. In this paper, we confirmed through experiments that a fault injection attack on Softmax, one of the activation functions of DNN, is possible. Then, we propose countermeasures to deal with the attack and evaluate whether an actual counteraction is possible using the MNIST dataset. As a result, it was confirmed that approximately 90% of the data did not operate normally due to the fault injection attack. Based on these results, we experimented that the proposed countermeasure was able to prevent misclassification of all data.

목적 : 본 연구는 스마트 글러브를 이용한 가상현실 기반의 상지재활훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능, 상지의 근 활성도, 일상생활 활동과 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 분석하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 선착순 무작위 대조 실험연구 방식으로 연구를 진행하였다. 의료연구협의회 지표(medical research council scale), 한국판 간이정신상태검사(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE-K)로 대상자를 선별하여 뇌졸중 환자 31명을 무작위로 스마트 글러브를 이용한 가상현실 기반의 상지재활훈련군과 일반적 작업치료군으로 나눈 뒤, 주 5회 하루 30분씩 총 25회기 동안 실험을 진행하였다. 중재 전ᆞ후 비교 분석을 하기 위해서 뇌졸중 상지 기능평가(Manual Function Test; MFT), 표면 근전도 검사(Surface Electromyography; EMG), 한국판 수정된 바델지수(Korean version of Modified Barthel Index; K-MBI), 뇌졸중 영향 척도 3.0(Stroke Impact Scale 3.0; SIS)을 사용하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 실험군과 대조군에서 상지의 기능향상(MFT)이 있었고, 실험군에서 위팔노근의 근 활성도에 유 의한 향상이 있었다. 둘째, 일상생활활동에서는 실험군과 대조군에서 유의한 향상을 보였다. 셋째, 삶의 질 에서는 실험군에서 유의한 향상이 있었다. 결론 : 스마트 글러브를 이용한 가상현실 기반 상지재활훈련은 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능, 근 활성도, 일상생활 활동과 삶의 질을 향상하는 효과적인 작업치료 방법이다.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of virtual reality-based upper limb rehabilitation using smart gloves on the upper extremity function, muscle activation, daily activities, and quality of life in stroke patients. Methods: A total of 31 patients after a stroke were randomly assigned to a study group of 16 patients and a control group of 15 patients. For the experimental group, virtual reality-based upper limb rehabilitation using smart gloves was applied, and for the control group, occupational therapy was given. The experiment was conducted for 25 sessions, 5 times a week for 30 min. A Manual Function Test, surface electromyography, Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index, and Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 were applied as pre- and post-assessments. Results: Virtual reality-based upper limb rehabilitation using smart gloves showed significant differences in upper extremity function, muscle activation, daily activities, and quality of life. Conclusion: Virtual reality-based upper limb rehabilitation using smart gloves is an effective occupational therapy method for improving the upper limb function, muscle activation, activities of daily living, and quality of life in stroke patients.

본 연구는 조현병 음성증상 환자를 대상으로 비대면 행동활성화 프로그램이 실행기능 개선에 영향을 미치 는지 탐색적으로 분석하고, 실행기능 개선이 음성증상 개선을 매개로 사회적 기능 변화에 유의한 영향을 미치는지 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 조현병 음성증상 개선에 효과를 보였던 기존의 행동활성화 프로그 램을 비대면으로 적용할 수 있도록 핵심치료 요소들을 포함하여 재구성하였다. DSM-5에 의해 조현병 진단 을 받은 대상자를 모집하였고, 27명이 모집되었으며 연구대상자 참여기준과 배제기준에 따라 최종적으로 21명의 데이터를 분석하였다. 프로그램 전-후에 대상자의 사회적 기능, 음성증상, 실행기능을 평가하기 위 해 PSP, PANSS, CAINS, Stroop 검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 비대면 행동활성화 프로그램을 통해 조현병 환자의 사회적 기능과 음성증상이 개선되었으며 실행기능 검사에서도 유의한 변화가 나타났다. 실행기능 변화가 음성증상 변화를 완전매개로 하여 사회적 기능 변화를 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 근거기반 심리치료로 실행기능이 변화되며 이것이 음성증상 개선을 이루고 사회적 기능 수준이 향상에도 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구는 행동활성화의 핵심 치료 요소가 실행기능 향상에 기능함을 확 인하였고, 실행기능 향상이 음성증상 개선을 이루고 사회적 기능 향상까지 이른다는 매커니즘을 확인하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.

This study aimed to explore the potential impact of a Online Behavioral Activation program on improving executive function in patients with schizophrenia and to validate whether the improvement in executive function has a significant influence on social functioning mediated by the improvement in negative symptoms. To achieve this, a previously effective behavioral activation program for improving negative symptoms in schizophrenia was reconfigured to be delivered in an online format, incorporating key therapeutic elements. Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria were recruited, with a total of 27 participants enrolled and data from 21 participants analyzed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Social functioning, negative symptoms, and executive functioning of the participants were assessed using the PSP, PANSS, CAINS, and Stroop test before and after the program. The results of the study showed that the Online behavioral activation program led to improvements in social functioning and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, and significant changes were also observed in executive function assessments. It was found that the changes in executive function fully mediated the changes in negative symptoms, predicting the changes in social functioning. These findings suggest that evidence-based psychological interventions targeting executive function can lead to improvements in negative symptoms, thereby improving social functioning. The study confirms the effectiveness of key therapeutic elements in behavioral activation for improving executive function and demonstrates the mechanism by which improvements in executive function contribute to the improvement of negative symptoms and further enhancement of social functioning.

목적 : 본 연구는 호기근 강화 훈련(Exparatory Muscle Strength Training; EMST)이 뇌졸중 환자의목뿔위근의 활성화와 삼킴기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자 21명을 대상으로 실험군과 대조군으로 무작위 할당하였다. 실험군은 최대호기력(Maximal Expiratory Pressure; MEP)의 70%, 대조군은 20% 수준의 저항으로 4주간 호기근 강화훈련을 실시하였다. 평가는 표면 근전도(surface Electromyographic; sEMG)와 비디오 투시 연하검사(Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study; VFSS)를 통한 비디오 투시 연하장애 척도(Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale; VDS)와 침습-흡인 척도(Penetration-Aspiration Scale; PAS)를 사용하였다. 결과 : sEMG를 이용한 평가 결과 실험군의 중재 전-후 목뿔위근 활성화에서 통계학적 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p<.05) 대조군의 경우 유의한 차이가 없었다. VFSS를 기반으로 VDS와 PAS를 평가한 결과 실험군과 대조군 모두 인두기와 침습-흡인에서 통계학적 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 MEP의 70% 저항을 적용한 EMST는 인두기 삼킴장애 환자의 목뿔위근 활성화와삼킴기능 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있는 교정적 방법임을 확인하였다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Expiratory Muscle Strength Training (EMST) on the suprahyoid muscle activation and swallowing function of stroke patients. Methods : This study randomly assigned 21 stroke patients to an experimental group and a control group. Four-week EMST was performed at resistance of 70% of the maximum expiratory pressure with the experimental group and at resistance of 20% of that with the control group. Evaluation was conducted using surface Electromyographic (sEMG), Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale (VDS), and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) based on Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS). Results : There was a statistically significant difference in the activation of the suprahyoid muscles using sEMG of the experimental group (p<.05) while there was no significant difference in that of the control group. Both group showed significant difference in the pharyngeal phase of VDS and PAS. Also in the comparison of variation in VDS and PAS before and after the intervention, there were statistically. Conclusion : Finding from this study confirmed that EMST applied 70% maximum expiratory resistance would be a remedial method which could help activate pharyngeal dysphagia patients’ suprahyoid muscles and improve swallowing function.

최근 강화 학습을 통해 게임을 학습하는 인공지능 에이전트를 만드는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 게임을 에이전트 에게 학습 시킬 때 어떠한 딥러닝 활성화 함수를 사용하는지에 따라 그 학습 성능이 달라진다. 본 논문은 2D 슈팅 게임 환경 에서 에이전트가 강화 학습을 통해 게임을 학습할 경우 어떤 활성화 함수가 최적의 결과를 얻는지를 비교 평가 한다. 이를 위해 비교 평가에서 사용할 메트릭을 정의하고 각 활성화 함수에 따른 메트릭 값을 학습 시간에 따라 그래프로 나타내었다. 그 결과 ELU (Exponential Linear Unit) 활성화 함수에 1.0으로 파라미터 값을 설정할 경우 게임의 보상 값이 다른 활성화 함수보다 평균적으로 높은 것을 알 수 있었고, 가장 낮은 보상 값을 가졌던 활성화 함수와의 차이는 23.6%였다.

Recently, there has been active researches about building an artificial intelligence agent that can learn how to play a game by using re-enforcement learning. The performance of the learning can be diverse according to what kinds of deep learning activation functions they used when they train the agent. This paper compares the activation functions when we train our agent for learning how to play a 2D shooting game by using re-enforcement learning. We defined performance metrics to analyze the results and plotted them along a training time. As a result, we found ELU (Exponential Linear Unit) with a parameter 1.0 achieved best rewards than other activation functions. There was 23.6% gap between the best activation function and the worst activation function.

This paper focuses on improving accuracy in constrained computing settings by employing the ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) activation function. The research conducted involves modifying parameters of the ReLU function and comparing performance in terms of accuracy and computational time. This paper specifically focuses on optimizing ReLU in the context of a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) by determining the ideal values for features such as the dimensions of the linear layers and the learning rate (Ir). In order to optimize performance, the paper experiments with adjusting parameters like the size dimensions of linear layers and Ir values to induce the best performance outcomes. The experimental results show that using ReLU alone yielded the highest accuracy of 96.7% when the dimension sizes were 30 - 10 and the Ir value was 1. When combining ReLU with the Adam optimizer, the optimal model configuration had dimension sizes of 60 - 40 - 10, and an Ir value of 0.001, which resulted in the highest accuracy of 97.07%.

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has shown an excellent performance in computer vision task. Applications of CNN include image classification, object detection in images, autonomous driving, etc. This paper will evaluate the performance of CNN model with ReLU and SELU as activation function. The evaluation will be performed on four different choices of hyperparameter which are initialization method, network configuration, optimization technique, and regularization. We did experiment on each choice of hyperparameter and show how it influences the network convergence and test accuracy. In this experiment, we also discover performance improvement when using SELU as activation function over ReLU.

본 연구는 총 11회기(회기당 120분)로 구성된 통합적 자기성장 집단프로그램이 간호대학 1학년 학생의 주관적행복감과 뇌기능 활성화에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 수행되었다. 본 프로그램은 자기이해, 정서표현, 대인관계 증진활동 및 호흡명상을 포함한 구조화된 집단중재로 설계되었다. 본 연구는 비동등성 대조군 전후설계를 적용한 유사실험연구로, 2025년 8월부터 10월까지 C시에 소재한 2개 대학의 간호대학 1학년 학생 36명을 대상으로 실험군 19명과대조군 17명을 배정하였다. 주관적 행복감과 뇌기능 활성화 지표를 측정하여 SPSS/WIN 24.0으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 실험군은 대조군에 비해 주관적 행복감이 유의하게 증가하였으며(p < .001), 삶의 만족과 긍정 정서에서도 유의한 향상이 나타났다. 또한 뇌기능 활성화 지표 중 기초율동지수(좌)(p = .025)와 정신적 스트레스지수(좌·우)(p < .05)에서 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 확인되었다. 본 연구는 통합적 자기성장 집단프로그램이 간호대학생의 정서적 적응과 뇌기능 활성화에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 확인하였으며, 향후 간호교육 현장에서 심리·정서 기반 중재 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study examined the effects of an integrated self-growth group program consisting of 11 sessions (120 minutes per session) on subjective happiness and brain function activation in first-year nursing students. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was employed. Participants were 36 first-year nursing students from two universities located in C city, recruited between August and October 2025. The experimental group (n = 19) participated in the program, while the control group (n = 17) did not. The structured group intervention included self-understanding, emotional expression, interpersonal relationship enhancement activities, and breathing meditation. Subjective happiness and brain function activation indices were measured, and data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 24.0. Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed a significant increase in subjective happiness (p < .001), including improvements in life satisfaction and positive affect. Significant changes were also observed in the left basic rhythm quotient (p = .025) and the mental stress index in both hemispheres (p < .05). These findings confirm that the integrated self-growth group program had positive effects on emotional adaptation and brain function activation among nursing students and may serve as foundational data for developing psychological and emotional intervention programs in nursing education.

커뮤니케이션은 사회와 인간의 조직이 존재하는 곳에는 필연적으로 발생하는 것으로 인간의 기본적 행동이며, 모든 사회활동의 바탕이 된다. 이러한 커뮤니케이션이 기록관에서는 이용자와 아키비스트 사이에서 발생하고 있다. 이용자는 자기의 생각을 정보 요구라는 표현으로 아키비스트에게 제시하고, 아키비스트는 이를 해독하여 정보제공 활동을 하고 있는 것이다. 기록관의 정보서비스는 이용자의 정보 요구를 충족시키기 위하여 제공하는 것이다. 이용자의 정보 요구를 정확히 파악하지 못한 채 마련된 어떤 정보서비스도 성공하지 못하다는 것이 정보서비스분야의 경험일 것이다. 따라서 기록정보서비스에서 가장 기본이 되고, 핵심이 되는 것은 이용자의 정보 요구를 파악하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 종래의 전통적인 기록관에서는 이러한 이용자의 정보 요구를 직접 대면에 의해서 파악할 수 있었다. 하지만 인터넷의 발전으로 활발해진 온라인 기록정보서비스 환경에서는 직접 대면에 의한 파악은 불가능하고, 다만 이용자의 정보 요구가 직접적으로 표출되는 전자적 질의/응답 기능을 통해서만 파악할 수 있게 되었다. 따라서 온라인 기록정보서비스에서는 이용자의 정보 요구가 표출되는 전자적 질의/응답 기능이 핵심이라 할 수 있다. 여기에 본 논문의 목적이 있다. 온라인 환경에서 이용자의 정보 요구를 파악하기 위한 전자적 질의/응답기능 분석을 통해 이용자 요구에 적합한 기록정보서비스를 제공하기 위한 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 본 논문은 아직까지 기록학계에 활성화 되어 있지 않은 이용자 연구에 있어서 하나의 방법론이 될 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서 실시한 전자적 질의/응답 기능 분석뿐만 아니라 여러 가지 방법으로 실시 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 이용자 연구는 보다 나은 기록정보서비스 제공에 있어서 중요한 정보가 될 수 있을 것이다. 앞으로 이 계기를 기반으로 전자적 질의/응답뿐만 아니라 현장에서의 이용자와 아키비스트의 질의/응답까지 확대하여 연구함으로써 다양한 이용자 관련 연구가 기록학계에 활성화되기를 바란다.

This study aims for the above mentioned. After all, through the analysis of Electronic Question/Answering Function to understand a user’s demand under online circumstances, groping for the method to provide an appropriate Archival Information Service is the most important thing. For this, in this study, it researched the users interviews and the research related to users as a precedence study, and the studies having examined the state of demanding information by users through analyzing the e-mail actually. Additionally, by looking over the study of Library and Information Science that is activated in a field of Electronic Question/Answering Function rather than Archival Science, as a matter of fact, the study has come up with the standard for analyzing Electronic Question/Answering Function. And based on the precedence study, the instances for the National Archives from USA, England, Australia and Canada were analyzed, and the chance of activating Archival Information Service were tried to grope for in the study. This study might be one of methodologies in examining the users study that is not activated yet in Archival Science. Therefore, the users study can be carried out in various methods as well as Electronic Archives/Answering Service. This study might be the important information in providing far better Archival Information Services. It is desirable that based on this opportunity, the study related to the various users by examining not only Electronic Archives/Answering Function but also Question/Answering of the users and the Archivists in the filed to the larger extend will be activated for Archival Science.

It is sure that UCC is a main media phenomenon which can lead to Economic, Social and Cultural changes but, “Video UCC”is no more than a subset of a big revolution of UCC and occupies a tiny little field in the market of the platforms of the Moving Pictures. However, taking a view of the right function of UCC, UCC provides users with the opportunity of getting born of new valued contents and service and showing users' ability to many Netizens easily and widely, and does an enterprise with the place where can promote its products effectively by communicating with its customers much more closely. It is essential that people should enjoy the UCC. In other words, producer, consumer and enterprise who are enjoyable can take the glory of the opportunity. Now, thinking over the reverse function of the UCC which is apt to disclose lascivious and sensational contents to young boys and girls defenselessly due to the fact that UCC is for the purpose of providing free and easy information for many and unspecified persons, it is necessary to build a specialized industry-public-Academy organization which is responsible for enacting and spreading a law for “a guideline of production and distribution of sound UCC” including a monitoring program of its distribution information to prevent the production and the distribution of unsound UCC, while this organization encourages users to make a sound UCC Site with ease.

Background: Wrist stability is critical for maintaining functional independence in older adults. Age related declines in muscle strength and sensory feedback can lead to joint instability, impaired hand performance, and increased fall risk. Therapeutic taping may augment mechanoreceptor input, support joint alignment, and facilitate neuromuscular activation. This study compared the effects of elastic and non-elastic taping on grip strength, wrist muscle activation, and hand function in healthy elderly adults. Methods: Thirty five community dwelling adults aged 60–80 years were recruited; after two dropouts, thirty two completed a randomized, crossover protocol under three conditions: no tape, elastic tape applied per standard guidelines, and non-elastic tape for rigid support. Grip strength was measured with a hydraulic dynamometer. Surface EMG recorded activation of wrist flexor and extensor muscles during standardized tasks. Hand function was assessed via the Jebsen–Taylor hand function test, timing seven simulated daily activities. Each condition was separated by a five minute rest. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction examined differences at α = .05. Results: Elastic taping produced a significant increase in grip strength compared to no tape (p<.05), while non‑elastic taping did not, and no difference emerged between the two taping methods. Muscle activation did not differ significantly across conditions. Both elastic and non-elastic taping led to significantly faster hand function test completion times compared to no tape (p<.05), with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: Both elastic and non‑elastic taping improve hand performance in healthy older adults, with elastic taping additionally enhancing grip strength. These simple, safe, and low-cost techniques can serve as valuable adjuncts in early rehabilitation, helping to maintain wrist stability and prevent recurrent injury.

시민을 둘러싼 다양한 환경의 문제에 따른 안전의 영역은 비단 개인의 문제가 아니라 안전한 지역사회를 지향하는 지역사회 공공기관 및 단체의 문제이기도 하다. 왜냐하면 현대사회의 특징이 어느 한 기관에 의지하여 안전을 보장하기에는 한계가 있기 때문에 지역사회에서 시민의 생활 주변의 불법․무질서에 대응하고, 범죄와 사고로부터 안전한 삶을 보장하기 위해서는 지역구성원 모두가 공동으로 대응하는 것이 보다 효율적이기 때문이다. 지역치안 네크워크가 구성되어야 하는 필요성이 바로 여기에 있다. 그 동안 지역사회에서 새로운 네트워크 구축의 필요성에 따라 다양한 분야의 협의체가 존재해왔으나, 치안을 중심으로 한 네트워크 구축은 협의회의 일부 영역으로 한계가 있었다. 이에 따라 2008년 경찰이 중심이 된 지역치안협의회가 발족되었고, 지역치안을 위한 협의체로서 특징을 지닌 네트워크라고 하겠다. 그러나 이 협의체의 구성 기관인 자치단체, 경찰, 소방, 교육, 지역단체들의 명확한 기능 구분 및 역할에 대해 논의가 부족하여 협의회에서 경찰 기능 및 역할의 확립도 불분명한 상황이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 지역치안 네트워크의 중심기구로서 지역치안협의회의 활성화 방안을 통해 그 중심 역할자로서의 경찰의 기능 및 역할에 대해 논의해보고자 한다. 연구 결과 경찰의 역할 및 기능 정립을 통해 경찰활동에 있어서 지역사회 치안환경 변화에 대한 대응능력의 향상, 경찰활동 평가업무의 활성화, 지역사회에 있어서는 치안활동에 있어서 지역특성의 반영, 지역사회경찰활동의 활성화, 시민협력․홍보의 강화 등의 네트워크 활성화에 기여할 수 있기를 희망한다.

The safe territory is problem of the individual and the society from the environmental inside which is various besieges the citizen. This is a problem of the community government offices and the community body. Because of the today safety is not the problem will be able to lean in one agency to there is a limit. The commonness confrontation of the community citizen is efficient to guarantees a civil safety from illegality and disorder, and in order to defend a safety from crime and accident. The necessity of the community policing network must be composed is to here. According to necessity of new network construction the discussion body of the field which is various existed in community but there was not an policing conference is center. Consequently community policing conference where the center becomes came to make at 2008. This conference was composed of local self-governing group, police, fire fighting, education and community body. But these organizations the functional apportionment is indefinite. The role and the functional chart of police is indistinct from the conference Discusses about the function and a role of police from this research through activation plan of community policing conference. The effect which follows in research result are improvement of confrontation ability about community security environmental change, activation of police action evaluation business, community quality reflection in policing, activation of community policing, Civil cooperation and public information reinforcement.

정부의 배출자 부담 원칙에 따라 배출량에 비례하여 수수료를 차등 부과하는 RFID 기반 음식물류폐기물 종량제 가 2012년 전면 시행되었다. 2018년말 기준 전국 149개 지자체, 공동주택 아파트를 기준으로 약 40%의 보급률을 보이 고 있다. 장비 도입으로 약 20~30%의 감량 효과가 나타났다. 이와 더불어 기존 장비들에 대한 문제점도 나타나기 시작 하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 투입구의 근본적인 문제점의 해결책으로 기존에 나와 있는 기술들을 응용하고 통합하여 개선 하고자 하였다. 즉, 음식물쓰레기 종량기 내부의 음식물쓰레기통 안쪽으로 호퍼를 깊숙이 들어가도록 설계를 변경하여 음식물쓰레기가 만수가 되어 수거통 교체 시 원활하도록 고안하여 음식물쓰레기종량기 주변 환경을 개선하고자 한다.

Under the government's principle of paying for emissions, the RFID-based pay-as-you-go system, which charges fees in proportion to emissions, was fully implemented in 2012. As of the end of 2018, the penetration rate is about 40% based on 149 local governments and multi-family apartments nationwide. The introduction of equipment showed a reduction effect of about 20-30%. Problems with existing equipment also began to appear. This study tried to improve by applying and integrating the existing technologies to solve the fundamental problems of these inlets. In other words, the plan is to improve the environment around the food waste meter by changing the design so that the hopper goes deep into the food waste bin inside the food waste meter so that the food waste becomes full and is designed smoothly when replacing the collection container.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently attracted significant attention due to its involvement in phenomena like deep fakes, AI-generated artwork, and other prominent projects and collaborations. It is being used across various domains such as security and deep learning, necessitating high-performance hardware specifications centered around graphics processing units. The research methodology employed in this paper can be outlined as follows: the pursuit of optimal parameter values by manipulating the coefficients and constants within the function employed by the convolutional neural network, and fine-tuning the parameter values themselves. The outcome of this endeavor, involving the optimization of coefficients, constants, and parameter values in the convolutional neural network's functions, yields significant insights. For the original sigmoid formula, optimal parameter values are identified: a coefficient of 9 for the first "x," a coefficient of 7 for the second "x," and a constant term of 0.0001. Shifting attention to the modified Sigmoid function, the pursuit of optimal conditions for high accuracy and fast calculation time leads to the determination of specific values. Notably, the coefficient of the first "x" ("β") within the function is established as 30, while the coefficient of the second "x" ("δ") is set at 70. Additionally, the square value of 5 is identified as optimal, further underscoring the importance of achieving a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by tissue fibrosis andautoimmunity. Although the pathogenic relationship betweenautoimmunity and clinical manifestations of SSc remainsunknown, SSc patients display abnormal immune responsesincluding the production of disease-specificautoantibodies. Previous studies have demonstrated that Bcells play a critical role in systemic autoimmunity and diseaseexpression through various functions such as inductionof the activation of other immune cells in addition to autoantibodyproduction. CD19 is a crucial regulator of B cellactivation. Recent studies demonstrated that B cells from SScpatients showed an up-regulated CD19 signaling pathwaythat induced SSc-specific autoantibody production in SScmouse models. CD19 transgenic mice lost tolerance for autoantigenand generated autoantibodies spontaneously. Bcells from SSc patients exhibited an overexpression of CD19that induced SSc-specific autoantibody production in transgenicmice. Moreover, SSc patients displayed intrinsic B cellabnormalities characterized by chronic hyper-reactivity ofmemory B cells, which was possibly due to CD19overexpression. Similarly, B cells from a tight-skin mouse, agenetic model of SSc, showed augmented CD19 signaling. Inbleomycin-induced SSc mouse models, endogenous ligandsfor toll-like receptor 4 induced by bleomycin stimulated Bcells to produce various fibrogenic cytokines and autoantibodies. Remarkably, the loss of CD19 resulted in the inhibitionof B cell hyper-reactivity and autoantibody production,which are associated with improvements in fibrosisand a parallel decrease in fibrogenic cytokine production byB cells. Taken together, the findings suggest that altered B cellfunction may result in tissue fibrosis as well as autoimmunityin SSc.

Isotropic pitch-based carbon fiber was isothermally activated in $CO_2$ atmosphere. Structural parameters of the isotropic carbon fibers and activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The $d_{002}$ and La of the carbon fibers were measured to be 4.04 ${\AA}$ and 23.6 ${\AA}$ and those of ACFs were 4.29 ${\AA}$ and 22.7 ${\AA}$, respectively, representing less ordered through activation process. The pores in the ACFs were characterized by BET, and they showed super-high specific surface area of maximum value 3,495 $m^2/g$ from average pore size of 8.3 ${\AA}$ at 59% burn-off. It was recognized that 8-9 ${\AA}$ was optimum range of pore size for efficient creation of high specific surface area. The average size of the pores formed at higher temperature ($1100^{\circ}C$) was larger than that of the pores formed at lower temperature ($900^{\circ}C$).