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본고는 디지털제조시대의 중심으로 떠오른 3D데이터의 법적위상을 정립하고 해외동향을 주 시하면서 3D데이터의 제작과 유통에 따른 디자인보호 정책상 대응 전략을 몇 가지 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 디자인의 물품성, 시각성 등 성립요건과, 공업성, 실시개념 등 기초개념을 디지털제조시 대에 부합되게 재정립하여야 한다. 둘째, 정책적으로 3D프린터 제조 및 관련 서비스 산업의 활성화를 위해 3D프린팅 단계에서의 컨트롤과 3D데이터 자체의 제작과 유통에 대한 통제간의 실익을 잘 따져보아 법의 개입 단계를 신중하게 설정하여야 한다. 셋째, 디자인보호법 영역에서 그 보호대상과 실시대상으로서의 물품(또는 물)의 개념을 재정립하고 침해판단의 전제가 되는 실시개념도 데이터 전송을 포함한 무형적 이용이 포함될 수 있도록 개정되어야 한다. 또한 디자 인보호법에서 업(業)으로서 실시개념을 유지하여야 하는지에 대한 찬반론이 있는 만큼 충분한 검토가 필요하다. 넷째, 교체부품의 3D프린팅을 용인할 것인지의 여부는 소위 수리-재생산법리 (Repair- Reconstruction Doctrine)의 법칙에 따르게 되는데, 소비자 개인의 개입과 빈도수가 크게 증가한 측면에서 새로운 도전을 제기한다. 권리자의 침해사실 추적과 입증을 용이하게 하고 소비자들인 개인도 불안한 상태를 극복할 수 있도록 합리적 기준마련이 필요하다. 다섯째, 디지 털이슈를 먼저 겪은 저작권법 영역에서는 분산된 침해나 간접침해에 대한 대응과 사적 복제의 한계 설정 등에 대한 입법이 이루어졌다. 이러한 대응방식을 디자인보호법 영역에 어떻게 도입할 것인가에 대한 진지한 고민이 필요하다. 디자인과 특허의 영역에서 DMPA의 입법을 통해 DMCA의 세이프 하버(safe harbor) 규정 및 통지 및 게시 중단 조항과 유사한 조항의 도입을 통해 불법적 3D데이터의 유통을 통제하되 무고한 OSP에게 면책도 주어져야 한다. 간접침해에 대해서는 디자인보호법에도 비전용품에 대한 간접침해를 도입할 것인지를 검토하여야 하며 이 때 그 권리남용을 통제할 수 있도록 적절한 주관적 요건을 추가할 필요가 있다.

This study is to establish the legal status of the 3D data that has emerged as a center of digital fabrication era, while gazing at the overseas trends, it showed some of the direction necessary to the corresponding strategies on the design protection policy. First, the article of manufacturing, visual likeness requirements, and industrial use requirements for design registration including basic concepts such as implementation concepts must be re-established to match with the digital fabrication era. Secondly, The concepts of articles that is the protective subject should be redefined and the concept of implementation as a prerequisite to the infringement should be revised so that intangible uses, including data transmission, can be covered. In addition, there are pros and cons on whether the design protection law should maintain the concept of ‘implementation as a business’, and sufficient consideration is required. Thirdly, whether to allow 3D printing of replacement parts is subject to the so-called Repair-Reconstruction Doctrine, which poses new challenges in terms of significant consumer intervention and increased frequency. Rational standards should be established to facilitate the tracking and execution of rights against violations and to enable individuals, who are consumers, to overcome their insecurity. Fourth, in the area of copyright law that has already experienced digital issues before hands, serious consideration is needed about how to introduce countermeasures to the area of the design protection law, such as responses to distributed infringement or indirect infringement, and the limitations of private use. Innocent OSPs should also be indemnified by the introduction of provisions similar to DMCA’s Safe Harbor and Notification and suspension of posting through legislation of DMPA in the design domain. Fifth, It must consider whether or not to introduce an indirect infringement against the direct infringement, the Design Protection Act should also consider whether to introduce indirect infringement of non-exclusive goods, and it is necessary to add appropriate subjective requirements to control abuse of those rights.

이 연구는 2015 교육과정에 따라 개발된 고등학교 지 구과학 I의 ‘지질 구조’ 내용 요소를 드론과 구글어스와 같은 3차원 데이터를 활용한 웹기반의 전문가시스템을 활용하여 융합인재교육(STEAM) 프로그램을 적용하였 을 때 고등학생의 창의적 문제해결력, STEAM에 대한 태도 및 수업 만족도 향상에 효과가 있는지를 알아보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, STEAM 프로그램을 적용한 후 고등학생의 창의적 문제 해결력이 p <.001 수준에서 의미 있는 결과를 나타내었 는데, 이는 지질 투어 자료를 직접 제작하고 발표하는 웹기반의 자료를 활용하는 수업 활동이 고등학생의 창 의적 문제해결력에 도움이 된 것으로 판단한다. 둘째, STEAM 태도에서는 p <.001 수준에서 유의미한 값을 나 타내어 고등학생의 STEAM에 대한 태도에 긍정적 영향 을 준 것으로 확인하였다. 드론과 구글어스를 통한 웹기 반의 수업 활동이 학습자의 지식에 대한 자아 효능감과 유용성에 대한 가치인식 등의 융합적 사고에 도움을 준 것으로 판단한다. 셋째, STEAM 프로그램에 대한 고등 학생의 수업 만족도는 3.251로 다소 높은 평균을 나타내 었다. 이는 드론과 구글어스 등 웹기반의 수업 활동이 학습자의 수업 만족도에 긍정적 영향을 준 것으로 판단 한다. 다만 수업 시간 부족이 학습자의 수업 흥미를 높이 는 데 한계가 있었다. 이 연구의 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, STEAM 프로그램에서 이루어지는 발표 자료 제작 및 실습 등을 감안하여 블록 타임 또는 수업 전 수업 이해를 위한 사전지도 등의 활동이 필요하다. 둘째, 고등 학교 교육과정에서 STEAM 교육이 활성화되기 위해서 는 고교학점제에서 적용할 수 있는 다양한 융합교육 프 로그램의 개발에 대한 정성적 연구 및 정량적 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단한다.

In this study, when applying the ‘geological structure’ content element of high school earth science I developed according to the 2015 curriculum to the STEAM program using a web-based expert system using 3D data of Google Earth and drones, the creative problem-solving ability of high school students, attitudes toward STEAM, and the results of this study are as follows. First, after applying the STEAM program, high school students' creative problem-solving ability showed meaningful results at the p<.001 level. Second, STEAM attitudes showed a significant value at the p<.001 level, confirming that they had a positive impact on high school students' attitudes towards STEAM. It was judged that web-based class activities using Google Earth and drones were useful for integrated thinking such as learners' sense of efficacy and value recognition for usefulness of knowledge. High school students' satisfaction with the STEAM program was 3.251, showing a slightly high average. It was confirmed that web-based class activities such as drones and Google Earth had a positive impact on learners' class satisfaction. However, it was interpreted that the lack of time for class activities limited the ability of the learners to increase their interest in class. The proposal of this research is as follows. First of all, in consideration of the production of presentation materials and practical training in the STEAM program, activities such as block time and advance instruction for class understanding before class are necessary. Secondly, in order to revitalize STEAM education in the high school curriculum, we judge that research on the development of various integrated education programs that can be applied to the high school grade system is necessary.

인공지능(AI), 빅데이터, 사물인터넷(IoT), 로봇공학, 드론, 3D 프린팅 등의 첨단과학기술이 4차 산업혁명을 선도하면서 인류는 이들 과학기술이 어떠한 장밋빛 미래를 가져다줄지에 대한 많은 기대와 함께 어떠한 부작용을 가지고 올지에 대하여 우려를 가지고 있다. 이중2013년 출현된 3D 프린팅 산업은 인류의 미래에 커다란 변화를 초래할 수 있는 과학기술로 전망되고 있다. 그러나 급속도로 변하고 있는3D 프린팅 환경은 장밋빛 미래만 보여주고 있는 것은 아니다. 3D 프린팅 기술이 불법 무기를 제작하거나 마약 또는 불법 의약품을 제조하는데 활용될 가능성도 있어서 3D 프린팅 기술을 4차 산업혁명의주요한 산업 분야로 육성함과 동시에 이에 대한 법률 규제에 관한이슈도 제기되고 있다. 사실 3D 프린팅 기술은 이미 20년이나 지난기술로, 3D 프린팅 관련 특허기간이 만료되면서 고해상도의 저가 보급형 3D 프린터가 상용화되면서 일반인들이 이를 구입할 가능성이매우 높아졌다. 이제는 누구나 손쉽게 가정에서 3D 프린터를 가지고자신이 원하는 제품을 ‘무엇이든’ 제작할 수 있는 환경이 조성된 것이다. 그러나 이러한 환경에 대하여 전통적 제조업체들은 자신들이생산하는 제품 또는 부품 산업에 부정적인 영향을 받는 것을 우려하고 있고, 개인은 3D 프린팅 기술을 활용하여 정품이 아닌 모조품을만들어 스스로 사용할 수 있게 되면서 3D 프린터용 재료들에 대한 모조 산업이 가속화될 수 있고, 심지어 3D 프린터를 해적판 기계로평가절하 하는 상황도 연출될 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 일상생활에서 3D 프린터를 활용한 물품 또는 부품 제조가 용이해지면서지식재산권 분야에서도 검토해야 할 주요 쟁점들에 관하여 고찰하였다.

The most advanced scientific technology such as AI, Big Data, IoT, Robot Engineering, Drone, 3D printing leads the fourth industrial innovation, and the mankind hopes that these technologies may bring any roseate future, as well as concerns that they may cause any side effects. In particular, 3D printing technology that appeared in the world in 2013 is being forecasted as technology to bring about big changes to the future of mankind. However, the 3D printing circumstances to be speedily changed do not only bring about roseate future. 3D printing technology can be used for making unlawful weapons, drug or medicines, and therefore, some issues that 3D printing industry should be promoted as the main industry of the 4th industrial innovation, and should be simultaneously legally regulated are needed to be reviewed. In fact, 3D printing technology is a technology whose patent has already been expired. Recently inexpensive 3D printers with high-resolution are commercialized, and it is possible that any one can purchase them. The environment in which anybody can make any item or parts with 3D printers at home is currently given. A person with 3D printer at home can make counterfeit, not genuine products, and so counterfeiting industry for materials for 3D printers could be accelerated, and even 3D printers can be devaluated as piracy machines. This study is focused on the issues to be reviewed in the area of intellectual property while it is much easier to make items or parts with 3D printers.

최근 UAM(Urban Air Mobility)에 대한 관심이 도시의 교통 혼잡과 대기오염 문제 해결 방안으로 급증하고 있다. 하지만 UAM의 효율적인 운영을 위해서는 3D Point Cloud 데이터의 정확한 처리가 필요하며, 특히 지면과 객체를 분리하는 문제가 중요하다. 본 논문은 UAM 환경의 동적이고 복잡한 특성을 고려하여 지면과 객체를 효과적으로 분리하는 방법을 제안하고 검증한다. 우리의 접근 방식은 MEMS 센서로부터 얻은 자세 정보와 RANSAC을 이용한 지면 평면 추정을 결합하여, GPS 오차에 크게 영향 받지 않는 지면/객체 분리를 가능하게 한다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 이 방법이 UAM 환경에서 효과적으로 작동함을 보여주며, 도심 항공 모빌리티의 안전성과 효율성을 향상시키는 중요한 단계를 제시한다. 향후 연구는 이 알고리즘의 정확성을 높이고 다양한 UAM 환경에서 성능을 평가하며, 실제 드론 테스트를 진행할 예정이다.

Recently, interest in UAM (Urban Air Mobility) has surged as a critical solution to urban traffic congestion and air pollution issues. However, efficient UAM operation requires accurate 3D Point Cloud data processing, particularly in separating the ground and objects. This paper proposes and validates a method for effectively separating ground and objects in a UAM environment, taking into account its dynamic and complex characteristics. Our approach combines attitude information from MEMS sensors with ground plane estimation using RANSAC, allowing for ground/object separation that isless affected by GPS errors. Simulation results demonstrate that this method effectively operates in UAM settings, marking a significant step toward enhancing safety and efficiency in urban air mobility. Future research will focus on improving the accuracy of this algorithm, evaluating its performance in various UAM scenarios, and proceeding with actual drone tests.

컴퓨터 그래픽스 관련 하드웨어의 비약적 발달은 고해상도의 영상을 모니터상에 표현할 수 있게 하였다. 이에 따라 자연 형태의 정밀한 렌더링을 요구하게 되어 높은 수준의 렌더링 알고리즘에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다 렌더링 기법에는 사진과 같은 정확한 영상을 구현하는 포토 리얼리스틱 렌더링과, 실시간 빠른 렌더링을 가능케 하는 실시간 렌더링으로 나눌 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 포토 리얼리스틱 렌더링에서 사용되는 여러 기법 중 빛과 재질에 대한 Caustics 표현방법에 대하여 살펴보았다. 먼저 영화 속에서 Caustics가 어떻게 사용되고 표현되었는가를 분석하고 나아가 실제 렌더러를 이용하여 Caustics 효과를 구현한다. 렌더러를 이용한 실증적인 실험을 통하여 사용된 플러그인의 객관적인 기준 및 성능에 대하여 알아보고 구현을 위한 각 변수들의 사용 환경 등을 분석한다. 그 실험결과는 많은 렌더링 작업을 위한 자료로 활용되고 특성 및 성능에 대한 이해를 돕기 위한 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

In computer graphics, according as the rapid development of hardware can realize high-resolution image on the monitor, the more natural and accurate rendering skill is needed gradually, and the studies about high-level rendering algorithm are processing. There are two types in rendering skill. The one is photo-realistic rendering to realize accurate image like photos and the other is real-time rendering to realize rapid real-time render. This paper includes caustics expression about lights and materials of several photo-realistic rendering skills. First this paper analyzes how caustics is used and expressed in movies, and further realizes caustics effect using real renderer. This paper examines objective criterion and capability of plug-in through the objective experiment of renderer. Also this paper analyzes using environment on variables for caustics effect realization. The experimental results can be applied to many rendering works as useful data, and can be used as data to understand characteristic and capability.

This study compares Filmbox (FBX), Alembic, and Pixar's Universal Scene Description (USD) as data-exchange mechanisms for visual effects (VFX) and digital content creation pipelines. Beyond their roles as file specifications, the analysis differentiates their production functions: FBX for editable rigged assets and animation, Alembic for baked time-sampled geometry, and USD for composed scene description using layers, references, variants, and sparse overrides. For reproducibility, a controlled benchmark was conducted in Blender. Identical geometry and animation were exported to each format, and software versions, scene complexity, repetition counts, and timing boundaries were explicitly reported. The benchmark evaluated two update scenarios-an animation revision and a layout/camera change-and two distinct operations: a full DCC import and a native USD layer reload. Across both scenarios, the sparse USD update layer constituted only a small fraction of the base file, while direct FBX and Alembic updates necessitated republishing nearly complete files. Full referenced-stage imports were comparable to or faster than legacy-format update imports, and reloading only a changed layer in an already-open USD stage was significantly more efficient than any full import. These results affirm USD's primary advantage in sparse composition and non-destructive updates. However, they do not support a universal claim that every USD load path is faster. FBX and Alembic remain effective for their specialized handoff roles, while USD is better suited for large, evolving scenes and parallel departmental workflows. Detailed file-size and timing measurements are reported in Section 4.

The premise of this research is the recent advancement of Building Information Modeling(BIM) Technology and Laser Scanning Technology(3D Scanning). The purpose of the paper is to amplify the potential offered by the combination of BIM and Point Cloud Data (PCD) for structural analysis. Today, enormous amounts of construction site data can be potentially categorized and quantified through BIM software. One of the extraordinary strengths of BIM software comes from its collaborative feature, which can combine different sources of data and knowledge. There are vastly different ways to obtain multiple construction site data, and 3D scanning is one of the effective ways to collect close-to-reality construction site data. The objective of this paper is to emphasize the prospects of pre-scanning and post-scanning automation algorithms. The research aims to stimulate the recent development of 3D scanning and BIM technology to develop Scan-to-BIM. The paper will review the current issues of Scan-to-BIM tasks to achieve As-Built BIM and suggest how it can be improved. This paper will propose a method of coordinating and utilizing PCD for construction and structural analysis during construction.

인형은 여러 가지 재료를 사용하여 사람의 모습을 축소하여 만든 모형으로써 인형극의 한 구성요소를 담당하며 지금까지 인간의 문화 활동의 일부분을 담당해왔다. 그러나 전문가들의 감소, 기술 전수의 어려움 등으로 인해 인형극의 수요와 공급 감소현상이 지속됨에 따라 인형극의 자동화를 목적으로 하는 Robotic Marionette에 대한 연구가 세계적으로 진행되고 있다. 즉, 실제 전통적 줄 인형을 제어하는 컨트롤러를 모터로 대체하기 위한 구조 설계와 줄 인형의 동작표현을 위한 효율적인 프로세스의 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 첫째, 모셥캡쳐와 3D 프로그램을 통해 나온 모션 데이터의 가공 및 생성방법과 둘째, 줄 인형의 동작표현에 효과적인 방안을 제시한다. 셋째, 3차원 모션 데이터를 활용, 시뮬레이션의 선행 방안을 제시함에 따라 실제 Robotic Marionette System을 구축할 때 발생하는 제작 오류와 비용을 최소화하는 방법을 제안하도록 한다.

A doll created by various materials is a miniature based on human model, and it has been one of components in a puppet show to take some responsibility for human's culture activity. However, demand and supply keeps on the decrease in the puppet show industry, since professional puppeteer has been reduced rapidly, and also it is difficult to initiate into the skill. Therefore, many studies related Robotic Marionette for automation of puppet show have been internationally accompanied, and more efficient structure design and process development are required for better movement and express of puppet with motor based controller. In this research, we suggest the effective way to enable to express the marionette's motion using motion data based on motion capture and 3D graphic program, and through applying of 3D motion data and proposal of simulation process, it will be useful to save time and expenses when the Robotic Marionette System is practically built.

It is still very difficult to generate a geometry model and finite element model, which has complex and many free surface, even though 3D CAD solutions are applied. Furthermore, in the medical field, which is a big growth area of recent years, there is no drawing. For these reasons, making a geometry model, which is used in finite element analysis, is very difficult. To resolve these problems and satisfy the requests of the need to create a 3D digital file for an object where none had existed before, new technologies are appeared recently. Among the recent technologies, there is a growing interest in the availability of fast, affordable optical range laser scanning. The development of 3D laser scan technology to obtain 3D point cloud data, made it possible to generate 3D model of complex object. To generate CAD and finite element model using point cloud data from 3D scanning, surface reconstruction applications have widely used. In the early stage, these applications have many difficulties, such as data handling, model creation time and so on. Recently developed point-based surface generation applications partly resolve these difficulties. However there are still many problems. In case of large and complex object scanning, generation of CAD and finite element model has a significant amount of working time and effort. Hence, we concerned developing a good direct finite element model generation method using point cloud's location coordinate value to save working time and obtain accurate finite element model.

In this paper, we propose a mesh smoothing method for mesh models with noise. The proposed method enables not only the removal of noise from the vertexes but the preservation and smoothing of shape recognized as edges and comers. The magnitude ratio of 2D area and 3D volume in mesh data is adopted for the smoothing of noise. Comparing with previous smoothing methods, this method does not need many iteration of the smoothing process and could preserve the shape of original model. Experimental results demonstrate improved performance of the proposed approach in 3D mesh smoothing.

The demand for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurements is increasing in a variety of fields, including the manufacture of molds and dies. The most popular technology for 3D shape measurement is the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) with a contact trigger probe. Although a CMM provides a high degree of accuracy, it is inefficient due to its long measuring time. It also has difficulty measuring soft objects that can be deformed by the touch of the contact probe. In addition, a CMM cannot digitize areas that are difficult to reach, and cannot capture very minute details on the surface of complex parts. For these reasons, optical non-contact measurement techniques are receiving more attention since they eliminate most of the problems associated with contact methods. Laser scanning is emerging as one of the more promising non-contact measurement techniques. This paper describes various acquisition considerations for laser scanning, including the accuracy of the 3D scan data, which depends on the charge-coupled device (CCD) gain and noise. The CCD gain and noise of a 3D laser scanner are varied while keeping the other conditions constant, and the measurement results are compared to the dimensions of a standard model. The experimental results show that a considerable time savings and an optimum degree of accuracy are possible by selecting the proper CCD gain and noise.

The evaluation of the print quality of 3D printing has traditionally relied on manual work using dimensional measurements. However, the dimensional measurement method has an error value that depends on the person who measures it. Therefore, we propose the design of a new print quality measurement method that can be automatically measured using the field-of-view (FOV) model and the intersection over union (IoU) technique. First, the height information of the modeling is acquired from a camera; the output is measured by a sensor; and the images of the top and isometric views are acquired from the FOV model. The height information calculates the height ratio by calculating the percentage of modeling and output, and compares the 2D contour of the object on the image using the FOV model. The contour of the object is obtained from the image for 2D contour comparison and the IoU is calculated by comparing the areas of the contour regions. The accuracy of the automated measurement technique for determining, which derives the print quality value was calculated by averaging the IoU value corrected by the measurement error and the height ratio value.

본 논문은 디지털 기술의 발전으로 인해 가능해진 메타버스 환경에서 문화유산을 보존하고 전파하기 위한 새 로운 접근 방식을 제안한다. 메타버스는 현실과 가상 세계를 통합하는 공간으로 이를 통해 현실 세계의 박물 관과 비슷한 경험을 메타버스 환경에서 제공할 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 기술은 사용자들에게 더욱 몰입적이고 상호작용적인 방법으로 문화유산을 탐구할 수 있는 기회를 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 문화유산 공공데이터 소 스로부터 3D 모델을 추출하고, Unity 엔진을 사용하여 이러한 모델들을 통합하여 메타버스 박물관 환경을 개 발하는 방법을 다룬다. 공공데이터란 공공기관이 생성하거나 관리하는 데이터 또는 정보로서, 다양한 형태(텍 스트, 그림, 이미지, 비디오, 오디오 등)의 모든 데이터 또는 정보를 의미한다. 본 연구는 Unity를 활용하여 문 화재청에서 제공하는 3D 데이터를 활용한 메타버스 박물관을 구축하는 과정과 결과를 제시함으로써, 문화유 산 홍보와 교육을 위한 혁신적인 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 이를 통해 사용자들은 문화유산을 더욱 다양하고 흥미로운 방식으로 체험하고 학습할 수 있으며, 메타버스를 통해 문화유산의 액세스와 보존을 증진시킬 수 있 는 가능성을 높일 것으로 예상된다. 미래사회에는 메타버스를 이해하고, 그 공간에서 소통하고 교류하면서 새 로운 콘텐츠를 만들어내는 능력이 필요하다.

This paper proposes a novel approach to preserving and disseminating cultural heritage in the metaverse environment made possible by the advancement of digital technology. The metaverse integrates the real and virtual worlds, enabling experiences similar to real-world museums within the metaverse environment. This technology provides users with more immersive and interactive means to explore cultural heritage. This study addresses the methodology for extracting 3D models from public cultural heritage data sources and integrating these models using the Unity engine to develop a metaverse museum environment. Public data refers to data or information generated or managed by public agencies, encompassing various forms such as text, graphics, images, video, audio, and more. By utilizing 3D data provided by the Cultural Heritage Administration, this research aims to construct a metaverse museum, showcasing the process and outcomes. Through this, users can experience and learn about cultural heritage in more diverse and interesting ways. It is expected that the metaverse will increase the possibility of improving access to and preservation of cultural heritage. Future society requires the ability to understand the metaverse and create new content while communicating and interacting in that space.

VR은 사용자가 가상 공간에 완전히 몰입하고 상호 작용할 수 있는 가상 세계이다. 본 연구는 스톱모션 애니 메이션을 VR 애니메이션으로 제작할 시 효과적인 객체 표현 방법에 대한 내용을 제시하고자 한다. 실험 결 과 데이터는 VR 스톱모션 애니메이션 및 일반 스톱모션 애니메이션, VR게임 등 다양한 콘텐츠에 적용이 가 능하다. 3D 오프젝트의 변화되는 형태를 앵글별로 3D 스캔한 후 게임엔진에서 다양하게 활용할 수 있도록 데이터화 한 뒤 콘텐츠에 적용하여 구현한다. 기존 스톱모션 애니메이션에서 느낄 수 있는 수작업 느낌을 살리되 디지털적인 이펙트를 추가적으로 이용할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 기존의 스톱 모션 애니메이터들이 접 근하기 힘든 영역을 작업하는데 필요한 세가지 모듈을 구현하여 실험하였다. VR 콘텐츠 제작에서 오브젝트 의 표현과 관련된 분야의 발전에 기여하게 될 것이며 새로운 방향을 제시할 것이다. 향후 연구에서는 각 캐 릭터 관절의 움직임에 따른 3D 스캔 데이터 관련 연구를 수행할 예정이다.

VR is a virtual world in which the user can fully immerse and interact in a virtual space. VR animation, VR game, the visual experience of the audience is extended to 360°. The audience can experience the work both auditory and tactilely. So, it is necessary to express more advanced realism in 3D animation with high visual realism. We present an effective object expression method when producing stop motion animation as VR animation. We research and develop methods that 3D scans the motion of a 3D object and convert it into data and apply it to VR contents. It is important to keep the feeling of hand work that can be felt in the existing stop motion animation. It can be converted into 3D data and inserted into content by applying various digital post-production and effects.

This review study discusses the utilization of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) 3D point cloud data in representing geometry for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications, particularly the so-called Scan-to-FEM method. The existing studies related to the topic are intensively presented and discussed along with the advantages and disadvantages of the modelling methods: meshing by whole and cross-section. Two case studies are conducted to show both modelling methods used for geometry representation for Scan-to-FEM method. Meshing by whole and cross-section methods result in the relative errors of respective 2.79% and 1.4% in the maximum displacement vector sum, compared to their reference models constructed by ABAQUS. It is also seen that the density and clarity of 3D point cloud data can bring well-shaped geometry for FE analysis and consequently produce good accuracy.

This study will concentrate on developing an automated process for creating a 3D environment utilizing satellite imagery, a segmentation algorithm, and geospatial data. Traditional methods for crafting a 3D environment primarily rely on manually sculpting terrain and generating 3D objects, which requires substantial time, effort, and resources from the developer. We aim to introduce a system that combines satellite images, digital terrain models, and building segmentation through Python programming to create 3D environments in Unreal Engine. The implementation includes a Python Tkinter GUI for data collection and preprocessing, Mask-RCNN for building segmentation, and the use of Open Street Map (OSM) data to utilize data availability and visualization of data. The system will be evaluated by generating 3D scene environments using satellite image input and incorporating geospatial datasets to analyze and measure the visual similarities between actual and generated 3D environments.

We address data collection issues in monocular 3D object detection. Since deep learning based object detection systems often require a variety of human annotations for advanced functionalities and also a lot of training datasets for better performance, it is increasingly important for researchers to review currently available databases, and prepare their own datasets with customized labels for target applications such as monocular 3D object detection. On top of the survey of related datasets, we study two different methods of collecting new datasets. As an example of our methods, we present five realworld object instances for pure RGB-based cuboid detection, and simulate random scenes with the objects for training and testing. In order to improve detection accuracy, all the simulated objects with limitless numbers and varied sizes can appear in high resolution images. As a baseline model, we validate our datasets using the YOLO-like standard deep learning architecture. In a coarse-to-fine manner, annotations such as cuboid, segmentation masks, and 3D models are first accessible on a down-sampled version of the simulated image and then on a sequence of higher resolution sub-images possibly utilized. Finally, we discuss experimental results and future directions.

3D scanning is a technique to measure the 3D shape information of the object. Shape information obtained by 3D scanning is expressed either as point cloud or as polygon mesh type data that can be widely used in various areas such as reverse engineering and quality inspection. 3D scanning should be performed as accurate as possible since the scanned data is highly required to detect the features on an object in order to scan the shape of the object more precisely. In this study, we propose the method on finding the location of feature more accurately, based on the extended Biplane SNAKE with global optimization. In each iteration, we project the feature lines obtained by the extended Biplane SNAKE into each image plane and move the feature lines to the features on each image. We have applied this approach to real models to verify the proposed optimization algorithm.

The sensor system to measure the distance precisely from the center of the sensor system to the obstacle is needed to recognize the surrounding environments, and the sensor system is to be calibrated thoroughly to get the range information exactly. This study covers the calibration of the active range sensor which consists of camera and laser slit emitting device, and provides the equations to get the 3D range data. This can be possible by obtaining the extrinsic parameters of laser slit emitting device through image processing the slits measured during the constant distance intervals and the intrinsic parameters from the calibration of camera. The 3D range data equation derived from the simple geometric assumptions is proved to be applicable to the general cases using the calibration parameters. Also the exact 3D range data were obtained to the object from the real experiment.

완전파형역산은 정확한 파동방정식의 해에 의해 얻어진 예측자료와 관측자료와의 잔차를 줄여가며속도모델을 업데이트 시키는 자료처리 방법이다. 그러나 실제 현장자료는 3차원적 송신원에 의해 얻어지게 되어2차원 파동방정식을 이용한 2차원 역산을 수행하면 서로 다른 그린함수로 인해 역산 수행에 근본적인 문제가발생한다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 3차원 자료를 평면파자료로 변환하여 2차원 평면파 완전파형역산을 수행하는 방법을 제안하였다. 평면파자료는 1차원 그린함수를 따르는 해가 되므로 그린함수의 차이에 의한 문제가 발생되지 않고 이 방법을 적용 시 계산비용이 줄어드는 장점도 갖게 된다. 제안한 방법의 효용성을 확인하기 위해 3층 층서모델 및 3차원 SEG/EAGE 충상단층(overthrust) 모델에 적용하였고 수치 실험 결과평면파 완전파형역산이 성공적으로 수행됨을 확인하였다.

Full waveform inversion (FWI) provides accurate velocity information of subsurface media. FWI can update velocity as reducing the residual between the observed and estimated data which can be obtained by solving wave equation. Therefore, when we carry out 2D FWI with 3D data acquired in a field, critical problems happen in FWI, because 2D and 3D wave equations have different green functions. To overcome the problem we suggest 2D plane-wave FWI method using plane-wave gathers, which are transformed from 3D data, as observed data. Since plane-wave data follow 1D green function, the differences of amplitude and phase do not occur, it means that we can implement FWI by using different dimension data. In addition, this method has advantage that computational cost is considerably reduced. To verifythe validity of this method, we applied it to 3 layer model and 3D SEG/EAGE overthrust model and obtained reasonable inversion results.