Earticle

Window System has a problem with insulation on building wall comparison with other portions. Recently, in all over the world, technologies and research for improvement of insulation performance with window system were actively studied. This study has been considered about components of window system and evaluated insulation performance of triple window system through the tests of U-Value of window system and simulated model. It was evaluated window system that widely used in domestic or overseas. Therm5.0 and Window6.0 were used for simulation available for heat analysis from stationary state of two-dimensional simulated model. As a result, the best components of each portion on window system were PVC frame, Plastic spacer and Low-e glass and the super insulation window system was triple glazing window system applied these components. The U-Value of this super insulation triple window system was 1.325 W/㎡K and it will be expected saving energy window system.

The use of reflective-type insulation is increased gradually to save building energy in Korea. However, there is no tool or program for calculating K-Value of building envelope with this kind of insulation. For this reason, expensive and time-consuming experiment must be performed before the construction to verify K-Value of building component installed with reflective-insulation. Therefore, this study is to expand published thermal resistance calculation function of single reflective air space into K-Value calculation program of building envelope installed with reflective air space. The major results are summarized as follows. First, K-Value calculation program for building envelope installed with single reflective air space is developed. Second, It is confirmed that K-Value of roof model is decreased from 0.176W/㎡·K to 0.165W/㎡·K (6.3% reduction) and K-Value of wall model is decreased from 0.245W/㎡·K to 0.228W/㎡·K (6.9% reduction) by adopting with reflective air space. Third, the major design variables of reflective-insulation such as air space distance, effective emissivity and indoor/outdoor temperature conditions, affecting the K-Value of building envelope are identified.

Experimental analysis has been carried out on double glazed glass of a commercial vehicle to analyze thermal characteristics for various air flow conditions. This double glazed glass has an important effect on the blocking performance of heat transfer with the vehicle's moving speed and ambient thermodynamic conditions. Calculated thermal resistances and heat transmission coefficient through the glass were compared with measured air indoor and outdoor temperatures including the glass surfaces using an experimental apparatus. The thermal resistance through the glass was increased with the indoor air temperature while overall heat transmission coefficient was decreased due to the convective heat transfer effect. As indoor air became warmer, the effect of air flow velocity on the heat transmission coefficient was reduced significantly. It is expected that these results can be used as applicable design data for the development of the double glazed glass system for many commercial vehicles.

Regulations on thermal performance of domestic buildings tend to be segmentalized and strengthened like standards of industrialized countries according to the needs of the times. The foundation building satisfies the thermal performance standard at the completion of the construction, and it carries out the current investigation for remodeling, and determines the range of the retrofit. In many cases, it is not possible to confirm the current state to the lack of information with the members of the management drawing due to site investigation of the basic shaft building. In this research, we convert thermal performance standards of buildings to values of heat transmission rate according to era-specific heat performance regulations, derive the characteristics of the change and appearance characteristics of the building, and calculate the thermal performance for retrofitting of old buildings I will try to provide basic reference materials. When compared with the 2016 standard, the value of the heat transmission rate will not be significantly increased as in the previous revision under the revised energy-saving design standard in the future. However, it must go up step by step based on insufficient part by part and fairness of region classification.

This study was aimed to develop a heat reflection insulator that maintains a certain shape despite external pressure by using an aluminum sheet and paper honeycomb. For this, heat transmission coefficient according to contact rating of honeycomb on an aluminum sheet was measured and analyzed. As a result, the following results were obtained. Therefore, when an aluminum heat reflection insulator does not contact with foreign materials, it shows excellent insulation efficacy even though it is thin so it is judged that it would be advantageous to secure room area of a building.

현재 유통되고 있는 열반사단열재는 외압에 의하여 형태가 변하는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구는 알루미늄 박막과 종이 하니콤을 사용하여 외압에도 일정한 형상을 유지할 수 있도록 하는 열반사단열재를 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 패널형 실험체를 만들어 열관류율을 측정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 알루미늄 박막간의 간격을 크게 할수록 단열 효능이 좋은 것을 알 수 있었다. 두 번째로는 알루미늄 패널은 하니콤을 여러 겹으로 하여 알루미늄을 다층으로 하면서 알루미늄 사이 간격을 크게 할수록 열관류율이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 세 번째는 같은 두께에서 하니콤에 구멍을 뚫은 것이 구멍을 뚫지 않은 것보다 열관류율이 낮았다. 그리고 하니콤으로 알루미늄 패널을 만들 때는 두 개 층으로 제작하는 것보다 같은 두께의 한 개 층 하니콤에 구멍을 뚫어 주는 것이 단열 효능이 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The heat reflection insulators that are currently distributed have a problem that they are deformed by external pressure. Therefore, the study was intended to develop a heat reflection insulator that can maintain a certain shape under external pressure by using aluminum film and paper honeycomb. For this, heat transmission coefficient was measured and analyzed by making a specimen which is a type of a panel. As a result, the following results were obtained. First, it was found that the greater separation distance between aluminum films was, the better insulation efficiency was. Second, it was found that as the distance between aluminum became greater with multiple-layered aluminum by making several layers of honeycomb, heat transmission coefficient of an aluminum panel was lower. Third, punching holes on a honeycomb with the same thickness had lower heat transmission coefficient than the one without punched holes. And it was found that when making an aluminum panel with honeycomb, punching holes on a single-layered honeycomb with the same thickness than making a double-layered one showed excellent insulation efficiency.

신재생 에너지원에 있어서, 수열원히트펌프시스템(SWHPS)는 효율적인 에너지 시스템이며 공기조화용 지열히트펌프보다 건설비용이 싼 장점이 있다. 수열원 히트펌프용 수중 열교환기 배관의 열관류율은 COP, EER에 큰 영향을 미치지만 이는 열전도도가 낮은 HDPE 배관(k; 0.3~0.4W/mK)을 사용하고 있다. 우리 연구팀은 이의 열관류 성능 증대를 위하여 기존 PE 배관에 동선을 감는 새로운 열교환기용 배관을 제안하였다. 제안된 샘플 배관은 16A HDPE 배관 18.2m에 반원형의 홈을 내고 D2.25 동선을 피치 4mm 간격으로 감은 것이다. 이 샘플 배관은 두 가지 장점이 있는데, 하나는 기존의 HDPE 배관의 내구성을 그대로 유지하는 것이며, 다른 하나는 높은 열전도도의 동(k; 386W/mK)에 의한 열관류성능의 개선이다. 연구팀은 기존의 배관과 제안 배관의 열교환 성능을 실험적으로 비교하였다. 실험에서 나타난 바에 따르면, 기존의 배관에서 냉각수 입출구 온도차는 3.3℃, 제안 배관의 온도차는 3.8℃로 나타났으며, 개선 전, 후 배관의 냉각수 출구 온도차는 0.5℃로 나타났다. 이 때 수조의 온도는 19~23℃ 이었다. 향후 본 연구의 개선 효과를 더 검증하기 위하여 실대 실험 등이 필요하다.

Surface Water Heat Pump System(SWHPS) is a cheap and energy efficient heat recovery system compared to Geothermal Heat Exchanger(GHE) in HVAC system. The heat transmission coefficient of Surface Water Heat Exchanger(SWHE) impacts on COP, EER in SWHPS, but the existing SWHE made of HDPE tube has a problem with the low conductivity(k; 0.3~0.4W/mK). In this experimental work, a new concept of SWHE was developed. The purpose was to increase heat transmission coefficient of SWHE by winding 2.25φ spiral copper coil with 4mm pitch to the grooved HDPE tube 16A(length 18.2m). This tube has two advantages; the first is the same durability as existing HDPE tube, and the second is higher conductivity that was introduced by winding copper wire(k; 386W/mK) to HDPE pipe. The comparison experiments were conducted on two samples in the same condition baths, one with reference sample(only with HDPE pipe) and the other with the winded copper coil. The experimental results presented that the cooling range of new SWHE system(cooling range was 3.8℃) was approximately 0.5℃ higher than the reference HDPE tube system(cooling range was 3.3℃) when experiments were conducted at the 19~23℃ water baths. According to the results, it was found that further experimental works are necessary in the real condition in order for the successful application of the new SWHE system.

To minimize the energy consumption of buildings and setting standards for insulation of reinforced insulation for technology research and development, primarily to meet the Green Building Promotion promotion strategy can be called. Occupants of thermal comfort by reducing the width of the fluctuation of the room temperature according to the outside temperature changes while improving insulation in the construction of the envelope heat gain / loss through reduced heating and cooling energy costs and initial equipment cost reduction by reducing the role.

건축에서의 단열은 외기온 변화에 따른 실온의 변동 폭을 줄여 재실자의 열쾌적을 향상시킴과 동시에 외피를 통한 열획득/손실을 감소시켜 냉 난방에너지 비용 감소와 초기 설비비용 감소 등의 역할을 한다. 그러나 현재 사용되고 있는 단열재는 그 종류에 따라서 저 단열성, 피부질환 폐질환 등 인체의 유해성, 비 난연성으로 인한 화재시 유독가스에 의한 인명 및 재산의 피해, 함습에 의한 단열성능 저하 등의 각종 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 각종 단열재의 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 새로운 개념의 다층 반사형 단열재에 대한 유형별 단열성능 및 특성을 비교 평가하여, 불연성이며 고성능의 단열성을 가진 친환경 다층반사형단열재 개발을 위한 기초자료를 확립함으로서 그린 홈, 그린 빌딩, 패시브하우스 등의 친환경 저 탄소 녹색건축 활성화 대책에 부응하고자 한다.

The Building Skin’s heat loss and acquisition account for the largest portion of the building’s energy consumption, averaging 40% or more of the cooling and heating loads. To save energy, the optimal insulation design and construction of the Building Skin is most essential. The insulations used in Korea, however, have poor insulation performance due to vapor permeation. These insulations also lack the nonflammable characteristics which protect humans from skin and lung diseases as well as fire and toxic gas damages. In this study, the performance and characteristics of heat reflection insulation mostly used in Korea were compared with those of the multiple reflection insulation. In that regard, this study further aims to apply eco-friendly, multiple reflection insulation to help promote the construction of eco-friendly buildings with low energy consumption.

본 연구는 현재 신축건물의 단열재로 비교적 많이 사용되고 있는 열반사단열재의 단열성능을 분석하여 사용실태 및 문제점을 파악하는 한편, 개발·개선된 신개념의 다층반사형단열재에 대한 유형별 단열성능 및 특성을 비교 평가하며, 이를 통하여 불연성이며 고성능의 단열성을 가진 친환경 다층반사형단열재를 개발함으로서 그린 홈, 그린 빌딩, 패시브하우스 등의 친환경 저에너지 녹색건축 활성화 대책에 부응하고자 한다.

To save energy in the building, the top priority should be proper insulation design and construction of skins. As for the research on enhancing the establishment of insulation standards and on technical development in order to minimize the energy consumption in architecture, it would be parts of primarily satisfying the demands on policy basis to realize the low carbon green growth and on sustainable development. This study is to analyze the insulating performance of Heat reflection insulator relatively widely used as insulators of new buildings now, and to grasp its use status and problems. In addition, this study is to compare and evaluate the insulating performance and properties by each type for developed and improved new conceptual multiple reflection type insulators. Through, this study is to meet the countermeasures of activating the eco-friendly low-energy green construction like green home, green building and passive house, etc. by developing eco-friendly multiple reflection type nonflammable insulators with highly efficient insulation performance.

Recently, developing and applying of the double skin, which can utilize the natural energy with more aggressive characteristic, is now in study. The studies of the double skin are been constantly in progress in advanced countries as well as in domestic. And the double skin has lately been put to practical use. This study has selected the building with the box-typed double skin system and performed the thermal performance prediction of double skin system using TRNSYS. The U-value of the double skin system has been calculated. And this one has compared the measured U-value with the simulated U-value of double skin system. The results of comparison between experiment and the simulation were similar. So a prediction method on thermal performance of the box-typed double skin using TRNSYS simulation has secured a feasibility.

Due to the higher insulation and the air-tightness requirement in modern buildings have resulted NBS(New Building Syndrome) and SBS(Sick Building Syndrome) of IAQ problems. Therefore, energy efficient way of solving such IAQ issues are of major concern in these days and areas. This paper introduces a new technology and method to improve IAQ performance as well as to improve building energy performance with a DI(Dynamic Insulation) concept. The main idea to meet the goal is to use the DI concept similar to a heat recovery concept to prevent the heat loss path within the air path inside the dynamic insulation. The characteristic of the dynamic insulation is that the lower U-value as the higher air velocity through the DI. The porous media such as HEPA filter improves the IAQ to filter out the PM10 particles and other unhealthy particles. A energy performance simulation study has been conducted to show the energy impact of porous DI over the static insulation material. A twin test cell with a DI was modeled and simulated to show the DI energy saving impact for different ACH's. The results show that up tp 9 % energy with 2 ACH could be saved in the case with DI replaced in south faced insulation compared to the conventional insulation.

Rapid and accurate in-situ measurement of the thermal resistance of buildings is required for retrofitting for improved energy efficiency. Although there are several methods for estimating in-situ thermal resistance, the average method of ISO 9869-1 based on the heat flow meter method is most widely used. Many studies evaluate the thermal resistance of concrete walls. It is reported in the study that wooden walls can reduce the test duration compared to concrete walls. This study aimed to investigate and estimate the thermal resistance of wooden walls. The data obtained through the 9 days measurement showed that the average difference between indoor and outdoor air temperature was 27.1 °C and the difference between indoor and outdoor surface temperature was 28.6 °C. The estimated thermal resistance and thermal transmittance in most cases satisfy the convergence conditions of ISO 9869-1, and the minimum measurement duration is 3 days when evaluated with this measurement result.

This study analyzed the convergence of the in-situ thermal resistance (R-value) and thermal transmittance (U-value) obtained by the average method using criteria of ISO 9869-1 and ASTM C1155-95. Onsite measurement was conducted for an northwest-facing opaque exterior wall of a 30-year-old apartment house over a period of three weeks during winter. The in-situ R-value and U-value obtained at the end of the test are 51.1% smaller and 113.0% larger than the theoretical values calculated according to the ISO 6946. These results show that identifying the in-situ thermal performance of exterior walls is important for building energy efficiency. When using criteria of ASTM C1155- 95, the minimum measurement duration was 3 days, but the results of this period showed a deviation of approximately 10% from the values at the end of the test. On the other hand, the convergence conditions of ISO 9869-1 were satisfied continually from 17 days after the start of measurement. Therefore, the findings show that the convergence criteria of ASTM C1155-95 can reduce the test duration but it is possible to derive the results with lower confidence level, whereas the convergence criteria of ISO 9869-1 increases the test duration but can produce a more reliable results.

This paper reviewed the validity of IRT from the comparison·analysis of U-value and HFM results ofapartments in Korea, which have been calculated using IRT, and presents the evaluation solution for thermal insulationperformance that can consider the main environmental factors. Side walls of 3 apartments that were constructed in 10-year intervals from one another, were selected as subjects of measurement. The subjects’ environmental impact ofsurroundings and measurement device’s errors were considered for analysis. In result, it is evaluated that there is validityof ±20% error between IRT and HFM measurement methods when reflected temperature is at ±1.0oC range of airtemperature and emissivity is at ±0.2 range.

The objective of this research is to determine overall heat transfer coefficients (K-value) of exterior wall, floor, and roof of Nakseonjae, a Korean traditional residence via field measurement of transient heat flow and temperature difference across each envelope component. Heat flow sensors and T-type thermocouple were attached on the internal and the external surface of each building component, and real-time measurement data were collected for the three consecutive summer days. The K-values determined in this research showed good agreement with other results from open literature. Peak and annual thermal loads of the traditional residence estimated by a commercial energy simulation program were compared with those for a current apartment house. The traditional house showed lower annual cooling load than that of the current building. It may caused by the fact that the traditional building has less air-tight envelopes and no fenestration passing direct solar radiation into the space.

As the theoretically calculated thermal resistance and transmittance in the old buildings are reported to differ from values through measurement. it is essential to accurately diagnose thermal resistance and transmittance, and the average method suggested by ISO 9869-1 is used for accurate thermal diagnosis of the exterior wall. Average method requires more than 10oC of temperature difference between indoor and outdoor, and requires a long-term measurement. On the other hand, the dynamic method can be analyzed even if the temperature difference is small. And many research has shown that the measurement period can be shortened. In this study, in order to calculate the dynamic method by ISO 9869-1, in-situ measurements were conducted on the exterior wall of the apartment for 3 weeks. In addition, thermal resistance and transmittance were derived using R program. As a result of confirming the change in value as the measurement period increased, it converged to a certain point and the thermal resistance was 0.984±0.004m2· K/W, thermal transmittance was 0.912±0.004 W/m2·K. Compared to the final thermal resistance and transmittance by the average method, it is analyzed at the deviation of 0.4%. and it can be that the calculation of thermal resistance and transmittance by the dynamic method is reasonable.

This study evaluates the possibility of shortening measurement time to obtain the accurate in situ thermaltransmittance (U-value) and thermal resistance (R-value) by the average method considering the thermal storage effect(AMSE) compared to the progressive average method (PAM). The measurement campaign was conducted on the opaqueexternal wall of an apartment house located in Seoul for two weeks in the winter and was performed in compliancewith the ISO 9869-1 standard. As a results of the measurement, U-value and R-value analyzed by PAM did not convergeduring the two weeks period, even though the experimental conditions specified in ISO 9869-1 were met. The analyticalresults by AMSE show that as the correction period to apply the storage effect becomes longer, the fluctuation of Uvalueand R-value greatly decrease and two values tend to converge to the respective asymptotical values. Therefore,although extensive research is needed for more cases, it is considered that AMSE can shorten the measurement periodto determine the U-value and R-value to a reasonable level of accuracy.

PVC 프레임의 취약한 강도를 보완하기 위해 사용되는 철재 보강재는 상대적으로 높은 열전도 특성으로 인해 PVC 프레임의 전체적인 열 성능을 떨어뜨리는 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 철재 보강재의 타공을 통해 표면적을 줄임으로서 전열 면적의 감소를 통한 열저항 특성을 개선하고, 감소된 만큼 두께를 높임으로서 타공으로 인한 강도 저하를 보완하였다. 이에 대한 성능을 평가하기 위해 PVC frame, PVC frame + original steel stiffener, PVC frame + 30% perforated steel stiffener, PVC frame + 50% perforated steel stiffener, PVC frame + 65% perforated steel stiffener 등 5개의 시험체를 구성하였으며, 시험 방법은 수식과 시뮬레이션에 의한 방법을 적용하였다. 시험 결과 PVC frame + 65% perforated steel stiffener이 열저항 특성과 강도특성에서 가장 높은 것으로 평가되었다.

Steel stiffener is required for reinforcing the structure of the window frame made of versatile but weak PVC material. Steel stiffener however becomes a source of greater heat loss and frequently plays a role of thermal bridge due to its high thermal conductivity. To maintain thermal resistance similar to PVC frame, steel stiffener is perforated to reduce the effective heat transfer area. To compensate the structural strength of the steel stiffener which is weakened by the perforation, the thickness is increased. Increase in thickness will also increase the thermal heat resistance. Five samples which are PVC frame, PVC frame + original steel stiffener, PVC frame + 30% perforated steel stiffener, PVC frame + 50% perforated steel stiffener, PVC frame + 65% perforated steel stiffener are modeled and simulated for 2nd moment of area and thermal resistance. Therm/window version 6.3 is used for thermal analysis. The results show that among the five samples analyzed, PVC frame + 65% perforated steel stiffener best satisfies both structural strength and thermal resistance.