Earticle

오늘날 청소년비행이 심각해짐에 따라 본 연구에서는 초기 청소년의 비행경험에서 비행지속 중단을 이끄는 요인들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시한 아동⋅청 소년패널조사(KCYPS 2010) 데이터 중 2차년도∼6차년도 자료에서 중학교 2학년 시기(2차년도) 현 실비행 또는 사이버비행경험이 있는 청소년 각각 419명, 1,069명을 대상으로 비연속시간 생존분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 현실비행은 중학교 3학년 시기 비행중단률이 가장 높았으며, 사이버비행은 고등학교 1학년 시기 비행중단률이 다른 시기보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 현실비행과 사이버비 행에서 성별의 유의미한 결과가 나타났다. 이는 남자청소년이 여자청소년들보다 비행지속이 더 지속된 다고 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 사이버비행의 경우 성별 이외에도 가정환경변인(형제자매, 소득수준), 사회유 대변인(유대관계, 참여, 신념)에서 유의미한 결과가 나타났다. 그 중 유대관계, 신념, 형제자매, 소득수 준은 사이버비행지속을 중단하는 요인으로, 참여는 지속시키는 요인으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 청소년 비행지속현상은 개별적인 개입보다는 통합적인 관점에서 예방 및 보호가 이루어져야 하며, 청소년이 처한 가정환경부터 주변 환경까지도 고려한 지원체계가 필요하다는 점을 제언으로 제시하였다.

Juvenile delinquency is becoming increasingly serious today. In response, this study seeks to examine the factors that interrupt the duration of juvenile delinquency in early years. To this end, this study utilized data from the 2nd to 6th year in the Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS 2010) data conducted by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. In particular, discrete time survival analysis was conducted on 419 and 1,069 teenagers who have real or cyber delinquency experience during their second year of middle school. Through analysis, this study derive the following results. First, real delinquency showed the highest interruption rate in the third year of middle school, while cyber delinquency showed the highest interruption rate in the first year of high school. Second, significant results of gender have been shown in real and cyber delinquency. Third, in the case of cyber deliquency, significant results were found in family environmental variables (sibling, income levels), and social bonding variables (relationship, participation, beliefs) in addition to gender. Consequently, prevention and protection should be achieved from an integrated perspective rather than individual intervention as a result of deriving influences factors that lead to delinquency discontinuation through individual verification of social bonding theory. In addition, an integrated service system is needed that takes into account the home and surrounding environment of teenagers.

본 연구는 인공지능(이하 AI)이 모든 영역에 전일적으로 확산되는 시점을 맞아 비전공자들도 AI를 효과적으 로 학습하는 방안을 탐색하기 위한 하나의 시론적 연구이다. AI 교육을 수학, 통계, 컴퓨터공학 전공 학생들뿐만 아니라 인문·사회과학 등 다른 전공자들도 쉽게 접근할 수 있도록 하기 위한 학습법을 탐색하고자 하였다. 마침 ‘설명 가능한 AI(XAI: eXplainable AI)’의 필요성과 MIT AI 연구소의 Patrick Winston의 ‘지각 있는 기계(AI)를 위한 스토리텔링의 중요성[33]'이 두드러진 상황에서 AI 스토리텔링 학습모델 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다. 이 를 위해 본 연구는 우선 대구 소재 A 대학교의 학생들을 대상으로 그 가능성을 테스트하였다. 먼저 AI 스토리 텔링(AI+ST) 학습법[30]의 교육목표, AI 교육내용의 체계와 학습방법론, 새로운 AI 도구의 소개 및 활용에 대해 살펴보고, 1) AI+ST 학습법이 알고리즘 중심의 학습법을 보완할 수 있는지, 2) AI+ST 학습법이 학생들에게도 효과가 있는지, 그리하여 AI 이해력, 흥미도, 응용력 배양에 도움이 되었는지에 관한 연구 질문을 중심으로 학습 자들의 결과물을 비교 분석하였다.

This study is a theoretical research to explore ways to effectively learn AI in the age of intelligent information driven by artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI). The emphasis is on presenting a teaching method to make AI education accessible not only to students majoring in mathematics, statistics, or computer science, but also to other majors such as humanities and social sciences and the general public. Given the need for ‘Explainable AI(XAI: eXplainable AI)’ and ‘the importance of storytelling for a sensible and intelligent machine(AI)’ by Patrick Winston at the MIT AI Institute [33], we can find the significance of research on AI storytelling learning model. To this end, we discuss the possibility through a pilot study targeting general students of an university in Daegu. First, we introduce the AI storytelling(AI+ST) learning method[30], and review the educational goals, the system of contents, the learning methodology and the use of new AI tools in the method. Then, the results of the learners are compared and analyzed, focusing on research questions: 1) Can the AI+ST learning method complement algorithm-driven or developer-centered learning methods? 2) Whether the AI+ST learning method is effective for students and thus help them to develop their AI comprehension, interest and application skills.

본 연구는 여성생식기 암 생존자들의 외상 후 성장과 관련한 영향요인을 파악하고자 시도되었다. 여성생 식기 암 환자들 가운데 치료가 성공적으로 종결되고 인터넷 카페 활동을 하는 암 환자 자조모임의 141명을 대상으 로 하였으며, 2016년 9월부터 10월까지 외상 후 성장, 질병으로 인한 영향, 대처, 가족응집력 그리고 사회적 지지를 이메일을 이용하여 측정한 후 일원변량분석, 피어슨 상관관계 그리고 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 외상 후 성장은 평균 84.13점 이었으며, 나이, 종교, 결혼상태에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였고, 대처, 가족응집력, 사회적 지지와는 정적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 외상 후 성장에 영향을 미치는 주요 변수는 종교(ß=.127), 결혼상태(ß=.081), 대처 (ß=.232) 그리고 가족응집력(ß=.415)으로 설명력은 44.7%였다. 본 연구는 여성생식기 암 생존자의 외상 후 성장을 위하여 개인의 일반적인 특성에 대한 이해와 사회심리적 요인을 파악할 필요가 있음을 제시하고 있다. 나아가 여성 생식기 암 대상자의 외상 후 성장을 촉진할 수 있는 의료 및 지역사회 기관의 융합적인 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the convergence factors to posttraumatic growth(PTG) in survivors with female urogenital neoplasm survivors. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 141 female urogenital neoplasm survivors via e-mail from September to October, 2016. The questionnaire consisted of PTG inventory, illness intrusiveness rating scale, cancer coping, family cohesion evaluation scale, and medical outcomes study social support survey. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Pearson-correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Total score of PTG was 84.13points and statistically significant according to age, religion, marital status and positively associated with coping, family cohesion and social support. Results of the regression analysis showed religion(ß=.127), marital status(ß=.081), coping(ß=.232) and family cohesion(ß=.415), it were explained 44.7%. This study indicates that it is important to understand general characteristics of personal. And a convergent approach is needed to promote PTG by hospital and community.

본 연구는 간호대학생의 집단따돌림 피해 경험, 자아탄력성, 지각된 스트레스 및 대학생활적응 간의 관계 를 분석하기 위해 시도된 서술적 조사연구이다. 4년제 일개 간호대학의 전 학년 212명을 대상으로 하였으며, 자료는 집단따돌림 피해 경험, 자아탄력성 및 지각된 스트레스 그리고 대학생활 적응을 구조화된 설문지를 이용하였다. 수집 된 자료는 PASW 18.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석되었다. 연구결과 간호대학생활 적응은 집단따돌림 피해 경험 (r=-.261, p<.001)과 지각된 스트레스(r=-.340, p<.001)에서 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었으며, 자아탄력성(r=.337, p<.001)과는 유의한 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 간호대학의 적응에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학년(β=-.216, p=.003), 전공만족도(β=-.245, p<.001), 성적(β=.210, p=.028) 그리고 자아탄력성(β=.236, p=.001) 이었으며 29.1%의 설명력 을 나타냈다. 따라서 간호대학생의 적응을 향상시킬 수 있는 다각적이고 융합적인 노력이 필요하며 시대에 맞는 대 학적응 프로그램을 강화, 개발하고 그 효과를 검증할 것을 제언한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among bullying, ego-resilience, perceived stress and adaptation on college in nursing students. A total of 212 students from 1-4 grade in one nursing college were recruited into the study. The data were collected using questionnaire about bullying, ego-resilience, perceived stress and adaptation and were analyzed with PASW Statistics 18.0 program. Bullying and perceived stress had a significant negative association with nursing college adaptation(r=-.261, p<.001; r=-.261, p<.001) and nursing college adaptation was positively correlated with ego-resilience(r=.337, p<.001). The significant predictors of nursing college adaptation were grade(β=-.216, p=.003), satisfaction with major(β=-.245, p<.001), the latest semester grade(β=.210, p=.028) and ego-resilience (β=.324, p<.001), explaining 29.1% of the variance in nursing college adaptation(F=9.691, p<.001). According to the results, ego-resilience could be a key factor to improve college adaptation and bullying and perceived stress were associated with adaptation. Therefore many trials have to be need for enhancing college adaptation in a multiple and convergent way and it is suggested that the program to strengthen college adaptation should be developed.

개화기 이후 시작된 여성에 대한 근대교육은 여성의 삶에 큰 영향을 미쳤지만 교육의 질은 당시의 시대적 한계와 맞닿아 그다지 높지 않았으며, 교육목표 역시 기존의 가부장제 아래 여성이 현모양처가 되어야 한다는 것이었다. 일제시기 여성의 교육도 식민지 교육정책의 영향아래 놓여 있을 수밖에 없었으며, 여성 교육은 남성과 다른 교육체계로 교육연한도 짧고 교육내용도 여성이 주로 가정에서 해야 하는 일에 중점이 맞추어져 있었다. 일제는 조선에 대한 차별적 동화교육을 실시하였는데, 여성에 대해서는 더욱 차별적 교육을 실시하여 이중적 차별을 하였다. 중등교육과정이라 할 수 있는 여자고등보통학교 혹은 고등여학교를 졸업하여도 여성의 고등교육기관 자체가 부족하여 고등교육을 받을 수 있는 기회는 사실상 많지 않았다. 1906년 대한제국 황실 순헌황귀비의 지원으로 명신여학교가 설립되고, 이 학교의 재단이 이후 숙명여자전문을 설립하는 주체가 되고 또 운영하였다. 1939년 숙명여자전문의 설립을 앞두고는 당시 영친왕이 이왕직을 통해 막대한 기본재산과 학교 부지를 제공하여 순헌황귀비의 유지를 이었다. 일제시기 영친왕이 할 수 있었던 유일한 일이 바로 대한제국 황실에서 지원하여 설립된 학교들에 대한 지원이었으며, 이는 숙명여자전문에 대한 전폭적인 지지로 이어졌다. 대한제국시기의 황실의 여성교육이 일제시기에도 이어져 숙명여전을 설립할 수 있었으며, 일제말기 황민화 교육이라는 한계를 보이지만 여성들에게 고등교육의 기회를 제공하였다. 해방 후 영친왕은 귀국하지 못하고 있는 상황 속에서 숙명여전은 구황실재산에서 재정적 지원을 받는 것으로 하여 1948년 대학으로 승격하였다. 그러나 주인 없는 구황실 재산은 후일 국고로 귀속되고 구황실이 설립하였던 숙명여자대학은 운영과 '주체'를 둘러싼 논란속에 휩싸일 수밖에 없었다. 1906년 순헌황귀비가 명신여학교를 설립하면서부터 일제의 강제병합이전까지 순헌황귀비의 여성교육운동이 부각되었으나, 1911년 그녀의 승하이후 매일신보 등 친일언론은 연택능혜(淵澤能惠)를 숙명의 중심인물로 부각시켰다. 1920년 동아일보가 창간된 이후로는 이정숙을 부각시키기도 하였다. 해방이후 영친왕이 귀국하지 못하고 있던 상황에서 순종의 비였던 순정효황후와 그녀의 오빠 윤홍섭은 황실에서 세운 숙명을 유지하기 위해 노력하였다. 숙명을 둘러싼 정체성은 이들에 대한 정치한 평가를 통해 이루어질 수 있을 것이다.

The modern women education began since the Enlightened Period affected much the life of women but the quality of education was not high as the bound of the time, and the goal of education was also that women should be good wives and wise mothers according to the patriarchy existed. During the time of Japanese colony, women education was inevitable to the affection of colony education policy, and women education period was short as different education system to men and the content of education was also focused on working home mainly. Japanese imperial implemented education assimilating discriminated to Josun, and implemented more discriminated education, so it was discrimination duplicated. Although women graduated Women`s Godeung Botong School or Godeung Women`s school as middle education course, they did not have opportunities a lot to learn high level knowledge because the number of women high level education institutes was insufficient. In 1906, Myungshin women school was established by Empress Um's support of the Great Han Empire, thereafter the foundation of the school became the body establishing Sookmyung women college and administrated. Prior to the foundation of Sookmyung women college in 1939, King Youngchin donated a lot of properties and real estates through Yiwangjik, and so continued Empress Um's spirit. In the time of Japanese colony, the only way, which King Youngchin could do, sponsored schools found by the Great Han Empire support, and it led to fully sponsorship for SookMyung women college. Sookmyung women college could be established as women education of the Great Han Empire continued to the time of Japanese imperial, it provided high level education opportunities to women although it showed a limit called 'Imperialist'Educational Policy in the last age of Japanese imperial. After liberation, under the status which King Youngchin could not return, Sookmyung women college promoted to a university in 1948 as financial support from the old imperial. However, the old imperial properties belong to the nation thereafter, Sookmyung women university could not but issue for administration and ownership. Until the forced merger of Japanese imperial since Empress Um established Myungshin women scooh in 1906, Empress Um's women education was magnified but friendly jounals like Maeil shinbo highlighted Huchijawa Noe as Sookmyung's important person since Empress Um died in 1911. After Dongailbo was found in 1920, Lee, JeongSook had been magnified. After liberation, Empress Sunjung and her brother Yoon Heungseob tried to keep Sookmyung which the imperial established. The identity of Sookmyung can be set up through appraisal for them.

To determine the problems with the apartment management system in Korea and to make recommendations for its development, a review and content analysis of the 2010 and 2011 editorials of two newspapers, The APT News and The Korea Apartment News, was conducted. Apartment management is divided into four areas: maintenance management, operations management, community management, and synthetic management. More than 50 percent of the editorials were concerned with the problems of operations management. There were two management subjects: the apartment manager and the apartment management company. Interest in the apartment management system varied between apartment managers and apartment management companies, so more positive policies and more interest are needed for apartment management.

목적: 급성 상기도 감염에 사용되는 항생제 처방유형을 조사하여 항생제 사용 을 개선하는데 있다. 방법: 2011년 1월부터 6월까지 경상대학교 병원을 포함한 10개 국립대학병원 을 대상으로 급성 상기도 감염에 사용한 항생제 처방율을 조사하고, 경상대학교병원에서 급성 상기도 감염에 사용한 2011년 1월부터 6월까지의 외래환자를 대상으로 항생제 처방 내역을 전자의무기록을 통하여 후향적으로 분석한 후 처방의를 대상으로 항생제 사용 적정성 검토를 위한 그룹미팅 및 교육, 급성 상기도 감염에 항생제 처방 시 경고 안내 문을 보여주는 등 중재활동 후 2011 년 12월에 처방유형을 조사 하였다. 결과: 경상대학교병원에서 2011년 1월부터 6월까지 급성 상기도 감염에 항생 제 사용은 1739명의 상기도 감염 외래 환자 중에서 874명 (42.3%)으로 나타났다. 진료과별 급성 상기도 감염에 대한 항생제 처방은 소아과, 이비인후과, 내과, 응급의학과, 호흡기내과, 흉부외과 등에서 처방하였으며 소아과에서 1044명의 상기도 감염환자 중 556건 (53.3%)로 가장 빈번하게 사용하였으며 처방율은 이비인후과에서 58.9% (225/382)로 가장 높았다. 사용한 항생제로는 amoxicillin-clavulanic acid가 371례 (36.3%)로 가장 빈번하게 처방된 약제이 며, azithromycin이 85례 (9.7%) 처방되 었다. 급성 상기도 감염 중 급성 편도염에 항생제 처방율이 가장 높았으며 (70.8%, 80/113), 급성 인두염에 가장 빈번하게 사용되었다 (61.1%, 319/522). 균동정을 위한 혈액배양 의뢰 건수는 1739 상기도 감염 환자 중 15명 (항 생제 미사용 4명, 사용 11명)이 의뢰되었으며 모두 음성이었다. 중재활동 후 2011년 12월 상기도 감염에 항생제 처 방건수는 소아과에서 1건, 이비인후과에서 2건으로 나타났다. 결론: 처방의를 대상으로 적절한 항생제를 사용을 권장하는 지속적인 교육 및 항생제 처방시 경고 안내문을 띄우는 등의 중재활동과 지속적인 모니터링 및 피드백은 급성 상기도 감염에 있어서 항생제 처방유형에 변화를 보였다.

배경: 약물로 인한 Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)는 널리 알려져 있으며 우리나라에서 항생제와 프로톤 펌프 억제제 소모량을 고려할 때 질환 치료과정에서의 CDAD 발생빈도 및 CDAD 유발 이전에 투여한 약물의 사용빈도와 CDAD의 치료방법을 조사할 필요성이 있다. 방법: 경상대학교 병원에서2011년 1월부터 6월까지의 입원환자를 대상으로 대변 독소 검사에 의해 CDAD로 판명된 환자의 성별, 연령분포, 질환명, 입원병동, 재발률을 조사하였으며 CDAD 판명이전에 투여한 약제 및 CDAD 판명 후 치료약제를 조사하였다. 결과: 연구기간 동안 CDAD 대변 독소 검사 의뢰된 환자수는 1,500명이었으며 CDAD 양성은 111명(9.3%)이었고, 재발은 29명(26.1%)이었다. CDAD를 주소로 입원한 환자는 17명 (15.3%)이었고, 나머지는 입원기간 중에 발생하였다. CDAD 양성인 환자의 연령대는 60대에서 32.4% (36/111명) 이었고, 내과병동에서 34.2%를 나타내었고, 재발률은 외과계 병동에서 41.4%로 가장 높게 나타났다. CDAD 환자의 17% (19/111명)은 항암제 투여 동안 발생하였으며 CDAD 발생 전 사용약물로는 세팔로스포린계 항생제가 162회로 가장 빈번하게 사용 되었으며, 히스타민2 수용체길항제 107회, 스테로이드 82회, 비 스테로이드 항염제 79회, 프로톤 펌프 억제제 77회, 하제 59회, 항암제가 33회 처방되었다. CDAD 치료약제로는 8종의 약제가 241회 처방 되었으며 metronidazole이 99회로 가장 빈번하게 사용되었고, vancomycin이 37회로 나타났다. 결론: 입원환자에 있어서 CDAD양성은 특히 고령의 암환자가 많아 항암제 투여 시에는 CDAD 발생에 주의해야 할 것으로 보인다. CDAD의 치료약제로는 metronidazole이 vancomycin 보다 많이 사용되는 것으로 나타났다.

Multi-culturalization in our society may be the cause of many problems, but if appropriately dealt with, diversity brought on by multi-culturalization could resolve chronic abuses in education and create a new culture, thereby contributing greatly to national development. The purpose of this study was to examine the current research on multi-cultural education and to provide a normative orientation to multi-cultural education. The literature research was conducted between March 2008 and September 2009. The followings are the findings of this study. First, the results reveal that the appropriate target of a multi-cultural society should not be assimilation, but rather, multi-culturalism. Multi-culturalism has greater adaptability, and the key lies in its respect for human rights, its strengthening of multi-cultural capacity, and its consideration for the minority by moving toward corporate multi-culturalism that aims for equality in results. Second, the first form of multi-cultural education emphasizes neutrality and argues that it is the best way to respect different cultures. This form of multi-cultural education emphasizes neutrality toward “sameness.” In this context, sameness means equality of the rights of human beings. The other form of multi-cultural education emphasizes diversity and argues that it is the best way to respect different cultures. It focuses on the recognition of particularity. But it reveals its shortcomings when it excludes interaction not only between an individual and the culture, but also between the insider and outsider of the culture and its social institutions. Thus, multi-cultural education for mutual understanding is suggested. Third, it has been found that pure homogeneous nationalism must be destroyed, but nationalism needs to transform itself rather than be abolished in a globalized and multi-cultural society. Moreover, on behalf of pursuing open nationalism, the self- transformation of nationalism is advisable, in order to for it to overcome its antagonistic and exclusive nature.

The purpose of this study is to determine what factors affect the marital life of multicultural families. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 immigrated females and their husbands living in Yongsan-Gu, Seoul, Korea, by open-ended questionnaire. The interviews took place on September 11, 2008, and October 11, 2008. The major findings can be summarized as follows: Through the content analysis of the informants’responses, three major factors were found to influence the successful adjustment of the married female immigrants: personal factors, familial support, and social support systems. Among the personal factors, the self-esteem of the married couples is relatively high. However, the factor of the economic living conditions of the multicultural families indicates some difficulty. Finally, considering the level of self-development of the female immigrants’ husbands, an older husband was viewed more negatively than a younger one. In terms of familial support, the most important factor affecting the adjustment of a foreign wife is the trust of her husband and her relationship with the husband’s family. Accordingly, educational programs are necessary to promote multicultural understanding and the couples’ relations. In social support systems, the female immigrants experienced neglect, as far as multicultural prejudice in society. Therefore, in order to revitalize the self-esteem of immigrants, we need to reach out to multicultural families. The center for support of multicultural families provides opportunities to find training, upgrade education for employment, and expand their social network. In addition, it is necessary for the national public relations industry to recognize improvements regarding the adjustment of multicultural families.

The purpose of this study is to investigate what owners think of their housing and their community by scrutinizing households, thereby leading to a conclusion of how these communities have developed and the advantages they provide to their owners. This study was conducted by thoroughly interviewing one member from each of a total of 10 households living in apartments and villas in the Gangnamgu area of Seoul between August 5, 2008, and September 25, 2008. The results can be summarized as follows: First, all interviewees were female, within the range of 40 years to 50 years of age, and with high educational backgrounds. They were living in mid-level income or higher households but were characterized by frugal attitudes. Second, their households held a personal and familial meaning to them, one of providing replenishment, rest, and a place to share diverse feelings with their family. Certain factors such as being a convenient place for education, rising housing prices, a large area of greenery made possible by Yangjae Cheon, and so forth contributed to giving a special significance to their housings. The interviewees all thought the convenience of education and the rising housing prices in the Gangnam area were the most important factors. Third, the interviewees indicated the following sociocultural perspectives of Gangnam housings: They provide a good environment for education due to the densely clustered academies in the Daechi-dong area. There are many opportunities to meet neighbors with similar educational and economic backgrounds. There are vast areas of greenery such as Yangjae Cheon. There is access to highly advanced cultural and shopping facilities such as COEX, Seoul Arts Center, etc. There are no amusement centers located near the housing districts. There are convenient transportation methods and facilities. They are subject to jealous looks from people living outside the Gangnam area. Lastly, it seems that no significant community spirit exists among the dwellers of each apartment or villa. However, matters of self-interest such as construction problems, which contribute greatly to creating personal wealth, were exceptions when the dwellers united as a single household.

This research examined the similarities and differences between Korean and Japanese accounting management in condominiums, the basic principles of managing them and to deepen the discussion on subjects worth further consideration. This research was done by going through documents from August 2006 to October 2007 in both Korea and Japan. The research indicates many problems in accounting management. Management companies, both in Korea and Japan, used their own individual formats for managing and accounting documents. Furthermore, the problems discovered included the lack of sufficient paperwork accounting done without dividing short- and long-term expenses the preference for cash expenses that weren't approved by the Association of Apartment Owners and inefficient financial auditing. The basic principle of accounting management is to follow a budget, put down rules clearly and to conduct factual, understandable and continued accounting. Therefore, a standard for accounting management must be implemented and basic manuals for auditing and accounting must be provided along with easy-to-understand information.

This research is carried out to inspect the Apartment Management System of Japan, to examine the similarities and differences between the Korean Apartment Management System and the Japanese Apartment Management System. First, as the basis law of apartment management, there exists the Building Unit Ownership Act, the Promotion Law fur Adequate Mansion Management of Japan, the Housing Law, Housing Execution Law and Rule of Korea. Second, the Association of Apartment Owners, an organization of owners of apartments in Japan and the Commission of the Representatives of the Occupants in Korea become the subject of maintenance. The Japan structure is made of the Assembly, the Director and the President. The Korean structure is made of Regular and Temporary Conferences and elected Officers(1 president, at least 2 directors and at least 1 inspector). The Commission of the Representatives of the Occupants and the Organization of Owners of Apartments make bylaws and diverse maintenance rules. Third, the foremost reason why the Korean structure of maintenance of apartments is less efficient than Japan is because of the small number of people dispatched to the living-environment maintenance team and their short terms. It is necessary to grow professionals related to this sector and to have enough public servants that specialize in this. Fourth, although it is compulsory to make long term plans for maintenance based on the Housing Law, because the reserve fund is decided by the maintenance rule(with no compulsory standards of reservation) of each apartment, it is difficult to reserve an adequate amount of reserve fund. So as in the example of the state of Hawaii in America, based on long term plans for maintenance, an execution rule of the Housing Law should be made which enforces to reserve at least 50 percent of future maintenance expenses.

Information concerning a patient visit is to be sent from the OCS(Order Communication System) to the PACS(Picture archiving and Communication System) and when the image acquisition is completed, information regarding the procedures also actually preformed should be sent back to the OCS. It should be possible to present related medical information from the OCS at the same image workstation in a coherent way with the images in the PACS, Examples of the related medical information are： the report of a diagnostic image procedure, data on medication, laboratory results, admission and discharge letters, and surgery reports, because we could maximize the efficiency of Radiological Work, like decrease examination time and human mistakes, though the integration of PACS and OCS. Therefore. We research some hospitals to find integral lists of PACS and OCS but there are no sufficient ingredients. Further, the percentage of Integral lists of PACS and OCS is different in all hospitals because there is no such standard yet like HL7(H期lthcare Level 7) and DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). Accordingly, if all hospital would follow national standard like HL7 and DICOM, the integration of OCS and PACS would be efficient but in this situation radiological technician should take part in construction integration system of PACS and OCS positively, so we could improve efficiency of radiological work and our status.