Earticle

Purpose: This paper investigates the factors influencing retirement decisions among the middle aged and elderly in Taiwan. Method: The data used are from three panels and five waves of the Survey of Health and Living Status (SHLS) from 1989 to 2003, which contains detailed information on individuals, family structure, health, social support, employment, and economic status. Duration models are used to estimate the hazard rates of individual retirement behaviour. Findings: First, for the cohort analyses, principal empirical results of the first wave of three panels are similar, including that older workers, female workers, Mainlander workers, and workers with poor health have higher hazard rates and are more likely to retire. In contrast, Hakka workers and married workers are less likely to retire than others. Second, for the transition analyses, the empirical results strongly support the hypothesis that if workers have a pension, they are more likely to retire during three different periods. Research limitations: The main limitation of this paper is the survey, which mainly focused on individual employment histories and collected limited data on employer responses and government’s policies. Further, the response rates on wages, income, and assets were low, reflecting the reluctance of participants to divulge their true income. Social implications: National Health Insurance may provide a lot of improvements for workers’ health and allow the hazard ratios of retirement to decrease. Originality/value: This paper strongly supports the Taiwanese government to change their pension policy for early retirement with high interest payment of pension benefits.

Older people are stereotyped as ‘takers’ rather than ‘givers’ despite much evidence that volunteering, caring and neighbouring by older people make a vital contribution to families, communities and society as a whole. In partnership with Newcastle University in the UK, the charity Age Concern Newcastle embarked on an innovative research project funded by the Big Lottery to fill the knowledge gap that exists in relation to aspects of volunteering in later life. Utilising qualitative data from in-depth interviews and triangulating this with survey results, it looks at the ways in which interviewees manage their volunteering amidst their other commitments that include volunteering in other organisations, informal volunteering, grand-parenting, caring for older relatives and their own health needs. The research aids our understanding of the conditions under which older people will agree to volunteer and the constraints that impact on their volunteering.

This paper examines methods for protection of government organization’s websites on the focus of 7 7 Cyber Attack in South Korea. On July 7, 2009, twelve websites including the websites of Cheong Wa Dae(the Presidential Office), the National Assembly, the Ministry of National Defense, top internet portals Daum and Naver, and Auction in South Korea and fourteen websites including the websites of the White House and the Department of State in US were attacked by DDoS collectively. The internet sites of South Korea and the abroad important government offices were attacked by DDoS for the first time simultaneously. The affected or zombie computers for themselves could attack the internet sites of important public organizations and agencies. The first attack was that the affected or zombie twenty three thousand PCs in South Korea at 6 p.m. of July 7, 2009 and two thousand PCs abroad helped to attack the websites of important government organizations and agencies. The second attack happened on July 8, 2009. Sixteen thousand zombie PCs were used at the second attack. The third attack was at 6 p.m. of July 9, 2009. Hard diskettes and data in ‘zombie PCs’ which were affected by DDoS were destroyed on July 10, 2009. Zombie PCs with malicious codes exploded for themselves from at least thirty thousand to almost sixty thousand zombie PCs. Methods for protection of government organization’s websites from cyber attacks might be considered as measures for level of citizen, for level of government organization, for state level and for inter‐�state level. Developed countries like US and Japan allocated ten percent of the total budget 10 years ago. South Korea was labeled an internet powerhouse, but Korean government ironically spent only one percent of its entire annual budget on cyber security. Budget for internet security in South Korea should be increased. All owners of virus‐�infected computers should pay immediate attention to cleaning up their operating systems.

이 글은 사회현상의 사실에 대한 설명을 위하여 표준화된 견해를 기준으로 과학적 지식에서 시간과 공간의 동일성과 유사성의 범위를 설명하는 인식론적 맥락을 찾아보고자 하였다. Husserl의 생활세계(life world)를 통하여 사회현상의 사실을 초월적 현상, 상호주관성, 과학적 지식의 범위를 설명하고, Schutz의 생활세계(life world)는 주관적 의식과 객관적 의식의 범위를 가용지식(stock of knowledge)을 기준으로 사회현상의 사실을 시간과 공간의 표준화된 지식, 경험적 지식, 과학적 지식의 범위로 설명하고자 하였다. 이 때 인식론적 접근으로 사회현상의 사실을 설명할 때 범위와 경계를 개념으로 적절하게 설정한다면, 사회현상의 사실을 과학적 지식으로 표준화된 설명을 할 수 있을 것이다. 복잡한 사회문제를 해결해야 하는 행정학에서 이 범위와 경계는 공공(public)의 의미를 적절하게 검토하는 것으로 정해질 수 있으며, 이로써 연구방법론의 발전에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to find the epistemological context for the of scientific knowledge explaining the identity of time and space and the scope of similarity of the facts of social phenomena with standardized viewpoints. For this, it explained the Husserl's life-world with the concepts of phenomenological transcendency, inter-subjectivity, and knowledge base, and the empirical knowledge as scientific knowledge with the shared and standardized viewpoints to the facts of social phenomena by Schutz's the stock of knowledge. It argued that we can transform the facts of social phenomena to the scientific knowledge if we set the epistemological boundary and scope properly, and it requires the development of research methodology to be applied to the role of government dealing with the complex social problems by reviewing the meaning of the public.

2007년 노인돌봄서비스 전달방식으로서 바우처 방식을 도입했다. 바우처는 ‘선택과 경쟁’이라는 시장원리를 도입해 효율성과 형평성에 충실하는 방식이다. 이때까지 복지서비스는 이용자는 공급기관에서 제공해주는 서비스를 무조건적으로 수용해야 하는 일방적 전달체계였다. 그러나 대상자에게 직접 보조금을 지원해주는 방식으로 바우처를 부여받은 이용자는 직접 시장에서 당당하게 권리의식을 가지고 서비스 양, 제공기관 및 요양보호사 등 원하는 서비스를 취득할 수 있게 된 것이다. 이 전달체계과정에서 예측하지 못한 다양한 문제점들이 들어나고 있다. 연구문제는 제공자(요양보호사), 제공기관(노인복지단체), 이용자(노인), 정부(시 군 구) 등 각각 사업주체들이 노인돌봄종합서비스 전달방식으로서 바우처 사업 수행과정에서 겪는 문제점들을 다루었다.

In 2007, voucher was introduced as a delivery system for elderly care service. Voucher system aims at efficiency and competition based on market principle. Before the introduction of voucher, the welfare service was uni-directional delivery system, which means that recipients had no option in welfare provision: the only thing they did was to accept the services provided. However, this voucher system shows some problems in the process of implementation. This paper deals with this shown problems. The key issue is related to the experiences that the supplier (carers), supply institutions(elderly welfare organisations), users(the elderly), governments(city･county･district) have in the process of the implementation of the elderly care system by way of voucher.