Earticle

This study aimed to analyze the relative importance of golf-specific physical fitness factors influencing the performance of amateur female golfers using the Monte Carlo simulation method. A total of 35 amateur female golfers participated in this study, and key physical fitness variables and performance indicators were measured. Repeated estimations and probabilistic distribution analyses were conducted through a Monte Carlo–based regression model. The results revealed that forearm strength and lower body strength were the most significant predictors of performance, while flexibility also contributed meaningfully, and balance showed a relatively minor effect. Furthermore, the interaction effects between fitness factors, particularly flexibility × forearm strength and forearm strength × lower body strength, demonstrated high probabilistic significance, suggesting that combined improvements in multiple fitness components lead to more effective performance enhancement. The overall model fit indicated that the Monte Carlo–based regression model provided a stable and reliable explanation of performance variations based on physical fitness factors. These findings suggest that a comprehensive training strategy focusing on strength and flexibility development may be effective in improving the performance of amateur female golfers.

This study explores the social meaning structure of university eSports departments in South Korea by applying text mining and social network analysis (SNA) to domestic news articles published between 2021 and 2025. The analysis identified three major semantic clusters industrial-policy, educational-academic, and regional sociocultura revealing that eSports discourse has expanded beyond competitive gaming toward industrialization, educational institutionalization, and regional cultural engagement. Consistent with prior research, the findings reaffirm that perceiving eSports education merely as practical game training undermines the social legitimacy of the discipline. Accordingly, eSports departments should establish an interdisciplinary academic identity that integrates industry, media, culture, and technology, thereby ensuring sustainable educational development and societal credibility.

The purpose of this study was to explore ways to enhance pre-service physical education teachers’ self-efficacy for inclusive physical education. To this end, the study examined the effects of taking adapted physical education courses and having adapted physical education field experiences on Korean pre-service physical education teachers’ self-efficacy toward inclusive physical education. The results showed, first, that enrollment in adapted physical education courses had a significant effect on pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy for inclusive physical education. Second, adapted physical education field experience also demonstrated a significant effect. In particular, such field experiences played an important role in helping pre-service teachers connect the theories learned in coursework to actual teaching situations and in strengthening the four sources of self-efficacy—mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological states.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in intrinsic motivation, sport confidence, and sport performance strategies according to the level of muscular fitness among male university Taekwondo athletes. Participants were divided into three groups (high, middle, low) based on muscular fitness scores, and the data were analyzed through correlation analysis and one-way ANOVA. Significant differences were observed in several sub-factors depending on the level of muscular endurance. The high-muscular-endurance group showed higher interest–enjoyment and perceived competence, whereas the low group showed higher tension. In addition, athletes with greater muscular endurance demonstrated stronger confidence in ability validation and perceived social support. Regarding performance strategies, the high-muscular-endurance group exhibited superior ability in condition control and relaxation compared to other groups. These findings indicate that muscular endurance functions not only as a physical ability but also as a psychological factor enhancing emotional stability, confidence, and strategic performance during competition. Therefore, integrated training that combines endurance and psychological skill development such as self-talk, imagery, and routine training is recommended to strengthen both physical and mental competence in Taekwondo athletes.

This study aimed to classify the types of emotional labor among fitness trainers and to examine the differences in job characteristics according to these types. Data were collected from 247 fitness trainers working in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, and the following conclusions were drawn. First, the emotional labor of fitness trainers was classified into three types — Defensive type (high surface acting), Adaptive type (high deep and genuine acting), and Authentic type (high genuine acting) — based on the combination of surface, deep, and genuine emotional expression strategies. Significant differences were found in the levels of emotional labor among the three types. Second, the types of emotional labor showed significant differences in overall job characteristics, including job demand, autonomy, feedback, and social support. Trainers who engaged in more genuine and sincere emotional expression tended to perceive their job environment more positively. Therefore, the emotional labor of fitness trainers is not a single-dimensional construct but a multidimensional structure that varies qualitatively according to the depth and authenticity of emotional expression. As the results indicate, differences in job demand, autonomy, feedback, and social support across emotional labor types suggest that the way trainers regulate and express their emotions influences how they perceive their work environment and the quality of their job experience.