Earticle

본 연구는 소프트웨어 시험성적서를 중심으로 국제표준에서 제시하고 있는 8가지 품질특성인 기능성, 신뢰성, 사용성, 유지보수성, 이식성, 효율성, 보안성, 상호운용성에 대한 가중치 결정 문제에 대한 방안을 제시했다. 현재는 소 프트웨어 품질 평가에 대한 시험결과는 8가지 품질 특성을 동일한 가중치를 적용해서 산술평균을 구하고 있으나, 소프 트웨어 품질 평가 점수는 제품의 특성에 따라 8가지 품질 특성을 구별하여 평가해야 한다는 점을 고려하여 소프트웨어 시험성적서의 결과를 중심으로 텍스트분석을 실시하였다. 텍스트분석을 통해서 나온 결과를 이용해서 8가지 품질 특성 별 가중치를 적용하였으며, 두 개의 제품에 대한 시험성적서를 텍스트분석 한 결과를 이용해서 가중치를 적용하여 본 결과 가중치를 적용한 품질특성에 따른 시험성적서의 평균이 더 효율적이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study proposed a method for determining weights for the eight quality characteristics, such as functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, portability, efficiency, security, and interoperability, which are suggested by international standards, focusing on software test reports. Currently, the test results for software quality evaluation apply the same weight to 8 quality characteristics to obtain the arithmetic average. Weights for 8 quality characteristics were applied using the results from text analysis, and weights were applied using the results of text analysis of test reports for two products. It was confirmed that the average of test reports according to the weighted quality characteristics was more efficient.

Purpose: This purpose of this study was to compare additionally applied weight underwater gait training and over-ground gait training to improve balance and lower extremity strength in stroke patients. Methods: Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups. Underwater gait training group (n=10) and Over-ground gait training group (n=9). The groups performed their respective programs as well as conventional physical therapy 3 times/week for 6 weeks. All subjects were assessed with the Berg balance scale test, the timed up and go test, and the medical research council test pre and post intervention. A paired t test was applied to compare the differences before and after the intervention, and an independent t test was used to compare the differences between the groups. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that subjects in the underwater gait training group had a significantly increased Berg balance scale, timed up and go, and medical research council scores (p<0.05), and over-ground gait training group showed a significantly increased medical research council score (p<0.05) after intervention. The underwater gait training group showed a more significant improvement in medical research council, Berg balance scale and the timed up and go test scores compared to the over-ground gait training group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that applying additional weight during underwater gait training improves lower extremity strength and balance in stroke patients. It' findings can contribute to the development of more efficient rehabilitation for stroke patients.

Background: The weakness of the gluteus medius (GM) is associated with various musculoskeletal disorders. The increasing GM activity without synergistic dominance should be considered when prescribing pelvic drop exercise (PD). Isometric hip extension or flexion of the non-weight bearing leg using thera-band at the ankle during PD may influence hip abductor activities. Objects: To determine how isometric hip extension or flexion of the non-weight bearing leg using thera-band at the ankle during PD influences the activities of three subdivisions of GM (anterior, GMa; middle, GMm; posterior, GMp), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), contralateral quadratus lumborum (QL), and GMp/TFL, GMm/QL activity ratios in patients with GM weakness. Methods: Twenty-three patients with GM weakness were recruited. Three types of PD were performed: PD, PD with an isometric hip extension of the non-weight bearing leg (PDE), and PD with an isometric hip flexion of the non-weight bearing leg (PDF). Surface electromyography (SEMG) was used to measure hip abductor activities. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the statistical significance of muscle activities and muscle activity ratios. Results: GMa, GMm, and GMp activities were significantly greater during PDF than during PD and PDE (p < 0.001, p = 0.001; p = 0.001, p = 0.005; p = 0.004, p = 0.004; respectively). TFL activity was significantly greater during PDE than during PD and PDF (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). QL activity was significantly greater during PDF than during PD (p = 0.003). GMp/TFL activity ratio was significantly lower during PDE than during PD and PDF (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in the GMm/QL activity ratio. Conclusion: PDF may be an effective exercise to increase the activities of all three GM subdivisions while minimizing the TFL activity in patients with GM weakness.

Background: Stroke patients commonly present with balance and gait disturbances due to sensory abnormalities and motor function loss. To improve these impairments, the purpose of this study was to prove the effects of underwater gait training using additional weight on balance and walking ability in stroke patients. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: Subjects participating in the study were randomly divided into three groups.: Underwater Gait training using Additional weight application Group (UGAG) (n=12), Underwater Gait training Group (UGG) (n=12), and control group (n=16). Subjects participating in UGAG and UGG performed underwater gait training, 3 times a week for 30 minutes, for 6 weeks. All subjects who participated in the study were assessed for muscle strength, balance, and gait ability before and after the intervention. Additionally, motor function and activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed to assess their return to ordinary life. Results: According to the study results, all subjects showed significant differences in all measures post-intervention(p<0.05). The UGAG showed significantly improved scores on the muscle strength (Medical Research Council, MRC) and motor function (Fugl-Meyer Assessment, FMA) compared to UGG, while UGG showed significant differences from the control group on the muscle strength (MRC) and balance abilities (Berg Balance Scale, BBS) (Timed Up and Go test, TUG) (p<0.05). Additionally, UGAG showed significant differences in all areas except ADL (Modified Barthel Index, MBI) compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that underwater gait training using additional weight application may be effective aquatic rehabilitation method to improve muscle strength, balance and gait ability for with stroke.

Background : Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent and is largely used to prevent graft-versus-host disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Tacrolimus requires therapeutic drug monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic range. The number of cases where the dose of tacrolimus was reduced in obese patients because the blood concentration was higher than the initial effective therapeutic range (10?15 ng/mL)is increasing. Therefore, this study attempted to assess the adequacy of early tacrolimus dosages and establish more suitable weight-based dosing strategies for obese patients. Methods : This was a retrospective study, conducted on patients 20 years of age or older who received tacrolimus from the day before transplantation from January 2019 to June 2020 in Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital. The blood concentration of tacrolimus in the actual body weight (ABW) group was obtained from the actual blood collection, from which patient-specific pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. The expected blood concentration of tacrolimus in the ideal body weight (IBW) group was then calculated. To evaluate the adequacy of the tacrolimus dosage, the average blood concentration and the number of patients within the effective therapeutic range were investigated. To evaluate the risk of developing side effects and the reduction in therapeutic effects, the number of patients above and below the effective therapeutic range and their average tacrolimus level were compared based on ABW and IBW, respectively. Results : The average blood concentration of 74 patients was 18±5.7 ng/mL in the ABW group and 14±4.5 ng/mL in the IBW group (p<0.001). The number of patients within the effective therapeutic range was 22 (29.7%) in the ABW group and 35 (47.3%) in the IBW group (p=0.043). The number and average tacrolimus level of the patients above the effective therapeutic range were 50 (67.6%) and 20.6±5.1 ng/mL, respectively, in the ABW group and 25 (33.8%) and 19.1±3.5 ng/mL, respectively, in the IBW group. The number and the average tacrolimus level of patients below the effective therapeutic range were 2 (2.7%) and 8.8±0.7 ng/mL, respectively, in the ABW group and 14 (18.9%) and 8.7±1.0 ng/mL, respectively, in the IBW group. There was no statistical difference in the average tacrolimus levels of the patients above and below the effective therapeutic range (p=0.190 and p=0.908, respectively). Conclusion : In obese patients, the administration of tacrolimus based on IBW is more preferred than ABW-based administration. However, additional pharmacokinetic model studies are needed.

This paper is concerned with the weight reduction of front side member of a vehicle considering the application of high strength steel sheet. The influence of steel sheet grade and thickness on the energy absorption, impact load and deformed shape of front side member is investigated by using reverse engineering and FE-analysis. The reverse engineering is applied to obtain 3D model of front side member from B.I.W for the FE simulation. FE analysis is carried out with commercial crash analysis SW PAM-CRASH. The crashworthiness of front side member is considerably improved with steel sheet strength and thickness increase. From the result of this study the weight reduction in automotive parts for the improvement of the fuel efficiency can be easily achieved with replacing high strength steel without deterioration of crashworthiness.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of low sodium dialysate (LSD) rather than conventional dialysate on interdialytic weight gain (IWG), blood pressure (BP), and intradialytic side-effects (ISEs) in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Methods: The study was performed in 43 patients, who were treated in the university hospital over 8 weeks. Each participant’s serum sodium set point was measured using dialysate sodium 140 mEq/L during the first 4 weeks. For the next 4 weeks dialysate sodium concentrate (134,136,and138 mEq/L) was provided to each participant but only to an experimental group (EG) (n=22)based on the individual set point, although 140 mEq/L dialysate was given to all of the control group (CG)(n=21). Consequently, outcomes including IWG, BP, and ISE were evaluated. Results: In EG, difference of pre-HD SBP (p=.047) and post-HD serum sodium (p=.006) were significantly decreased compared to CG. Also,ISEs was not more frequent in EG. However, the differences were not statistically significant, IWG (kg & %),pre-HD DBP, post-HD SBP & DBP, and serum osmolality in EG. Conclusion: Individual application of LSD in patients on maintenance hemodialysis is beneficial to decrease pre-HD SBP and post-HD serum sodium without increasing ISE. Therefore, LSD can be better treatment than conventional dialysate.

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Labor Support Behaviors (LSB) one-to-one application and partner’s delivery participation on the delivery satisfaction and delivery results among mothers who delivered premature birth and low birth weight infant. Methods: The data were collected from 30 mothers in the experimental group and 27 in the control group from April 23, 2009 to April 22, 2010. The collected data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, x2-test (Fisher's exact test) and t-test with SPSS. Results: The satisfaction levels of the experimental group and the control group women were 3.73±0.43 and 3.72±0.34 as mean values, respectively, showing not statistically different (t=0.07, p=.945). None showed less than 7 point of Apgar score at 1 minute in the experimental group while 5 out of 27 did (18.5%) in the control group, which was statistically meaningful. Also, the emergent cesarian section cases were 3 out of 33(9.1%) in the experimental group and 5 out of 32 (15.6%) in the control group, demonstrating lower emergency cesarian section rate in the experimental group than the control group, but showing not statistically different (x2=0.643, p=.475). Conclusion: The results of this study show that LSB one-to-one application and partner's participation has affirmative effects on 1 minute Apgar scores of newborns.

Robotic manipulators are increasingly deployed in complex environments or to perform complex tasks. Studies on dual-arm-robots have been continually carried out in robotics areas to provide robots in dangerous environments, similar to those which human beings would be normally in, without a special change to the working environment. In previous study, a dual-arm-robot has been designed. The robot, however, has some defects in its heavy weight and big shape. In order to reduce weight of an arm robot, the robot has been designed using a hollow-shaft-servo- assembly. The hollow-shaft-servo-assembly is composed of a hollow-shaft-servo-motor, a hollow- shaft-harmonic-drive, a hollow-shaft-brake, a hollow-shaft-encoder, and a servo-drive.

본 연구에서는 부유식 10MW급 해상풍력발전기에 설치하기 위해 설계된 탈착형 계류 시스템인 Fairlead Chain Stopper (FCS)에 대해 직교배열실험법 (Orthogonal Array Design, OAD)을 이용한 최소중량설계와 민 감도 평가를 수행하였다. OAD에서 FCS의 주요 구성품의 두께 치수는 설계인자로 고려하였고, 응답치는 중량과 강도성능으로 선정하였다. OAD의 실험행렬 탐색 및 구성의 적합성은 반응표면모델을 생성하여 근사화 정확도의 평가를 통해 수행하였다. FCS의 최소중량설계은 OAD의 최상 설계안의 결과로부터 결정되었고, 민감도 평가를 통해 응답치 별로 영향도가 높은 설계인자가 파악되었다.

In this study, a minimum weight design and sensitivity analysis were conducted for the Fairlead Chain Stopper (FCS), a detachable mooring system designed for application to a 10 MW-class floating offshore wind turbine. The Orthogonal Array Design (OAD) was employed to systematically evaluate the influence of design variables. In the OAD, the thickness dimensions of the primary components of the FCS were selected as design factors, while the responses were defined as structural weight and strength performances. The suitability of the OAD experimental matrix configuration was verified by constructing a response surface model and assessing its approximation accuracy. The minimum weight design of the FCS was determined based on the optimal configuration derived from the OAD results. Furthermore, through sensitivity analysis, the design factors with the most significant effect on each response were identified.

본 연구에서는 도시브랜드가치의 수준을 측정하는 기법을 개발하고 적용하는 방법을 제시하였다. 우선 도시브랜드가치 수준을 측정하는 평 가요소는 선행연구를 바탕으로 도시브랜드가치의 다양한 구성요소들을 도출한 뒤에 전문가 회의를 통해서 중복되거나 적합하지 않은 요소들 을 제외하였다. 그리고 요인분석과 신뢰도분석, 회귀분석을 통해서 최종적인 도시브랜드가치 평가요소를 도출하였다. 구체적으로 도시브랜드 가치의 주거 요소의 하위 평가요소인 거주환경, 교육환경, 교통환경을 측정할 수 있는 6개의 측정항목과 도시브랜드가치의 관광 요소의 하위 평가요소인 즐길거리, 문화유산, 숙박 및 휴양시설을 측정할 수 있는 6개의 측정항목, 마지막으로 도시브랜드가치의 투자 요소의 하위 평가요 소인 일자리, 투자지원, 산업인프라를 측정할 수 있는 6개의 측정항목이 개발되었다. 그리고 도시브랜드가치 수준을 측정하고 하나의 종합적인 지수를 제시하기 위해서 각 평가요소들의 상대적 가중치를 AHP 분석을 통해서 도출하였다. 마지막으로 부산, 울산, 경주를 사례도시로 선정하여 개발된 측정기법의 적용과정을 설명하였으며 의미 있는 시사점을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to develop the measurement technique of city brand value and suggest its application process. This study first identified the items determining city brand value based on literature review, and the items duplicated or unsuitable were eliminated based on experts interviews. The final city brand value measurement items were developed using factor analysis, credibility analysis and regression analysis. As a result, the city value measurement items were divided into a residential, tourism and investment elements, and each element has six measurement items. A residential element includes residential environment, educational environment, and transportation environment. Tourism elements includes tourist attractions, cultural heritage and recreational facilities. Investment elements include employment, investment support and industrial infrastructure. Moreover. this study applied AHP analysis to provide a comprehensive index of city brand value based on the relative weights of the three elements. This study then selected Busan, Ulsan and Kyeongju as sample cities and described the process of applying the developed measurement technique, which provides significant practical and theoretical implementation.

This study investigated the application of lightweight foamed concrete due to change of unit volume weight and W/B. The result of the examinations about change of unit volume weight and W/B on the lightweight foamed concrete mixed various powdered material showed that unit volume weight and W/B which were favorable to applicate were 0.5-W/B 70%, 0.6-W/B 65%, and 0.7-W/B 60%. Sinking depth decreased according to increasing unit volume weight and W/B, but air void content increased caused by decline of unit volume weight. All proportioning without each unit volume weights on W/B 70% satisfied KS range, and heat conduction of all cases also satisfied KS range. Totally, compatibility conditions according to change of unit volume weight and W/B to applicate were estimated as 0.5-W/B 65%, 0.6-W/B 60%, and 0.7-W/B 60%.

With the development of sensor technology, network technology, embedded control technology and wireless communication technology, the application of wireless sensor networks (WSN) has become more and more widely. Wireless sensor networks have been named the most influential and important technology of the world in twenty-first Century. In wireless sensor networks, data fusion is an important research branch. In this paper, a data prediction model of wireless sensor network based on weight improved particle swarm optimization neural network algorithm is proposed. In view of the deficiency of the traditional BP neural network model, this paper combines with the characteristics of the data prediction model, and the BP neural network model is improved and integrated. After that, we train the neural network's sample set, and add the momentum item to correct the weight, so that the neural network can be predicted more quickly and accurately. The main idea of this paper is to predict the future data based on the historical data which are collected by sensor nodes, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing the amount of data transmission in the network and saving the energy of nodes. Finally, the experimental results show that the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on weight improved particle swarm optimization neural network algorithm has higher accuracy than the multiple regression method and the grey prediction method. In addition, the method can be used to effectively save energy in wireless sensor data transmission.

With the rising popularity of e-commerce, more and more enterprises begin to construct and adapt to e-commerce system. It is far more than a simple computer system. Currently, many experts and organizations have attempted to evaluate the e-commerce performance theoretically. However, there is a white space in the theory, in particular the theoretical system of e-commerce performance evaluation. Thus, this paper sets up an index system for e-commerce performance evaluation based on features of e-commerce enterprises and evaluation theories. It proposes a Group Analytical Hierarchy Process (GAHP) that is proved to work out well when evaluating the e-commerce performance.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polysaccharide formed from disaccharide units containing Nacetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid. It is generally known that digestion of hyaluronic acid with the enzyme hyaluronidase introduce a double bond is formed in terminal group of the hydrolyzed HA.1) In this study hyaluronic acid was hydrolyzed into very low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (oligo HA) by ion exchange resin whithout forming a double bond or occurring ring opening. In order to investigate the potential of oligo HA as a cosmetic ingredient, we measured its cytotoxicity in fibroblast and SIRC cell line, moisturizing effect, and the penetration effect using artificial skin and Caco-2 cell line.2) Oligo HA did not showed any cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 Ag/ml in fibroblast cell but it showed weak proliferation. In vitro ocular test of oligo HA, it showed negligible cytotoxicity up to the 2000 Ag/ml concentration in SIRC cell. In the test of the single and repeated cutaneous applications, oligo HA under occlusive patch did not provoke any cumulative irritation and sensitization.3) Oligo HA at a concentration of 0.01% exhibited a better moisturizing effect than hyaluronic acid at a concentration of 0.01%. In the permeability test using artificial skin and Caco-2 cell line, hyaluronic acid (M.W. 1,100,000) was hardly observed in the down medium of the inserts. On the other hand, Oligo HA (M.W. 5,000) was detected in the down medium up to 14% at 6 hr using Caco-2 cell and the down medium up to 90% at 6hr using artificial skin.4) This result suggests that Oligo HA could be useful as an active ingredient for cosmetics.

Purpose: to recognized that influence of decrease low back pain, change pelvic structure and balance control on unilateral weight bearing after application on pelvic manipulation which low back pain patient in unilateral weight bearing due to pelvic imbalance. Methods: The patient with low back pain in unilateral weight bearing due to pelvic imbalance was 39year female. one subject received intervention of pelvic manipulation on sidelying position and reaching exercise on sitting position which during 2 weak at the 3 time per a weak, each 30 minutes. outcomes measured were Facia l Action Coding System(FACS), Radiograph(Lumbar-Spine Anteroposterior AP.), Pressure Scan. Results: The results of this study were summarized below : 1. FACS score were Pre: min.4 - max.6 and Post: min.2 - max.4. 2. Radiograph measured Ilium width were Pre: Lt.14cm, Rt.12.7cm and Post: Lt.13.4cm, Rt.13cm which discrepancy of Ilium height were Pre: 1cm and Post: 0.2cm. 3. Pressure scan measured Pre: Lt. 36.8%, Rt.40.2% and Post: Lt.41.3%, Rt.36.2% Conclusion: Pelvic manipulation applied a patient with low back pain in unilateral weight bearing due to pelvic imbalance suggest that can decrease low back pain, change pelvic structure and balance control on unilateral weight bearing.

The weight-of-evidence model one of the Bayesian probability model was applied to the task of evaluating landslide susceptibility using GIS. Using the location of the landslides and spatial database such as topography, soil, forest, geology, land use and lineament, the weight-of-evidence model was applied to calculate each factor's rating at Boun area in Korea where suffered substantial landslide damage fellowing heavy rain in 1998, The factors are slope, aspect and curvature from the topographic database, soil texture, soil material, soil drainage, soil effective thickness, and topographic type from the soil database, forest type, timber diameter, timber age and forest density from the forest map, lithology from the geological database, land use from Landsat TM satellite image and lineament from IRS satellite image. Tests of conditional independence were performed for the selection of the factors, allowing the 43 combinations of factors to be analyzed. For the analysis, the contrast value, W$\^$＋/and W$\^$-/, as each factor's rating, were overlaid to map laudslide susceptibility. The results of the analysis were validated using the observed landslide locations, and among the combinations, the combination of slope, curvature, topographic, timber diameter, geology and lineament show the best results. The results can be used for hazard prevention and planning land use and construction

Precise coating weight control is very important issue on quality and minimizing operating costs on continuous galvanizing line. These days, many steel making companies are having a new understanding of cost importance by rise raw material prices and customer's requirement for cost reduction. Dongbu steel also meets these situations and decided to develop the technologies. Dongbu Steel developed Integrated coating weight control system jointly with Objective Control Ltd. and installed 2CGL and 4CGL. Several technological functions were developed and realized to achieve true hands-off operation and maximum cost benefit by combining model-based preset and dynamic prediction models. We also installed it on 1 CGL on April, 2008. This paper will present the interface, functions and application result of the integrated coating weight control system including Zn saving and coating weight uniformity.

In this paper, we propose a method based on a weight map to improve the performance of instance segmentation and demonstrate the method using a simple application. A weight map is a set of pixel-wise losses, each of which has a different value depending on whether the pixel is located on the border of the image. Importantly, the losses of pixels on the border have a relatively higher value than the other pixels so that they can impose heavy penalties in the training stage. We verified the effectiveness of our method by assessing its performance when processing clinical dental images. Because teeth have similar image features (e.g., color, shape), and as they are arranged side by side, it is appropriate to evaluate the effect of using a weight map. With reference to the weight map, Mask R-CNN, our baseline model, learns very small, narrow boundaries to distinguish different instances that were recognized as one instance before. The improvement is evident both quantitatively and qualitatively. The Average Precision and Recall were found to have increased by 4.4% and 7.3%, respectively, with weight map learning. Thus, the proposed method was demonstrated to effectively enhance the ability to detect subtle boundaries. This finding is expected to make it possible to utilize a variety of existing models to their fullest potential.

This study aimed to identify the effects of kinesio taping (KT) applied in a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) pattern on the pain, weight-bearing distribution (WBD), and walking ability of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. Thirty women with KOA were randomly allocated to a control group (n=15) with KT at the quadriceps only, and a PNF pattern group (n=15) with KT at the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale during walking. In addition, WBD, and walking ability were measured before and 30 minutes after KT application. The VAS significantly reduced in both groups after the intervention (p<.05). WBD (p<.05, ES=.32) and walking ability (p<.05, ES=.38) showed a significant change in the PNF pattern group, and in the inter-group comparison, the PNF pattern group showed a significant difference compared to the control groups. These results demonstrate that KT application with PNF pattern effectively attenuate the pain and improves WBD and walking ability in KOA patients.