Earticle

本稿では、テストの類型による語彙の誤用について調べた。その主な結果は次のとおりである。 (1)テストの類型による語彙の誤用においては、誤用の訂正テストⅢ、譯テストⅠ、誤用の認定と訂正テストⅡの順で正答率が高い。その差はテストⅡとⅢ で一番大きい。 (2)語彙の誤用の16種類においては、「補助動詞」はテストⅠとⅢ、ⅡとⅢ、「形容詞」「形容動詞」「副詞」「數量詞」「表現」はテストⅠとⅡ、ⅢとⅡ、「ダ」はテストⅠ とⅢ、「名詞」「コソア」「熟語」はテストⅡとⅢ、「接續詞」はテストⅠとⅡ等で正答率の差が大きい。 (3)各の問題においては、問5、 31、 34、 35、 37、 39、 76、 93、 10、109、111はテストⅠと Ⅱ、 問4、 5、 21、 37、 39、 78、 62はテストⅠと Ⅲ、問15、 21、 31、 62、 93、 111はテストⅡとⅢで正答率の差が大きい。 (4)語彙テストと文法テストの正答率は同じく誤用の訂正テスト、譯テスト、 誤用の認定と訂正 テストの順で高い。

Purpose: Patients with diabetes frequently need to perform certain numeric tasks such as interpreting blood glucose levels. However, there is no psychometrically sound instrument for objectively measuring diabetes-specific health numeracy. This study aimed to develop a new objective diabetes health numeracy test (DHNT) and evaluate its psychometric properties in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: An instrument development study was conducted. Initial items were evaluated by six experts for content validity. After a pilot test, a convenience sample of 257 participants with type 2 diabetes was recruited at 2 university hospitals from May to September 2018. The structural, convergent, and criteria validity, and internal consistency of the DHNT with binary item responses were evaluated. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, Rasch analysis, tetrachoric correlation, Spearman's correlation, and the KudereRichardson-20 formula. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single-factor solution comprising seven items. Rasch analysis confirmed that no item did not fit with the single factor and identified that the item difficulty parameters had moderate values. The convergent and criterion validity of the instrument were demonstrated, with diabetes knowledge and subjective diabetes numeracy, respectively, as was its acceptable internal consistency, by a KudereRichardson-20 coefficient of .81. Conclusion: The DHNT demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. The instrument with moderate levels of item difficulty may have a lower cognitive burden. The developed instrument can be applied in practice to tailor the education of diabetes self-management as per the levels of health numeracy of specific patients.

Objective: To comprehensively assess the relationship between nerve conduction study (NCS), sympathetic skin response (SSR), and demographic factors in patients with diabetic neuropathy, exploring potential risk factors and mechanisms.Methods: A retrospective study (N=184) included patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing NCS and SSR. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Patients were categorized by diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and SSR stages for comparative analysis.Results: HbA1c levels correlated with DPN progression. SSR stages exhibited age-related differences. Height correlated with DPN but not SSR stages. Body mass index showed no significant differences.Conclusion: While DPN progression correlated with glycemic control and duration of diabetes, SSR was influenced by age. Unexpectedly, cholesterol levels remained within the normal range, challenging established concepts. Understanding these relationships is crucial for interpreting test results and developing targeted interventions for diabetic neuropathy.

This study developed an automated seismic acceleration sensor test equipment to improve the high measurement uncertainty of existing test equipment with the tilting method. The equipment was developed by setting the legal standards for seismic acceleration sensor test equipment and the problems of existing test equipment as performance indicators. The problems with the existing test equipment, which was manually operated, included measurement error owing to handling vibration, occurrence of angle error according to the observation field, and measurement method without considering hysteresis. The developed equipment satisfied the legal standards, and the problem of measurement error owing to handling vibration and angle error according to the observation field of view was improved by attaching a servo motor and precision level to the measurement equipment. Hysteresis control has been improved by adding the delay time control function of dedicated software (S/W). The developed automated seismic acceleration sensor test equipment can be used for the testing of seismic acceleration sensors, and the operating software reduced measurement uncertainty in the testing of seismic acceleration sensors.

This study was carried out to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, and test cutoff score to predict cardiorespiratory fitness by using the 2-min step test (2MST) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellites (DM). The associa-tion of the 2MST and physical fitness tests including a 6-min walk test (6MWT), a 5 time sit-to-stand test (FTSST), and leg strength in the form of a leg performance test were also investigated. This study was cross-sectional and conducted in 100 type 2 DM patients. Patients were screened through health questionnaires, medical illness, general char-acteristics, and physical fitness tests; 2MST, 6MWT, FTSST, and leg strength. Blood was collected for assessment of fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles. The number of steps in the 2MST was positively cor-related with the distance of the 6MWT (r=0.6995, P<0.0001) and leg strength (r=0.4292, P<0.0001). 2MST was negatively correlated with time to perform the FTSST (r=-0.405, P<0.0001). Moreover, this study established the optimal cutoff score of the 2MST at ≤61 steps with 92.24% sensitivity, and 81.36% specificity to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 DM patients. Our findings indicate that the 2MST may be used as a predictor for walking capacity, leg strength, and ability to change position from sitting to standing in type 2 DM. In addition, this result may imply that patients with type 2 DM performing the 2MST at less than 61 steps was significantly associated with decreased cardio-respiratory fitness.

본 연구는 Raven 누진행렬검사의 문항을 푸는데 사용되는 규칙의 유형과 수가 문항 난이도에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2개의 실험이 수행되었다. 실험 1에서는 규칙의 유형이 문항 난이도에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 실험 2는 규칙의 수와 유형(난이도)이 문항 난이도에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위해 시도되었다. 총 33명의 피험자가 네 가지 규칙 조건을 모두 경험하게 한 실험 1의 결과는 보다 복잡한 처리규칙인 언어-분석적 규칙 중 행 내의 일관성 규칙이 보다 단순한 처리 규칙인 시공간적 규칙(회전, 반전)보다 더 느린 문제 풀이 시간을 보였다. 언어-분석적인 규칙 중 양적 변화 규칙은 반전 규칙보다는 문제를 푸는 시간이 더 오래 걸렸으나 회전 규칙과는 차이를 보이지 않아 가설 1은 부분적으로 지지되었다. 23명의 대학생이 참여한 실험 2의 결과 규칙의 수가 2개 일 때가 1개일 때 보다 문제 풀이 시간이 더 오래 걸리는 것으로 나타났다. 규칙의 수와 난이도의 상호작용 효과가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 규칙이 2개일 때는 쉬운 규칙과 어려운 규칙간 차이를 보이지 않았으나 규칙의 수가 1개일 때는 어려운 규칙의 문제 풀이 시간이 쉬운 규칙보다 더 느린 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과의 시사점이 논의되었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the number and types of rules needed to solve the Raven's progressive Test on the degree of item difficulty. The effects of rule types and rule number were examined separately using two experiments. In Exp. 1, 33 participants experienced all 4 rules. These 4 rules were 2 Verbal-analytic rules (i.e., Row in constant rule and Quantitative progression rule) and 2 Visuo-spatial rules (i.e., Rotation and Reverse). The verbal-analytic rules were known as more complicated than the Visuo-spatial rules. The results showed that item difficulty of Row in constant rule was higher than visuo-spatial rules. In addition, we found that the item difficulties of the Quantitative progression rule and the Rotation rule were not significantly different. In Exp. 2, we manipulated number and type of rules (i.e., 1 easy rule vs. 1 difficult rule vs. 2 easy rules vs. 2 difficult rules) using 23 participants. The Exp. 2 showed the following results: 1) It took more time to solve problems which have 2 rules than 1 rule. 2) The interaction effect of number and type of rules was significant. That is, when only one rule was applied, it took more time to solve problems with difficult rule than easy rule, but no significant difference was found when two rules were applied. The implication of the results was discussed.

사서교사가 독서교육을 성공적으로 수행하기 위해서는 독서에 관한 학생들의 특성을 파악하고 있어야 한다. 그러나 현재 학생들의 독서 관련 특성을 파악하기 위한 도구가 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 독서 플로우 유형을 분류하고, 독서 플로우 유형을 측정할 수 있는 검사도구를 제안하였다. 독서 플로우의 유형을 분류하기 위해서 4개의 연구모형(워너, 던과 던, MBTI, flow 구성모형)을 설정하고, 각 모형을 AMOS 구조방정식 모형에 대입하여 적합성을 검증하였다. 그 결과 4개의 연구모형 중 flow 구성 모형이 가장 적합한 모형임을 확인하였다. flow 구성 모형을 바탕으로 독서 플로우 유형을 분류하고, 독서 플로우 유형 검사를 위한 도구를 제안하였다. 제안한 독서 플로우 유형은 4차원 16가지의 세부 유형으로 구성되고 있고, 검사도구는 4개 영역, 28개 문항으로 설정하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 데이터는 본 연구자의 선행연구를 위해 수집한 1,836개의 데이터를 재사용하였다.

Successful reading instruction of teacher librarian should be to identify the reading characteristics of students. Nevertheless, there are insufficient tools for to identify the reading characteristics. Thus, this study propose the reading flow type classification and test instruments reading flow using structure equation modeling. In order to verify the reading flow type, this study established 4 temporary model(Warner, Dunn & Dunn, MBTI, flow construction), conformed using AMOS structure equation modeling. The most fit model of 4 temporary model were conformed flow construction. Test instruments for reading flow was developed based on conformed flow construction. Suggested reading flow type classification consist of 16 styles in four dimensions. Reading flow test instruments consist of 28 item styles in four dimensions. The data for this study re-used 1,836 students questionary for prior paper of this researcher.

이 연구의 목적은 George와 West(2001)가 개발한 애착 투사그림 검사(AAP)의 신뢰도와 타당도를 분석함으로써 애착 유형 측정에 있어 객관화된 측정도구로서의 적합성을 검증하는데 있다. 연구의 대상은 수도권과 전북지역 성인 350명이며, 수집된 자료는 신뢰도 분석, 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석, 상관분석 등을 사용하여 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다. 연구결과, 그림검사의 신뢰도는 양호한 것으로 나타났으며, 비교적 안정된 내적 일치도를 보였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과 9문항이 선정되었으며, 자기 보호 체계, 방어 전략, 미해결의 3가지 하위척도로 이루어진 구조를 확인하였다. 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 도출된 요인과 하위척도 간의 관계는 확인적 요인분석으로 확인하였으며, 성인애착 척도와 스트레스 대처전략 척도를 측정하여 공인타당도를 확보하였다. 이를 통해 애착 투사그림 검사는 3가지 하위 영역에서 내용적으로 애착 유형을 측정할 수 있는 타당한 평가도구임이 확인되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 애착 투사그림 검사의 신뢰성과 타당성을 확보함으로써 객관화된 진단과 해석을 제공하는 그림검사를 제공할 수 있게 되었다는데 의의가 있으며, 향후 국내 애착연구의 질적 성장과 발전을 위한 제한점에 대해 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the suitability of the Attachment Projective Picture Test (AAP) developed by George and West (2001) as an objective measurement tool by analyzing the reliability and validity of the test. The subjects of this study were 350 adults in the Seoul and Jeonbuk Province. For the collected data, the reliability and validity of the scale were verified using reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, nine items were selected, and the structure consisting of three subscales - self-protection system, defense strategy, and unresolved - was confirmed. The relationship between factors and subscales derived through exploratory factor analysis was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, and official validity was secured by measuring the adult attachment scale and the stress coping strategy scale. Through this those steps, the APP test was confirmed as is a valid evaluation tool that can measure the type of attachment content in three sub-domains. Based on these research results, this study is meaningful in that it shows a picture test can be administered to provide an objective diagnosis and interpretation by securing the reliability and validity of the APP test. Limitations for development were then discussed.

In this study, D College hairdressing student of the Department of interesting types of job preferences in order to recognize the matching degree of choice and studies and used the test. The subjects were 427 student attending one college in Busan. The instruments used to measured the Occupational Preference Test. The Interest Test of the Occupational Preference Test developed by Holland's Vocational Personality Theory. There are Realistic type, Investigative type, Artistic type, Social type, Enterprising type, Conventional type in the six Interest Type. Major findings from this are summarized as follows : First, Interest type of Beauty Department students is high in Artistic type. It mean they have high congruence in the case. So I'm certain that they make a good choice in regard to academic work. Second, typical Interest Code of Beauty Department students is ASE(Artistic type-Social type-Enterprising type). It mean they have high consistency in this case. So this can be applied to the guidance of students. Third, Interest hexagon of Beauty Department students is big sized. And this circle is misshapen. It mean they have clear interest about special field. So their interest tendency is obvious and stable.

연구문제 또는 목적: 지적장애인의 진로탐색과 직업선택의 과정에서 적절한 지원이 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 특히 직업선택의 핵심 요소인 직업흥미에 대한 체계적인 이해가 부족한 현실에서 제한적이고 추상적인 수준의 진로설계가 이루어지고 있다. 2021년부터 2023년까지의 장애인고용공단의 지적장애인 그림직업흥미검사(PVIT)의 테이터를 기반으로 활동변수(운반, 정리, 조작)와 환경변수(개인-집단, 실내-실외)를 통하여 유형을 파악하고자 한다. 연구방법: 3년간의 그림직업흥미검사(PVIT)를 실시한 지적장애인 6,175명의 결과를 MPlus를 활용하여 잠재프로파일분석(LPA)실시하였다. 연구결과: 분석결과 4개의 잠재계층으로 분류되었으며 ‘집단기반 조작선호형’, ‘개인-실내 조작선호형’, ‘실외 운반지향형’, ‘정리활동 개인지향형’으로 나타났다. 각 잠재집단은 운반, 정리, 조작의 활동변수에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보여주었으며, 개인-집단, 실내-실외에서도 집단별로 선호하는 환경을 보여주었다. 하지만 모든 잠재계층에서 직종(서비스, 제조, 음식, 세탁, 청소, 임농)은 서비스와 음식은 높은 흥미, 세탁과 청소가 낮은 흥미를 보이는 양상을 띄고 있다. 결론 및 시사점: 본 연구를 통하여 잠재집단이 구분이 되지만, 구분된 잠재집단에서의 직종은 비슷한 양상으로 이루어졌다는 것은 직종에 대한 다양한 선택지가 필요하다. 또한, 검사의 평가 방식에서도 변화를 주어 지적장애인들이 직업흥미에 대한 선택에서도 다양성이 고려되어야 한다.

Purpose: This study investigates vocational interest profiles among individuals with intellectual disabilities using data from the Pictorial Vocational Interest Test (PVIT) conducted by the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled from 2021 to 2023. Method: Based on responses from 6,175 individuals, Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted using MPlus to identify distinct patterns in activity (carrying, organizing, manipulating) and environmental (individual-group, indoor-outdoor) preferences. Results: Four latent profiles emerged: group-based manipulation-oriented, individual-indoor manipulation-oriented, outdoor carrying-oriented, and individual organizing-oriented types. Each group demonstrated unique patterns in activity and environment preferences. However, across all groups, service and food-related occupations elicited high interest, while laundry and cleaning received low interest. Conclusion: These findings suggest a need for broader occupational options tailored to interest diversity. Additionally the PVIT assessment framework should be refined to enhance the expression of diverse vocational interests among individuals with intellectual disabilities.

본 연구는 문제은행방식으로 운영되고 있는 국가기술자격 필답형 실기시험문제의 문제추출 을 위한 선정기준에 통계분석법을 활용하여 종목별 특성을 반영하고자 진행하였다. 이를 위해 수험인원 및 시행횟수가 많은 한 종목을 대상으로 선정, 최근 합격률 추세와 수험자 평균점수 데이터를 분석하여 적정 수준의 평균점수 및 합격률을 설정하였다. 또 최근 2년간 시행한 문 항에 대하여 문항별 수험자 평균득점에 영향을 미치는 요인을 다섯 가지 - 문항의 유형, 난이 도, 형태, 재출제, 출제기준항 - 로 지정하고, 요인별 평균득점간 유의성을 분산분석법으로 검 증하였으며, 선정된 주요인의 양적 조정을 통하여 해당 종목에 최적화된 선정기준안을 도출하 였다. 도출된 선정기준안은 2015년도 정기 실기시험에 적용ᆞ교부하여 목표평균점수와 실제 수험자 평균득점간 일치성을 검증하였으며, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 필답형 실기시험으로 시 행되는 국가기술자격의 종목별 특성을 반영한 문항관리기법을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is development of ‘the criteria for selection’ for make up open-ended type test questions operated by item pool method for national technical qualification in Korea. In order to develop the criteria for selection from item pool, the examinee’s response characteristics of a subject analyzed by using statistical method. This subject was selected by some specific options, which are the number of people and frequencies of test. The item analysis of this subject was carried out using last two years regular test data. Although there are many different factors that affect average score of examinees, in this case, five factors - item types, item difficulties, item categories, the ratio of questions from previous test, question making standard- were chosen for reviewing the interrelationship between average score and each factors. Through the conclusions of analysis of variance, the new criteria draft was reached. The derived new criteria draft in this study was applied to the regular test on 2015. Based on the results, the test item management mechanism considering examinee’s response characteristics was suggested.

본 연구의 목적은 칼 구스타프 융(Carl Gustav Jung, 1875-1961)의 심리학적 유형론을 이론적 토대로 하여 개발된 MBTI(Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) 성격유형 검사가 교회 현장에서 올바로 활용될 수 있도록 돕는 데 있다. MBTI는 목회자와 신학자 집안의 아들이었던 융이 발표한 ‘심리학적 유형(Psychological Types)’ 이론을 토대로 전세계적으로 활용되고 있는 질의 문답식 심리검사이다. 이 검사는 융의 제자인 이사벨 브리그스 마이어스(Isabel Briggs Myers : 1897-1979)와 그녀의 어머니 캐서린 쿡 브리그스(Katharine Cook Briggs : 1875-1968) 모녀에 의하여 개발되었다. 본 논문은 심리학적 유형론에 관한 문헌 연구 방법론을 토대로 MBTI 성격유형검사 세미나를 교회에 적용한 사역을 고찰하였다. 연구자가 한 대형 교회의 상담 팀장으로 근무하던 당시 상담했던 많은 사례에서도 소그룹, 교육 부서, 사역자와의 갈등 등이 교회를 떠나는 가장 큰 이유로 나타났었다. 성도들이 상담실에서 호소하는 내용들을 살펴보면 서로 다른 성격적 특성을 지녔다는 사실을 받아들이지 못하고, 본인의 기대와 다른 상대방의 반응에 상처를 받은 후 신앙생활에 회의를 느껴 교회를 떠나는 경우였다. 이에 연구자는 본인이 상담심리학자이자 사역자라는 특수성을 선용하여 융의 심리학적 유형론에 대한 설명과 함께 MBTI 성격유형검사를 연구하여 각 교회의 상황에 맞게 세미나를 실시하였다. MBTI 성격유형검사는 개인이 서로 다른 유형들을 본보기로 자신에게 잠재되어 있는 유형을 발견하고 보완 및 개발하여 전체성을 향하여 발전하라는 것이 목표이다. 그러나 현재는 그 목적이 희미해지고 오히려 서로 다른 유형끼리 서로 반목하고 갈등하며 같은 공동체에서 함께 하기를 원치 않는 심각한 상황에까지 이르렀다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 연구자는 MBTI 성격유형검사의 유래와 개발이 개인 간 반목과 공동체의 와해가 아닌 융의 분석심리학에 기반한 전체성을 향한 목적이 있음을 분명히 하고자 한다. 또한 본 연구가 하나님의 형상을 회복하고 성화의 여정에도 도움이 되기를 바란다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 우선, 융 분석심리학의 주요 개념과 심리학적 유형론에 대하여 고찰한 후, MBTI 성격유형검사의 이해에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다. 마지막으로는 융의 심리학적 유형론에 기반한 MBTI 성격유형검사가 교회 공동체에서 목회 상담적으로 어떻게 활용되는지에 관하여 고찰할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to help the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality type test, developed on the theoretical basis of Carl Gustave Jung (1875-1961), be properly used in the church field. MBTI is a question-and-answer psychological test that is used worldwide based on the "Psychological Types" theory published by Jung, who was the son of a family of pastors and theologians. This test was developed by Jung's disciple, Isabel Briggs Myers (1897-1979) and her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs (1875-1968). This paper considered the ministry that applied the MBTI personality type test seminar to the church based on the literature research methodology on psychological typology. In many cases where the researcher consulted at the time as the counseling team leader of a large church, conflicts with small groups, education departments, and ministry were the biggest reasons for leaving the church. According to the contents of the believers' appeals in the counseling room, if they fail to accept that they have different personality traits and are hurt by the reactions of the other person's expectations, they become skeptical of their religious life or leave the church. In response, the researcher conducted a seminar for the MBTI personality type test according to the situation of each church, explaining Jung's psychological typology, using the specificity of a counselor psychologist and pastor. The MBTI test aims for individuals to develop and discover potential types for themselves by modeling different types and develop them toward totality. However, the purpose has faded, and rather, different types have come to a serious situation where they do not want to be together in the same community, antagonizing and conflicting with each other. Therefore, through this study, the researcher intends to clarify that the origin and development of MBTI aims to achieve totality based on Jung's analytical psychology rather than the breakdown of individual antagonism and community. It is also hoped that this study will restore the image of God and help the journey of incarnation. To this end, this paper first examines the main concepts and psychological typologies of Jung's analytical psychology, and then examines the understanding of MBTI. Finally, we will finish after examining how the MBTI personality type test based on Jung's psychological typology is used in the church community.

본 연구는 한국판 캘리포니아 언어학습검사(K-CVLT)가 치매진단검사로서 효용성을 가지고 있는지를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 환자집단은 경희의료원 한방병원 신경정신과 치매클리닉에 내원하는 환자 19명, 통제집단은 서울 동대문구에 거주하는 60세 이상의 정상노인 55명으로 구성되었다. 회상능력을 측정하는 K-CVLT 양적 척도의 대부분에서 두 집단간 유의미한 평균의 차이가 나타났으며, 기억과정을 측정하는 질적 척도의 비교에서는 정상집단이 환자집단에 비해 의미적 군집화를 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났고, 계열위치 효과에서는 환자집단의 최신효과가 정상집단에 비해 두드러지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 판별분석결과 장기단서회상과 재인이 두 집단을 가장 잘 변별해 줄 수 있는 변인으로 나타났으며, 민감도 78.9%, 특이도 85.5%, 판별정확률 83.8%로 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해 K-CVLT가 치매환자의 진단에 유용함이 확인되었다.

The aim of this investigation was to examine the clinical utility of the Korean California Verbal Learning Test (K-CVLT) as a staging measure for dementia. The participants were 19 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 55 age- and education- comparable healthy control (HC) elderly adults who were sampled in Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul. The results of retrieval related quantitative indices revealed significant mean value differences between HC and AD groups. In the detailed comparison of quantitative indices which measured the process of memory, HC used more semantic clustering than AD. In comparing the serial position effect, AD's recent effects were remarkable than HC. The result of discriminant analysis showed that long term cued recall and recognition scores can be the most efficient indices for discriminating AD to HC with sensitivity and specificity. These results suggest that the K-CVLT has clinical utility in the diagnosis for dementia of Alzheimer type.

본 연구는 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자와 혈관성 치매 환자의 시공간 구성 능력의 차이를 알아보기 위해서 수행되었다. 98명의 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자, 63명의 혈관성 치매 환자 및 101명의 정상 노인들에게 Rey Complex Figure Test(RCFT)를 실시하였다. 세 집단은 연령과 교육수준에서 차이를 나타내지 않았으며 알쯔하이머형 치매 집단과 혈관성 치매 집단은 Clinical Dementia Rating Scale(CDR)과 Korean-Mini Mental State Examination으로 평가된 치매의 심각도에 있어서 차이가 없었다. RCFT는 Taylor의 고전적 채점 방식인 18 단위 채점 체계와 Bernstein-Waber의 발달적 채점 체계(DSS)를 사용하여 채점되었다. 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자와 혈관성 치매 환자들은 Taylor 방식으로 채점된 총점과 DSS의 모든 측정치(조직화, 모사양식 및 오류)에서 집단 간의 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 정상 노인 집단에 비해서는 두 치매집단이 모든 측정치에서 낮은 점수를 나타내었다. CDR 점수를 토대로 각 치매집단을 “매우 경한 수준(CDR=0.5),” “경한 수준(CDR=1.0)” 및 “중증 수준(CDR=2.0 이상)”으로 나누어 비교하였다. 알쯔하이머형 치매 집단은 치매가 심해질수록 시공간구성능력이 유의하게 저하되었는데 “매우 경한 수준”보다 “경한 수준”에서 그림의 윤곽을 이루고 있는 구조와 좌측 부분들을, “경한 수준”에 비해서 “중증 수준”에서는 내부의 세부 요소들과 우측 부분들을 더 왜곡하거나 생략하는 것으로 나타났다. 혈관성 치매 집단 또한 치매가 심각해질수록 시공간 구성 능력이 유의하게 저하되었으나 알쯔하이머형 치매 환자들과는 달리 “매우 경한 수준”과 “경한 수준”간에서는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았고 “중증 수준”의 혈관성 치매 환자들이 “경한 수준”의 환자들에 비해서 그림의 윤곽을 이루고 있는 구조들을 왜곡하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 DSS 채점방식으로 채점한 결과에서도 일관되게 확인되었다. 알쯔하이머형 치매와 혈관성 치매가 치매의 심각도에 따라서 서로 다른 요소의 왜곡을 나타낸다는 본 연구의 결과는 알쯔하이머형 치매와 혈관성 치매의 시공간 구성 능력의 쇠퇴 과정이 질적으로 서로 다르다는 가능성을 시사하는 결과로 사료된다.

The present study was conducted to examine the differences of visuoconstructive functioning between dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and vascular dementia (VaD) according to the severity of dementia. The Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) was administered to 98 DAT, 63 VaD, and 102 healthy elderly (NC). Three groups did not differ in age and education. There was no difference between DAT and VaD in the severity of dementia assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) and Korean-Mini Mental State Examination. Copy trial of the RCFT was scored based on Taylor's classical 18-units scoring system and the Bernstein- Waber's Developmental Scoring System (DSS). DAT and VaD did not differ on the total copy score and all the measures of DSS (organization, style, and error), whereas these two groups showed significant deficits compared with NC. Each dementia group was divided into 3 subgroups based on the CDR score; very mild (0.5), mild (1.0), and moderately (2.0) demented groups. Progressive impairments of visuoconstructive functioning were found in DAT, as the severity of dementia increased. More distortions or omissions of the configurational structures and left-side part were found in “mild” than “very mild” DAT, whereas more deficits in internal details and right-side part were found in “moderate” than “mild” DAT. A significant deterioration in visuoconstructive functioning in VaD was also found, as the severity of dementia increased. Unlike the DAT, however, there was no difference between “very mild” and “mild” VaD, whereas moderately demented VaD showed more deficits in configurational structures than “mild” VaD. These results were also confirmed by the analyses based on the DSS. This study suggests that there would be significant differences in the deterioration process of visuoconstructive functioning between the DAT and the VaD.

This study aims to compare the effects of different types of test-items using the same text and test-takers' text familiarity on the scores of English reading comprehension. A total of 312 third-grade Korean high school students took three different English tests, adapting types of test-items from the Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT). Each test included items using the same texts, presented in exam preparation books published by EBS in Korea, but different question types. To estimate levels of their topic familiarity, two surveys were carried out. Repeated measures ANOVAs reveal that there were significant differences in scores among the items using the same text with different types of test-items. However, there was no statistically significant effect of topic familiarity. The results indicate a greater effect of different types of test-items than topic familiarity on the scores of a reading comprehension test using the same text. Based on the findings, it is suggested that English teachers in Korea need to manage their reading classes by using various types of questions in order to develop students' reading ability and to prepare their students for the CSAT.

This study aims to measure sedimentation status change with the changes in internal pressure for dry chemical extinguishers of various use periods and analyze the suitability of the fire extinguishers' performance criteria. When the internal pressure of the fire extinguisher is 0%, 2 out of 10 new dry chemical powders for the 5 elapsed years were noted to be suitable, including 3 recycled dry chemical powders with 5 elapsed years that were found eligible. One out of 10 new dry chemical powders for 10 elapsed years was shown as suitable. Also, one new dry chemical powder for 13 elapsed years was suitable. When the internal pressure of the fire extinguisher was 50%, all 10 out of 10 new dry chemical powders for 5 years, recycled one with 5 elapsed years, and a new one with 10 elapsed years were found to be suitable, while 9 new dry chemical powders for 13 years were shown as suitable. When the internal pressure of the fire extinguisher was normal, new ones with 5 elapsed years, recycled ones with 5 elapsed years, new ones with 10 elapsed years, and new ones with 13 elapsed years were all 10 out of 10 samples noted as suitable. In summarizing the experiment results, it was found that the sedimentation status, one of the fire extinguisher's physical properties experiments, affects the fire extinguisher's performance criteria rather than the change with use periods.