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Background: Spontaneous use of the upper extremities on the affected side of patients with stroke is a meaningful indicator of recovery and may vary by the age or dominant hand of patients. No prior study has reported changes in actual amount of use test (AAUT) and motor activity log (MAL)-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and AAUT inter-rater reliability for assessment of healthy adults. Objects: This study aimed to (1) research the differences in AAUT and MAL-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and (2) determine the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT. Methods: Seventy healthy adults participated in this study. The MAL-28 was assessed by dividing 61 subjects into young right-handed ($n_1=20$), young left-handed ($n_2=21$), and older right-handed ($n_3=20$) groups. The AAUT was assessed by dividing 63 subjects into young right-handed ($n_1=25$), young left-handed ($n_2=18$), and older right-handed ($n_3=20$) groups. Student's t-test and the Wilcoxon signedrank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The Amount of Use (AOU) scale values for each group showed no significant differences between age groups and handedness groups in the MAL-28 (p>.05). The AAUT AOU scale value showed significant differences regarding dominant handedness in the AAUT (p<.05), but no significant differences according to age (p>.05). (2) Inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent, except few items (item 9, 11, and 12). Conclusion: Although both the MAL-28 and the AAUT measured how much participants used their dominant arms in healthy subjects, the AAUT only showed significantly higher dominant arm use in left hander than the right hander. In addition, the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent. Current results can be utilized as a basic information when clinicians develop rehabilitation strategies, and AAUT was shown to be a reliable evaluation tool for measurement of upper extremity use in Korean adults, based on the reliability demonstrated by this study.

In this study, we assessed the free radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of extracts isolated from the dried roots and stems (including leaves) of Angelica dahurica. The irritation response from these extracts was also assessed to determine potential cosmetic use. Both sources of A. dahurica extracts exhibited radical scavenging properties to different extents. The free radical scavenging potency ($EC_{50}$) of the stems (including leaves) of A. dahurica was 243.33 ${\mu}g/mL$, which is significantly lower (p<0.01) than that observed of the roots (1,161.79 ${\mu}g/mL$). The inhibition values ($EC_{50}$) of xanthine oxidase were as follows: 435.19 ${\mu}g/mL$ (roots) and 434.66 ${\mu}g/mL$ (stems). We noted no significant differences between the two plant parts with regard to ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. After the application of A. dahurica extracts to rabbits for skin and eye irritation tests, no negative effects were observed; therefore, the extracts are considered to be non-irritating to the skin and eye.

Objective: This study investigated whether the acromion-table distance is associated with trapezius activity patterns during shoulder movements and the upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT). Additionally, it was to determine the correlation between upper, middle, and lower trapezius muscle activity. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Twenty-eight healthy young males participated in this study. Outcome measures included: (1) acromion-to-table distance, which assesses the scapular position, (2) trapezius muscle activity during shoulder flexion and abduction, and (3) the UQYBT, a measure of upper extremity function measured. Results: A significant negative correlation was observed between the acromion-table distance and the inferior-lateral direction reach distance of UQYBT (r=-0.499 and p=0.007). There were negative correlations between the upper and lower trapezius during shoulder flexion (r=-0.901, p < 0.001) and abduction (r=-0.661, p < 0.001), respectively. There was also a negative correlation between the upper and middle trapezius during shoulder abduction (r=-0.466, p=0.012). Conclusions: The acromion-table distance was related to the UQYBT. Anterior tilt of the scapula and limited range of motion of the shoulder may occur as the acromion-table distance increases. In addition, the acromion-table distance reflects the pectoralis minor muscle shortening, suggesting that the scapula position or the pectoralis minor shortening may influence the upper limb function. Therefore, these factors should be considered when assessing upper limb function using the UQYBT.

Background: A tight iliotibial band (ITB) may lead to lateral patellar maltracking, compression, and tilt, and dominant vatus lateralis (VL) muscle activation relative to vastus medialis oblique (VMO) can laterally displace the patella, which leads to anterior knee pain. Therefore, an effective management technique is needed to stabilize the patella in individuals with tight ITB. Increased stability during the modified Thomas test has the potential to decrease compensatory motion and thus to selectively stretch the ITB. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ITB stretching in the modified Thomas test position on ITB flexibility, patellar translation, and muscle activities of the VMO and VL during quadreceps-setting (QS) exercise in individuals with tight ITB. Methods: Twenty-one subjects with tight ITB were recruited. Digital inclinometer was used to measure the hip adduction angle during the modified Ober test. Universal goniometer was used to measure the hip abduction angle during the modified Thomas test. Ultrasonography was used to measure the patella-condylar distance. Electromyography was performed to collect data of muscle activities. Paired t-test was used to determine the statistical significance between pretest and posttest. Results: The range of hip adduction in modified Ober test increased (p=.04) and the range of hip abduction in the modified Thomas test decreased after ITB stretching (p<.01). There was no difference between lateral patellar translation (p=.18). VMO muscle activity significantly increased after ITB stretching during QS (p<.01). VL muscle activity had no difference after stretching. Conclusion: The ITB stretching in the modified Thomas test position can be suggested as a management method for improving ITB flexibility and VMO muscle activity in individuals with tight ITB.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of posture correction and real-time visual feedback using a video display on muscle activity and change of head position during overhead arm lift test in individuals with forward head posture. Methods: Fifteen subjects with forward head posture and fifteen normal subjects who volunteered were included in this study. During both groups performed the overhead arm lift test, the muscle activity of the upper trapezius, serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, and lower trapezius muscle were measured using electromyography, and head position change was measured using photographs. Then, forward head posture group was asked to perform overhead arm lift test again after posture correction and real-time visual feedback using a video display respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze four conditions: pre-test, posture correction, real-time visual feedback, and the control group. Results: The upper trapezius and lower trapezius muscle activity significantly decreased posture correction, real-time visual feedback, and control group than pre-test of forward head posture group (p<0.05). The sternocleidomastoid muscle significantly decreased real-time visual feedback and control group than pre-test of forward head posture group. Head position change significantly decreased three conditions than pre-test of forward head posture group and real-time visual feedback and control group significantly decreased than posture correction. Conclusion: This study recommend for maintaining cervical stability during the overhead arm lift test, postural control using real-time visual feedback is more effective in subjects with forward head posture.

Purpose: This study sought to identify the effects of an insole applied for the flexible flat-foot condition on dynamic balance and ankle muscle activities during the Y-balance test (YBT). Methods: Thirteen flexible flat-footed adults and an equal number of normal-footed adults were enrolled. The dynamic balance of the subjects was measured using the YBT, which is a reach test. While they were reaching forward with their foot, the percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and medial and lateral gastrocnemius were measured and analyzed. The flat-footed group then applied the ready-made insoles and underwent the YBT again. A comparison of the distance and muscle activity was conducted using YBT, not only between the flat-footed and control group, but also between the flat-footed group before and after the application of the insole. Results: Between the groups, the anterior reach distance in the flat-footed group was significantly lower, but there were no significant differences observed in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions. With the insole, the reach distance of the flat-footed group was significantly increased in the anterior and posterolateral direction compared to the control group. With the insole, the lateral gastrocnemius activity significantly decreased compared to trials without the insole in the flat-footed group, but there were no significant differences in the other muscles. Conclusion: The insole for flat-footed subjects can maintain the medial arch of the foot, and it may help enhance functional and mechanical dynamic balance in people with flat feet.

A pelvic belt decreases patient-reported perception of difficulty during the active straight leg raising (ASLR) test in individuals with pelvic girdle pain. However, the influence of a pelvic belt on the perception of diffi-culty during ASLR was not investigated in pain-free subjects. Therefore, this influence excluding the impact of pain is not clear. This paper aimed to clarify the effect of a pelvic belt on the perception of difficulty and muscle activity during ASLR performance in the subjective heavier side leg in pain-free subjects. Twenty pain-free female subjects participated. ASLR using the subjective heavier side leg was performed under two conditions: without and with a pelvic belt. Muscle activation of the ex-ternal oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris was measured during ASLR using a surface electro-myograph. Difference in perceived difficulty in performing ASLR with and without a belt was assessed. In total, 80% of subjects had de-creased perception of difficulty using a pelvic belt during ASLR. For ASLR performed with a pelvic belt, muscle activity significantly de-creased in the contralateral rectus abdominis, ipsilateral external oblique, and bilateral internal oblique (P<0.05), while it significantly in-creased in the contralateral biceps femoris (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in muscle activity of the ipsilateral rectus ab-dominis, contralateral external oblique, and ipsilateral rectus femoris between the two conditions (P>0.05). In conclusion, using a pelvic belt can decrease the perception of difficulty during ASLR, and the pelvic belt may improve impairment of load transfer between the trunk and pelvis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the validity of a smartphone application for post-stroke daily living activity management based on an evaluation by users and experts. METHODS: The study design adhered to the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation ADDIE (Analysis-Design-Development-Implement-Evaluation) model. We downloaded the application onto the smartphones of 33 users and 30 experts, taught them how to use it, and asked them to use the application for four weeks. The users' daily lives before and after using the application were compared based on the K-MBI (Korean Version of Modified Barthel Index) to evaluate the usability of the application. For the expert group, we investigated the content validity and reliability of the application and evaluated the usability of the application. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 software. Users' general characteristics and experts' evaluation scores were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Content validity was tested using the content validity index (CVI), and reliability was tested with Cronbach's alpha. Users' K-MBI scores before and after using the application were compared with the paired sample t-test. RESULTS: Users gave an average rating of 2.93 out of 4 for the application for managing the daily lives of stroke patients, while experts gave an average score of 3.14. With regard to the K-MBI scores, only the dressing score improved significantly (p<.005) after using the application, and scores for other categories slightly improved but not to significant levels. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the STROKECARE application is usable and could help stroke patients manage their daily lives.

1. 비가열 시료인 a와 b가 PE의 활성은 저장 둘째 주에 급격히 증가하다가 감소하였고, 가열 시료인 c 는 저장 넷째 주에 증가하다가 감소하였고, 병행 열처리와 trehalose 처리 시료는 저장 끝까지도 증가하였다. 2. PG의 활성은 비가열 시료인 a와 b는 저장 둘째 주부터 감소하다 저장 끝에는 증가하였고, 가열 시료인 c와 d는 저장 기간 동안 변화가 거의 없었다. 3. POD의 활성은 비가열 시료인 a와 b는 저장 둘째 주에 증가하다 감소하였고, 가열 시료인 c는 둘째 주에 약간씩 감소하였고, 병용 열처리하고 trehalose 처리군은 감소하였다. 4. 관능검사 결과 시료 a. b, d는 아작함과 기호도가 전 저장 기간동안 높았고, 시료 c는 갈색과 신맛의 증가로 기호도가 낮았다 저장기간에 따라서는 2주차에는 아작함과 형태가 좋았으나 4주 6주로 가면서 아작함과 기호도의 값이 감소하였다. 그리고 각 시료별 기호도에 가장 영향을 주는 항목은 아작함이었고 시료 c는 갈색, 맛, 조직감 등에서 음의 관계를 나타냈다.

The enzyme activity and organoleptic properties of Korean pickled cucumber were studies for their changes during fermentation. The Korean pickled cucumber were prepared by blanching and high temperature soaking in salt solution and trehalose treament. The results showed that the effect of combined heat and trehalose treatment significantly reduced the fermentation rate and softening rate of texture while a rather rapid fermentation was for those preserved with salt. The effect of terhalose treatment enhanced fermentation and it was significantly reduced softening rate of texture by 2% treatment. The sensory evaluation of Korean pickled cucumber was found that combined heat treatment with blanching and hot solution had a positive effect for reduction of softening of cucumber tissue, however, odor and taste were not significantly affected. This study suggested that combined heat and trehalose treament might have potential for affording protection against softness of cucumber tissue during the fermentation time.

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate muscle activity and foot pressure during gait, and balance in female college students with genu valgum. METHOD: Participants were assigned based on their Q-angle to genu valgum group greater than 20° (GVG, n = 12), unilateral genu valgum group greater than 20° (UVG, n = 11), and control group (CON, n = 13). All subjects were evaluated for balance (Trace length, C90 area, C90 angle, and the Romberg test), muscle activity (gluteus medius; GM, tensor fasciae latae; TFL, vastus medialis; VM, vastus lateralis; VL, biceps femoris; BF, gastrocnemius; GCM and tibialis anterior; TA) and foot pressure (F/F ratio, R/F ratio, Hallux, 2~5 toe, 1st MT, 2~4 MT, 5th MT, Midfoot, M/heel, and L/heel) during gait. RESULTS: Romberg test showed significantly increased loss of balance in the UVG group compared with the CON. In the forward position, the imbalance was significantly increased in the UVG and GVG groups compared to the CON. Muscle activity of VL, GCM, and TA significantly increased in the GVG group compared with the CON. Static foot pressure, 1st MT significantly increased in the GVG compared to the CON group. The 5th MT significantly decreased in the CON compared with the GVG group. The R/F ratio significantly decreased in the GVG compared to the CON group. In dynamic foot pressure, the 2~5 toe significantly increased in the GVG compared with the UVG group. The left 5th MT significantly decreased in the UVG compared with the CON and GVG groups. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that genu valgum has a negative effect on balance, muscle activity, and foot pressure during gait in female college students.

본 연구의 목적은 학생들의 자가학습을 기반으로 한 활동을 소개 적용하고, 이에 대한 학습자의 태도를 알아보는데 있다. 본 연구는 충청도 권에 위치한 A 대학교에서 실시하였으며, 총 28명의 학생이 참여하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 과업녹음활동은 McCormick과 Vercellotti(2013), Stillwell, Curabba, Alexander, Kidd, Kim, Stone과 Wyle(2010)의 활동을 수정 보완하여 제시하였다[14][19]. 과업녹음활동의 3단계는 준비단계, 과업녹음활동단계, 그리고 평가단계로 구성되었다. 연구방법으로 설문지와 학생저널이 사용되었고, 질적으로 수집, 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 과업녹음활동은 의사소통 위주의 수업뿐만 아니라 시험기반의 토익스피킹수업에서도 적용가능하며, 학생들 또한 토익스피킹 과업 학습에 있어서 자가전사와 자가수정에 긍정적인 태도를 보였다. 본 연구의 시사점으로 시험기반의 수업에서 과업녹음활동은 학생들을 자기주도적인 학습자로 나아가는데 도움을 줄 수 있으며, 학생들의 영어능숙도에 따른 가이드라인을 제공함으로써 학습에 대한 자가성찰 활동을 발전시킬 수 있을 것이다. 이때, 학생들은 스스로의 학습에 대한 적극적인 태도가 필요할 것이다.

The purposes of the study are to introduce and apply an activity that can help improve student-initiated learning on the TOEIC Speaking Test (TOEICST) performance and to see students' attitude toward the activity. Twenty-eight university students in Chungcheong province engaged in learning based on this activity. In the present study, the activity proposed by McCormick and Vercellotti (2013) and Stillwell, Curabba, Alexander, Kidd, Kim, Stone, & Wyle (2010) was modified and adapted[14][19]. The outline of the Task Recording Activity (TRA) consisted of three steps: preparation step, Task Recording Activity step, and evaluation step. As data collection of the study, a survey and students' journal were utilized and qualitatively analyzed. The results showed that student-initiated learning activity could be applied positively not only in communicative lessons, but in TOEICST specific lessons as well. Additionally, participants showed positive attitudes toward self-transcription and self-correction. Some implications of the study are that the TRA can be applied to generate autonomous learners studying for the TOEIC Speaking Test, that the guideline for different proficiency can be developed to help them improve their self-reflection, and that students need to have an active attitude to lead their own learning.

이 연구는 도시재생 사업 중 안전측면을 담당하고 있는 순찰활동 시행 초기에 나타나는 참여자들의 인식에 대한 연구를 통해, 도시재생 지역 거주민들의 삶의 질을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방안을 마련하고자 수행되었다. 선행연구와 이론적 배경을 기초로 하여 참여주체간의 협력체제 구축, 운영의 효율성 확 보, 문제해결 능력을 문제요인으로 상정하였다. 연구 결과, 참여주체간의 협력 체제 구축 측면에서는 도시재생 관련 기관과의 유기적 연계의 어려움 이 문제점으로 나타났다. 운영의 효율성 측면에서는 상이한 집단들이 순찰활동을 하는 과정에서 발생 하게 되는 일정 조율의 어려움 등이 문제점으로 나타났고 문제해결 능력 측면에서는 순찰 대원에게 강 제력 부재와 관련된 문제점이 도출되었다. 그러나 순찰활동의 긍정적 측면도 도출되었다. 먼저 순찰활동을 함께 수행한 학생들과 지역주민들 간에는 높은 수준의 공감대가 형성되었다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 대학 내의 교과목과의 연계를 통한 순찰활동이 성공적으로 이루어졌다는 점이 나타났다. 마지막으로 순찰활동에 참여한 학생들과 인근 주민들은 순찰활동 자체를 통해서 순찰의 긍정적인 측면을 인지하게 되었다. 이러한 연구결과에 근거하여 향후 도시재생 지역 순찰활동의 활성화에 필요한 제언을 하였다.

Positive stigma and negative stigma are presented as a basic measure of assessing and analyzing an individual's behavior. A positive stigma is often judged in a positive way by its contributors, and negative stigma is often negatively evaluated by its actions. we often call a trouble-marker negative stigma, have side effects on individuals, economic, social command, and provide the result of crime, delinquency, and deviance. Negative stigma changes in content and character with age, and negative stigma changes with people. it can be changed by the recipient, but is gaining some conviction by being described today as a useful model as the cause and solution of social problems such as crime, delinquency, deviance. Therefore, through the preceding studies that were studied from the 1960s to the 1990s, we will examine the definition of negative stigma, related theories, the process of stigma and results, and correct understanding and a new understanding of negative stigma.

본 연구는 종목별 사이클 선수들[단거리(SDCG), n=6, 장거리(LDCG), n=6]을 대상으로 SS–10sec 간, RS-30sec 간 윈게이트 테스트(WT) 시 무산소성 능력, 주측 하지의 대둔근(Gmax), 대퇴직근(RF), 대퇴이두근 장두 (LBF), 전경골근(TA), 내측 비복근(GM) 근 활성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 집단 간 SS-10sec WT 시 체중 당 최 대파워에서 SDCG가 LDCG보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 또한 SDCG와 LDCG 내에서 모두 최대파워 와 체중 당 최대파워가 SS-10sec WT에서 RS-30sec WT보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으며(p<.01, p<.01, p<.05, p<.05), LDCG 내에서 평균파워, 체중 당 평균파워가 RS-30sec WT에서 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p<.001, p<.001). 피로지수는 SDCG와 LDCG 모두 SS-10sec WT에서 유의하게 낮은 것 나타났다(p<.05, p<.01). SDCG 내에서 최대 근 활성과 평균 근 활성 모두 SS-10sec WT에서 RS-30sec WT보다 LBF의 활성이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05, p<.01). 또한 LDCG 내에서는 평균 근 활성이 SS-10sec WT에서 TA과 GM의 활성이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.01, p<.05). 추후 연구에서는 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 각 종목에 맞게 특성화된 훈 련 프로그램을 개발하여 적용시켜 준다면 경기력 향상에 효과가 있을 것이라고 판단된다.

This study examined to compare the anaerobic capacity and the muscle activity of dominant lower extremities gluteus maximus(Gmax), rectus femoris(RF), long head of biceps femoris(LBF), tibialis anterior(TA), gastrocnemius medialis(GM) with SS-10sec and RS-30sec Wingate test(WT) of cyclist[Short(SDCG), n=6, Long(LDCG), n=6]. The result of this study showed that SDCG was significantly identified higher Peak/kg than LDCG during SS-10sec WT between the groups(p<.05). SS-10sec WT was significantly identified higher than RS-30secWT in Peak power(p<.01 and p<.01, respectively) and Peak/kg between SS-10sec and RS-30sec WT within SDCG and LDCG(p<.05 and p<.05, respectively), for Mean power and Mean power and Mean/kg, RS-30sec WT was significantly identified higher than SS-10sec WT(p<.001 and p<.001, respectively). SS-10sec WT was significantly identified lower Fatigue index than RS-30sec WT in both groups(p<.05 and p<.01, respectively). In SDCG, SS-10sec WT was significantly identified higher Peak and Mean muscle activity than RS-30sec WT in LBF during WT(p<.05 and p<.01, respectively). In LDCG, SS-10sec WT was identified as significantly higher muscle activity in TA and GM(p<.01 and p<.05, respectively). Therefore, in the future study, it is considered that specialized training program application for specific event based on the current study could improve athletic performances.

본 연구의 목적은 학생건강체력평가(PAPS)의 측정 종목 활용 현황과 측정 여건의 영향에 대한 교사의 인식을 탐색하고 학교급별 차이를 검토하여 PAPS 운영 개선 논의를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 2024학년도에 PAPS를 실시한 전국 초등학교 담임교사 및 체육 전담 교사, 중·고등학교 체육 교사를 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하여, 총 214명의 응답 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 설문 문항은 필수 체력 요소별 측정 종목 선택 현황, 측정 과정 및 종목 간 등급 동등성에 대한 인식, 측정 종목과 기준의 적절성에 대한 인식, 측정 여건이 측정 결과에 미치는 영향에 대한 인식으로 구성하였다. 자료 분석에서는 문항별 빈도와 백분율을 산출하고, 학교급별 차이를 파악하기 위한 Fisher–Freeman–Halton 정확검정과 Kruskal–Wallis 검정을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 교사들은 심폐지구력에서는 왕복오래달리기, 순발력에서는 제자리멀리뛰기, 유연성에서는 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기, 근력·근지구력에서는 악력을 가장 많이 선택하였다. 심폐지구력 종목 선택은 학교급별로 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 매뉴얼 준수 및 측정 정확성에 대한 자기평가와 학생 참여 태도에 대한 교사의 인식은 대체로 긍정적이었으나, 종목 간 등급 동등성과 관련해서는 긍정과 부정 인식이 혼재하였다. 셋째, 측정 종목 및 기준의 적절성에 대한 인식은 전반적으로 긍정적이었으나, 측정 여건에 따른 기록 변동 가능성에 대한 응답 분포는 종목별로 다른 양상을 보였다. 특히 악력, 50m달리기, 스텝검사, 제자리멀리뛰기에서는 각 종목 응답 교사의 과반수가 장비에 따른 기록 변동 가능성에 동의하였다. 본 연구는 각 종목 응답 집단의 인식을 분석하였으며, 실제 측정오차나 종목 간 등급 동등성은 검증하지 않았다. 이 연구 결과는 교사 인식에 근거한 측정 종목 간 동등성 검토, 측정 여건 표준화, 학교급별 맞춤형 운영 지원 방안 논의를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

This study examined teachers' perceptions of PAPS test item utilization and measurement conditions. We analyzed online survey responses from 214 elementary, middle, and high school teachers who implemented PAPS in the 2024 school year and participated voluntarily. The questionnaire addressed test item use by fitness component, perceptions of the measurement process and grading equivalence, appropriateness of test items and standards, and the influence of measurement conditions on results. We calculated frequencies and percentages for individual items and used Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact tests and Kruskal–Wallis tests to explore school-level differences. First, respondents most frequently selected the shuttle run (cardiorespiratory endurance), standing long jump (power), sit-and-reach (flexibility), and handgrip test (muscular strength and endurance); cardiorespiratory endurance item selection differed by school level. Second, teachers' self-assessments of manual adherence and measurement accuracy and their perceptions of student effort were generally positive, whereas perceptions of grading equivalence across items were mixed. Third, perceptions of item and standard appropriateness were generally positive, whereas responses concerning possible variation in recorded performance showed different patterns across item-specific respondent groups. A majority of respondents for each of the handgrip test, 50-m run, step test, and standing long jump agreed that equipment could affect recorded performance. This study analyzed perceptions within each respondent group and did not verify actual measurement error or grading equivalence. These findings provide baseline data, grounded in teacher perceptions, for reviewing item equivalence, standardizing measurement conditions, and developing school-level-specific support for PAPS.

This study examined health habit according to physical activity levels and BMI classification in university students using a health habit(smoking, drinking, drug uptake, dietary life, exercise, and stress solution) survey. The questionnaire survey was conducted with 411 university students residing in G Metropolitan City to provide basic information for the maintenance and promotion of health. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. The total score of health habit according to physical activity levels was significantly different in all factors of smoking, drinking, drug uptake, dietary life, exercise, and stress solution. Low-intensity exercise showed a high response in smoking, drinking, and drug uptake. Moderate-intensity exercise showed a high response in dietary life and exercise. High-intensity exercise showed a high response in stress solution. 2. The total score of health habit according to BMI classification was significantly different in all factors of smoking, drinking, drug uptake, dietary life, exercise, and stress solution. Low weight showed a high response in drinking and drug uptake. Normal weight showed a high response in smoking, dietary life, and exercise. Obesity showed a high response in stress solution. 3. The cross tabulation analysis of health habit by grade according to physical activity levels was significantly different in all factors of smoking, drinking, drug uptake, dietary life, exercise, and stress solution. The excellent grade of smoking, drinking, and drug uptake was high in low-intensity exercise. The excellent grade of dietary life was high in moderate- intensity exercise. The excellent grade of exercise and stress solution was high in high-intensity exercise. 4. The cross tabulation analysis of health habit by grade according to BMI classification was significantly different in all factors of smoking, drinking, drug uptake, dietary life, exercise, and stress solution. The excellent grade of smoking, drinking, drug uptake, dietary life, exercise, and stress solution was high in normal weight. The excellent grade of drinking and drug uptake was high in over-weight.

배경: 민간요법에서 자주 사용되는 벌꿀의 항균 특성에 대한 표준화된 정량적인 평가 방법이 없어 벌꿀 간 항 균 특성의 비교가 쉽지 않다. 목적: 표준 항균시험법(ASTM E2315)을 통한 벌꿀의 항균특성 평가 가능성을 검증하 기 위해 시간, 농도, 균종에 따른 벌꿀들의 항균특성을 비교해 보고자 한다. 방법: 천연 벌꿀에 대해 ASTM E2315 를 적용하여 비교연구에 필요한 적절한 처리조건을 설정하고 균종에 따른 벌꿀의 항균특성 차이를 비교했다. 결과: 표준 항균시험법을 통해 25%, 50% 희석된 천연 벌꿀을 시간별(1시간, 6시간, 24시간)로 대장균에 처리한 결과, 25% 희석된 경우 각각 0.78(83.40%), 1.05(91.09%) 1.65(97.76%)로 나타났고, 50% 희석된 경우 각각 로그 감소율 (% 감소율)이 1.82(98.49%), 3.38(99.96%), 5.43(>99.99%)로 측정되었다. 동일한 조건으로 황색포도상구균에 처 리한 결과, 최대 0.62(76.01%)의 로그감소율을 나타내었다. 50% 벌꿀에 다양한 균주(대장균, 녹농균, 황색포도상 구균, 칸디다균)를 6시간 처리한 경우, 대장균에는 감소율 2 이상(99% 이상)의 높은 항균력을 보였으나, 다른 균주 에서는 로그감소율 1 이하(90% 이하)의 상대적으로 낮은 항균 특성이 관찰되었다. 결론: 표준화된 항균 시험법을 통해, 농도, 시간, 균종에 따라 벌꿀의 항균 특성을 정량적으로 평가 가능함을 확인하였다. 시험에 사용된 벌꿀이 대장균에 특이적으로 높은 항균력을 나타내고 있어, 균종에 따른 벌꿀의 항균 특성 차이를 규명하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 요구된다.

Background: It is difficult to compare the antibacterial activities of honey often used in folk medicine, because a quantitative standard testing method is not readily available. Objective: The study aims to assess the potential of a standard antibacterial test method for evaluating the antibacterial activities of honey, comparing the antibacterial activities in relation to time, concentration and bacterial species. Methods: ASTM E2315 was considered for the standard antimicrobial test method, and appropriate treatment conditions required for the comparative test were chosen, and the antimicrobial properties of honey on fungal species were compared. Results: The standard antibacterial tests were performed for the cases that 25% and 50% diluted natural honey were treated with E. coli for 1, 6 and 24 hours. The log reduction rates (% reduction rates) were measured to be 0.78 (83.40%), 1.05 (91.09%) and 1.65 (97.76%) for the treating time of 1, 6 and 24 hours, respectively, in the 25% dilution. In the 50% dilution, they were 1.82 (98.49%), 3.38 (99.96%) and 5.43 (>99.99%) for 1, 6 and 24 hours, respectively. When treating honey on S. aureus under the same condition, the maximum rate was 0.62 (76.01%). In the 50% dilution treated for 6 hours with various bacterial species (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and C. albicans), a very high antibacterial activity was observed with a reduction rate of 2 or more (99% or more) for E. coli, in contrast to relatively low antibacterial effects with reduction rates of 1 or less (90% or less) for the other bacterial species. Conclusion: The study confirms that ASTM E2315 has potential for a standard quantitative antimicrobial test on the antibacterial activity of honey in relation to concentration, time and bacterial species. Further research is suggested to clarify the unusual high antibacterial acitivity of honey on E. coli and to reveal mechanisms involved in the antibacterial activity of honey with respect to bacterial species.

Purpose : This study aims to examine the changes of muscle activity of the tibialis anterior muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle on the ground and unstable ground for functional reach test. Methods : This study chose 24 elderly men and 24 elderly women who could walk independently, reach their arm over 25 cm, show shoulder joint 90°flexion, had no operations on lower limb joints, and don’t take medication affecting the ability to keep balance. Muscular activity of the tibialis anterior muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle was measured using functional reach test and electromyogram. Functional reach test was conducted at a total of four sections, 0cm, 15cm, 20cm, and 25cm. Results : It was known that the gastrocnemius muscle was used more than the tibialis anterior muscle to keep balance and the elderly with good balance ability showed no great change of muscular activity on both the stable and unstable ground. Conclusion : It was found that the subjects used their gastrocnemius muscle more and lower limbs of frequently used parts to keep their balance. As the elderly have good balance ability, they showed no great change of muscular activity on both the stable and unstable ground.

본 연구는 실용무용수들의 유연성 편평발 유무에 따른 동적균형능력 검사에서 나타나는 근활성도와 동적균형능 력 차이를 알아보기 위한 목적으로 실시되었다. 실용무용수 21명을 대상으로 ND test를 실시하여 편평발 유무를 평가하 였고, YBT(Y-Balance Test)시 측정된 5개 근육의 근활성도와 도달 거리를 측정 및 분석하여 그룹 간 차이를 확인하였 다. 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 유연성 편평발군의 동적균형 중 앞쪽(AN) 균형능력과 전체 균형능력이 정상군 의 비해 낮았고, 뒤안쪽(PM)과 뒤가쪽(PL)은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 둘째, YBT 앞쪽 측정 시 편평발군의 앞정강근 평균 근활성도가 낮았고, 다른 근육에서는 그룹 간 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 셋째, YBT 시 뒤안쪽 측정 시 관련 근육들의 근활성도는 차이가 없었다. 넷째, YBT 시 뒤가쪽 측정 시 편평발군의 안쪽장딴지근과 중간볼기근의 근활성도가 높았고, 다른 근육에서는 그룹 간 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았다.결과적으로 유연성 편평발은 실용무용수들의 동적균형능력을 감소시켰다. 균형능력을 높이기 위해 안쪽장딴지근과 중간볼기근의 근활성도를 높였다. 그리고 앞쪽 동적균형능력 향상 을 위해서는 앞정강근의 근활성도를 높여야 함을 확인하였다. 향후 유연성 편평발의 기능을 강화시키는 기초적인 훈련프 로그램 개발과 같은 종단연구를 통해 실용무용수들의 실기능력 강화를 위한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다.

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in muscle activity and dynamic balance in dynamic balance tests according to the presence or absence of flexible flat feet in practical dancers. The ND test was conducted on 21 practical dancers to evaluate the presence or absence of flat feet, and the muscle activity and reaching distance of five muscles measured in the YBT(Y-Balance Test) were measured and analyzed to confirm the differences between the groups. The following conclusions were drawn. First, the Anterior(AN) balance ability and overall balance ability of the flexible flat foot group were significantly lower than those of the normal group, while there was no significant difference in the Posterior-medial(PM) and Posterior-lateral(PL). Second, the average muscle activity of the anterior tibialis muscle of the flexible flat foot group was lower when measured in the YBT, and there was no statistical difference between the groups in other muscles.Third, there was no difference in the muscle activity of the relevant muscles when measuring the Posterior-medial(PM) the YBT. Fourth, in the Posterior-lateral(PL) measurement, the muscle activity of the medial gastrocnemius and the medial gluteus medius was high in the flat-footed group, and there was no statistical difference between the groups in other muscles. As a result, flexible flat foot reduced the dancers' dynamic balance ability. To improve balance, the muscle activity of the medial gastrocnemius and gluteus medius was increased. It was confirmed that the muscle activity of the anterior tibialis muscle should be increased to improve the dynamic balance ability of the front.

본 연구는 발목 불안정성 유무에 따른 동적 평형성 검사에서 나타나는 근활성도와 동적 안정성 차이를 알아보기 위한 목적으로 실시되었다. 대학 축구선수 18명을 대상으로 YBT(Y-Balance Test)시 측정된 6개 근육의 근활성도와 도달거리를 측정 및 분석하여 그룹 간 차이와 변인 간 상관분석을 실시하였고, 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 발목불안정군의 동적균형은 정상군의 비해 현저하게 낮았고, 앞측 거리에서 가장 큰 차이를 보였다. 둘째, YBT 앞측 측정 시 발목불안정군의 다열근 평균 근활성도가 낮았고, 뒤 내측(PM) 측정 시 내측 넓은근의 평균 근활성도가 낮았다. 셋째, YBT 시 앞측 거리는 GM과 부적상관, TA, ES, RA는 정적상관을 보였고, 뒤 내측 거리와 BF에서 정적상관관계를 보였다. 결과적으로 발목불안정성은 동적 평형성을 감소시켰고, 허리 굽힘과 무릎굽힘에서 동심성 수축이 낮아졌다 따라서 본 연구의 결론은 동적 평형성 향상과 발목 안정화 운동에 대한 중요한 정보로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in muscle activity and dynamic stability during dynamic balance tests according to the presence or absence of ankle instability. The study measured and analyzed the muscle activity of six muscles and the reach distance during the Y-Balance Test(YBT) among 18 university soccer players, and conducted intergroup comparisons and correlation analyses between variables. The conclusions drawn are as follows: The dynamic balance of the ankle instability group was significantly lower than that of the normal group, with the most significant difference observed in the anterior reach distance. During the anterior reach measurement of the YBT, the average muscle activity of the multifidus muscle was lower in the ankle instability group, and during the posterior medial (PM) reach measurement, the average muscle activity of the vastus medialis was lower. The anterior reach distance of the YBT showed a negative correlation with the gluteus medius(GM) and a positive correlation with the tibialis anterior(TA), erector spinae(ES), and rectus abdominis(RA). The posterior medial reach distance showed a positive correlation with the biceps femoris (BF). Consequently, ankle instability reduced dynamic balance and decreased concentric contraction in lumbar flexion and knee flexion. Therefore, the conclusion of this study could be used as important information on dynamic balance enhancement and ankle stabilization exercise.

In the case of an agile-based project, it was inadequate to perform a comprehensive inspection and evaluation on the establishment and operation of an information system by performing audit only with the audit and inspection elements provided by the existing information system audit and inspection system. In particular, in the case of the test activity area, it was necessary to improve the test activity audit check items to comprehensively check the agile-based development process by applying the existing audit system. To this end, a test activity improvement check model of the agile methodology audit model was presented by applying the repetition concept, a characteristic of the agile methodology. In order to empirically verify the model of this study, a survey was conducted for auditors and designers/developers who have experience in performing agile-based projects and auditing information systems. As a result of the questionnaire on the integrated test and system test in the test stage, more than 70% of the respondents were found to be suitable. More than 80% of the respondents judged that it was appropriate as a result of the questionnaire on "improvement and regression test progress according to integrated test and system test results" and "integrated test and functional actions of components and subsystems".