Earticle

Generally, generative grammar assumes that syntactic objects that merge are words or, more recently, inscriptions(e.g., Chomsky et al., 2023). However, certain phenomena seem difficult to explain within a system describing them as syntactic objects. This article introduces a new kind of syntactic object: the pointer. By using pointers, the structural burden of I-language is dramatically reduced as pointers only consist of an identifier and a lexical address. Because pointers target the underlying concepts of an entry, the inaccessibility of specific formal features dose not preclude Merge. This mecahnism explains how the system can merge entries even when their phonological or formal forms are “forgotten.” This article also argues for the existence of pre-linguistic ‘proto-thought’, which predates the evolution of I-language. This proto-thought provides the conceptual scaffolding necessary for further operations involving lexical selection and pointer-based operations.

본고는 1979년에 창간되어 1981년까지 재일코리안 2세들에 의해 일본어로 발행된 『계간 잔소리』를 통해 재일코리안 2세들이 자기 자신을 어떤 존재로 여기기 시작했는지를 고찰했다. 잡지의 앙케이트 조사란과 독자투고란은 일본 각지에 살고 있는 ‘보통’의 재일코리안 2세들이 자신의 ‘민족’과 ‘조국’을 일본의 실생활 경험 속에서 새롭게 의식하는 양상을 보여준다. 1970년대 중반이 되면 일본에서 태어나 자란 재일코리안 2세들이 증가한다. 조국에서 일본으로 건너온 1세와 달리 2세는 ‘민족’이나 ‘조국’에 대해 1세와 다르게 생각하기 시작한다. 『계간 잔소리』는 이러한 세대 차이가 온전히 2세들만의 목소리로서 분출되고 있었던 공간이었다. 이 잡지에서 ‘보통’의 2세들은 ‘일본’이라는 공간이 ‘민족’이나 ‘조국’에 못지않게 자신들의 출생지, 삶의 터전으로서 ‘뿌리(root)’라는 의식을 나타낸다. 나아가 일본은 ‘삶의 선택’과 ‘삶의 길(route)’을 열어주는 곳이었다. 또한 그들에게 ‘조선’은 현재에서 미래로 이어지는 유산이다. 그렇기에 두 개의 뿌리는 모두 2세들의 생활 의식 속에서 삶의 여정을 이끌어 주는 것이다.

This paper discusses how second generation Koreans in Japan started to regard themselves through Kikan Jansori(Quarterly Nagging), a Japanese magazine published by second generation Koreans in Japan from 1979 until 1981. The questionnaire section and reader submission section of the magazine show how ‘ordinary’ second generation Koreans living in different places of Japan gain new awareness of their ‘ethnic group’ and ‘homeland’ through their real life experience in Japan. The number of second generation Koreans who were born and raised in Japan increased in the mid󰠏1970s. Unlike the first generation of Koreans who came to Japan, the second generation began to think differently about the ‘ethnic group’ and ‘homeland’ from the first generation. Kikan Jansori is a space that presented such generation gap by solely expressing voices of the second generation. In this magazine, ‘ordinary’ second generation Koreans reveal the awareness that ‘Japan,’ their birthplace and habitat, is another ‘root’ of their life as important as the ‘ethnic group’ and ‘homeland.’ Furthermore, Japan is a place that provides the ‘choice of life’ and ‘route of life’ to them. To second generation Koreans, ‘Joseon’ is a legacy that leads from the present to the future. This is why the two roots are shown in the lifestyle of the second generation.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. is one of the Gynura species commonly known as ‘Sambung Nyawa’ in Malay and as ‘bai bing cao’ in China, where it is traditionally used to treat various health ailments such as eruptive fevers, rash, kidney disease, migraines, constipation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Recently, pharmacologic studies reported that G. procumbens has anti-oxidant, anti–Herpes simplex virus, anti–hyperglycemic, anti–hyperlipidemic, anti–inflammatory, analgesic, and reduced blood hypertension properties. Today, people in various tropical regions consume an increasing amount of G. procumbens leaves in diet and tea, and research shows that leaves contents are not having any toxic effects. The health benefits of consuming G. procumbens are related to the amount of bioactive compounds found in it, such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenes, and alkaloids but available literature indicates that little previous studies of secondary metabolites have been done on G. procumbens roots after picking leaves from G. procumbens. In this work, the constituents of the root of G. procumbens were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallization. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. ceramides,N-((5E,8R,11E)-1,8-dihydroxyheptadeca-5,11-dien-1-yl)-2-hydroxypentacosan amide (1), together with three known steroidal compounds, β-sitosterol (1), daucosterol (2), and stigmasterol (3) was isolated. The structure of the new compound was determined based on spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectrometry. The stereochemistry was determined by NOESY experiments.

본고는 300여개의 언어를 바탕으로 하여, 수여 사태가 언어적으로 표현되는 방식에 있어서의 언어간 변이를 조사하였다. 한국어의 ‘주-’, 영어의 ‘give’, 프랑스어 의 ‘donner’처럼 하나의 단순 동사 어근으로 표현하는 것이 지역과 계통을 넘어서 가장 지배적인 방책이지만, 그 외의 대안적 방책들도 발견된다. 포괄적인 ‘give’ 동사가 존재하는 유형에도 단순 어근, 복합 어근, 영 어근의 세 하위유형이 존재하고, 포괄적인 ‘give’ 동사가 부재하는 유형에도, 다중 동사 방책, 일반화 방책, 비동사 방책(부치사, 접사) 등이 있다.

This paper is a working report of a survey on cross-linguistic variation in how the generic and basic concept of the transfer event, represented by three-place predicates such as Korean cwu-, English give or French donner, is linguistically encoded, on the basis of the sample of about 300 languages. The dominant strategy is encoding the 'give' event as a simple root, but one can find many alternative strategies, which include complex root (plain and discontinuous), zero root, multiple encoding, general verb, non-verbal encoding, etc.

In a sentence like "Mary braided her hair tight", the sentence-final predicate tight is predicated not by any overt syntactic constituent, but by the hidden final result incorporated in the meaning of the verb, i.e. the braid resulted from the action of braiding. Calling these kind of predicates pseudo-resultative predicates, Levinson (2007) argues that they are semantically predicated by the root of implicit creation verbs like braid, and that this prediction is reflected in the syntax, assuming that the pseudo-resultatives are adjectives, and so it is possible for them, in the syntax, to be predicated by the root of an implicit creation verb, which is assumed to denote an individual. However, Levinson's compositional syntactic approach to the pseudo-resultative construction cannot be maintained for two reasons; first, contrary to her expectation, so-called pseudo-resultatives are not adjectives but adverbs, and so they cannot serve as the secondary predicate predicated by the root of the verb. Second, Levinson's suggested syntactic structure is problematic in that it exploits an impossible configuration, one in which P takes a propositional complement. Considering these problems, the puzzle of finding arguments for the so-called pseudo-resultatives should be solved not by a syntactic solution, but by a pragmatic interpretation rule like the Predicate Transfer.

In order to decide the optimum planting time for Bupleurum falcatum L. which is grown widely in Korea, some experiments were carried out in different regions such as mid-north area (Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheongnamdo), mid-south area (Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do). The mid-south area had the highest total saikosaponin contents of 1.001, which is the medicinal ingredients of Bupleurum falcatum L., in accordance with the different Bupleurum falcatum L. regions. Also this area has the highest extract contents of 24.3%. Average dry root yields in mid-north area (Gangwon-do) were 450~460㎏/㏊ at planting time of March 20th to March 30th, 500㎏/㏊ at the time of March 30th to April 10th, and 470~480㎏/㏊ at the time of March 10th to March 20th in Chungcheongnam-do. The optimum planting time in the mid-south area (Jeollabuk-do) was March 10th to March 30th with the average dry root yield of 490~550㎏/㏊. Average dry root yield in Euiseong, Gyeongsangbuk-do area was 470㎏/㏊, and the optimum planting time was April 10th, which suggested that the yield increased as the planting time was delayed. At Jeju-do, the volcanic soil of farsouthern area, average dry root yield was 510㎏/㏊ at the time of March 10th, but the yield from non-volcanic soil was lower than from volcanic soil, which had a dry root yield of 470㎏/㏊.

Cellular networks will play an important role in realizing the newly emerging Internet-of-Everything (IoE). One of the challenging issues is to support the quality of service (QoS) during the access phase, while accommodating a massive number of machine nodes. In this paper, we show a new paradigm of multiple access priorities in random access (RA) procedure and propose a novel root-index based prioritized random access (RIPRA) scheme that implicitly embeds the access priority in the root index of the RA preambles. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed RIPRA scheme can successfully support differentiated performance for different access priority levels, even though there exist a massive number of machine nodes. Keywords: Internet-of-Everything; M2M; Random access; Zadoff?Chu sequence; Access priority

The transcriptomes of four ginseng accessions such as Cheonryang (Korean ginseng cultivar), Yunpoong(Korean ginseng cultivar), G03080 (breeding line of Korean ginseng), and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) was characterized. As a result of sequencing, total lengths of the reads in each sample were 156.42 Mb (Cheonryang cultivar), 161.95Mb (Yunpoong cultivar), 165.07 Mb (G03080 breeding line), and 166.48 Mb (P. quinquefolius). Using a BLAST searchagainst the Phytozome databases with an arbitrary expectation value of 1E-10, over 20,000 unigenes were functionally annotatedand classified using DAVID software, and were found in response to external stress in the G03080 breeding line, as wellas in the Cheonryang cultivar, which was associated with the ion binding term. Finally, unigenes related to transmembranetransporter activity were observed in Cheonryang and P. quinquefolius, which involves controlling osmotic pressure and turgorpressure within the cell. The expression patterns were analyzed to identify dehydrin family genes that were abundantlydetected in the Cheonryang cultivar and the G03080 breeding line. In addition, the Yunpoong cultivar and P. quinquefoliusaccession had higher expression of heat shock proteins expressed in Ricinus communis. These results will be a valuableresource for understanding the structure and function of the ginseng transcriptomes.

Five lignans were isolated from the cholrofrom fraction of Acanthopanax chiisanensis Nakai root by open column chromatography. Their structrues were elucidated as (-)-sesamin (1), helioxanthin (2), savinin (30, taiwanin C (4), and 3-(3",4"-dimethoxybenzy)-2-(3', 4'-methylenedioxybenzy) butyrolactone (5) by spectral analysis. Among them, compounds 2,3,4, and 5 were isolated for the first time from this plant.

The existence of tortuous vertebral artery as a result of developmental anomaly is very rare condition. Previously, there were case reports that tortuous vertebral artery was associated with headache or cervical pain, however there was no report that was related to motor weakness by cervical root compression caused by venous engorgement associated with tortuous vertebral artery. This case study demonstrates a case of a patient with proximal muscle weakness in the left upper extremity due to venous engorgement associated with tortuous vertebral artery, and C5 nerve root palsy caused by it. We will discuss the cause of the disease and suggest effective treatment for it.

Inhibitory effect of Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extracts (SR) on chemical mediator release and immunoglobulin (Ig) production from Sprague-Dawley rats originated cells as type I allergic reaction was examined. SR showed concentration- dependent inhibition on basal and concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated Ig production. In the mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes, the inhibitory effect of SR on the IgE production in the presence of Con A was stronger than these on IgA and IgG production. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production-inhibiting effect of SR in the presence ConA was observed. However, SR did not affect the production of interferon-γ. SR also inhibited histamine release from the peritoneal exudate cells stimulated with a calcium ionophore A23187. In the case of leukotriene B4, SR markedly inhibited it at the concentration of 100㎎/㎖. From these results, ethanol extracts obtained from Scutellaria baicalensis may have an anti-allergic effect on the intestinal system of rats.

Paeoniae radix has been widely used for its anti - allergic, anti - inflammatory and analgesic effects, and demon strated to have anticonvulsant, memory enhancing and anxiolytic activities. The present study was performed to examine the protective effect of methanol extract of Paeoniae radix (PR) from Paeonia Japonica Miyabe et Takeda (Paeoniaceae) on hydro gen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) - induced neurotoxicity using cultured rat cerebral cortical neuron. H 2 O 2 produced a concentration - depen dent reduction of neuronal viability. PR, over a concentration range of 10 to 100 ㎍ / ㎖ showed concentration - dependent decrease of the H 2 O 2 ( 1 0 0 µ M ) - induced neuronal cell death, as assessed by a 3 - [4,5 - dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl] - 2,5-di - phenyl - tetrazo lium bromide assay and the number of apoptotic nuclei, evidenced by Hoechst 33342 staining. PR (100 ㎍ / ㎖ ) inhibited 100 µM H 2 O 2 - induced elevation of the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] c ), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, fluo - 4 AM. PR (50 ㎍ / ㎖ ) i n h i b i t e d g l u t a m a t e r e l e a s e i n t o m e d i u m i n d u c e d b y 1 0 0 µ M H 2 O 2 , which was measured by HPLC, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that PR may mitigate the H 2 O 2 - induced neurotoxiciy by interfering with the increase of [Ca 2+ ] c , and then inhibiting glutamate release and generation of ROS in cultured neurons.

Infectious Bursal Disease is a severe viral disease of chicken responsible for serious economic losses to poultry farmers. The causative agent, Infectious Bursal Disease virus, is inhibited by nitric oxide. Root extract of the Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera, inhibits Infectious Bursal Disease virus in vitro. Also, Withania somnifera root extract is known to induce nitric oxide production in vitro. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine if the inhibitory activity of Withania somnifera against Infectious Bursal Disease virus was based on the production of nitric oxide. We show that besides other mechanisms, the inhibition of Infectious Bursal Disease virus by Withania somnifera involves the production of nitric oxide. Our results also highlight the paradoxical role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of Infectious Bursal Disease.

Objective To investigate the pain-related behaviors and the changes of CX3CR1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Method A total of 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A laminectomy was performed to expose left L5 nerve roots and corresponding DRG. Autologous nucleus puplosus was implanted on the left L5 nerve root proximal to the DRG without mechanical compression. Sham operation was also done with the same procedure as mentioned above. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were assessed at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after surgery. Real time PCR and immunohistochemistry after behavioral test were performed. Results In the lumbar disc herniation rats, significant reduction of thermal withdrawal latency indicating thermal hyperalgesia was shown on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p＜0.01) and peaked on day 10 (p＜0.05) and maintained throughout day 30 (p＜0.05). The reduction of mechanical allodynia threshold, indicating mechanical allodynia, was observed on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p＜0.01) and continued throughout day 30 (p＜0.01). Real time PCR showed the decrease in mRNA expression of CX3CR1 in the ipsilateral DRG on day 1 (p＜0.05) and the significant increase on day 20 (p＜0.05). The immunoreactivity for CX3CR1 was also increased in ipsilateral DRG on day 10 and 20. Conclusion These data suggest that lumbar disc herniation induces thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and upregulates the expression of CX3CR1 in dorsal root ganglion. Expression of CX3CR1 might be associated with subacute neuropathic pain after intervertebral disc herniation.

Fifty percent ethanol extract of Lythrum salicaria Linne root (LSR) was tested in vitro on antioxidant activity, and furthermore was investigated on antioxidative and fibrosis protecting activities in CCL4-induced liver fibrosis rat model. Ratio of hepatic GSH/GSSG (reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione) as bio-parameter of antioxidant level in CCL4 plus LSR-treated rats for 6 weeks significantly increased from 2.8- to 5.7-fold than that of CCL4-treated rats at p < 0.05. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents in CCL4 plus LSR-treated rats ranged from 1.57- to 2.19-fold of normal rats and were lower than those in CCL4 plus silymarin-treated rats (1.78~2.46-fold of normal rats) (p < 0.05). Amounts of hydroxyproline of liver tissue showing the content of total collagen, a parameter of fibrosis, in CCL4 plus LSR-administrated rat livers were 4.9~8.8㎍/㎎ (−47 ~ −71%, compared with that in CCL4-treated rat livers (16.6㎍/㎎ tissue), which were significantly lower than those in CCL4 plus silymarin-administrated rats being 8.4~11.7㎍/㎎ (−30 ~ −50%). This collagen reducing effect of liver tissue in CCL4 plus LSR-treated rats was supported by histological observation using microscopy assay. From the results, we conclude that the root of L. salicaria have efficient antioxidant potential and effective antifibrotic activities.

Sanguisorbae radix (SR) from Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Losaceae) is widely used in Korea and China due to its various pharmacological activity. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the methanol extract of SR on amyloid β protein (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)), a synthetic 25-35 amyloid peptide, -induced neurotoxicity using cultured rat cortical neurons. SR, over a concentration range of 10-50㎍/㎖, inhibited the Aβ (25-35) (10 μM)-induced neuronal cell death, as assessed by a 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the number of apoptotic nuclei, evidenced by Hoechst 33342 staining. Pretreatment of SR (50㎍/㎖) inhibited 10 μM Aβ (25-35)-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]C), which was measured by a fluorescent dye, fluo-4 AM. SR (10 and 50㎍/㎖) inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by 10 μM Aβ (25-35), which was measured by HPLC, and generation of reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that SR prevents Aβ (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro.

Objective To compare the long-term effects and advantages of ultrasound (US)-guided selective cervical nerve root block with fluoroscopy (FL)-guided transforaminal block. Methods From March 2009 to November 2012, 162 patients received steroid injections for lower cervical radicular pain. A total of 114 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All procedures were performed by using US or FL. We compared the intravascular injections during the procedure with the effects and functional scales at 3, 6, and 12 months after the procedure between the two groups. Successful treatments occurred when patients obtained significant pain reliefs (as measured by >50% improvements in the verbal numerical scale [VNS] score and >40% improvements in the neck disability index [NDI] score) and reported a patient satisfaction score of 3 or 4 points at 12 months after the injection. Image analysis of intravascular injection and chart review were performed. Logistic regression was performed to reveal the correlations between successful treatments and variables (patient’s age, gender, duration of the disease, cause, injection method, and radiologic finding).Results The VNS and NDI improved 3 months after the injection and continued to improve until 12 months for both groups. But there were no statistical differences in changes of VNS, NDI, and effectiveness between these two groups. The proportion of patients with successful treatment is illustrated as 62.5% in US-guided group and 58% in FL-guided group at 12 months. There were no significant differences between the groups or during follow-up periods. Three cases of the intravascular injections were done in FL-guided group.Conclusion The US-guided selective cervical nerve root blocks are facilitated by identifying critical vessels at unexpected locations relative to the foramen and to protect injury to such vessels, which is the leading cause of reported complications from FL-guided transforaminal blocks. On treatment effect, significant long-term improvements in functions and pain reliefs were observed in both groups after the intervention. However, significant differences were not observed between the groups. Therefore, the US-guided selective cervical nerve root block was shown to be as effective as the FL-guided transforaminal block in pain reliefs and functional improvements, in addition to the absence of radiation and protection vessel injury at real-time imaging.

Background: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins) Scholten is an important pathogenic fungus that causes ginseng root rot in many ginseng growing areas in China. Although C. destructans have been studied worldwide, research on its chemotaxis towards ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) root exudates in the rhizosphere remains limited. Methods and Results: In this study, we collected ginseng root exudates with three different polarities from three-year-old ginseng roots, and performed chemotaxis and spore germination assays to investigate the ability of these exudates to induce the response in C. destructans. The results showed that, compared with other conditions, when C. destructans cultivated at 20℃ and a pH of 6 exhibited a strong positive chemotactic response toward 2 ㎎/ℓ aqueous phase, 20 ㎎/ℓ butanol phase, and 0.2 ㎎/ℓ petroleum ether from ginseng root exudates, the chemotactic moving indexes were 0.1581, 0.1638 and 0.1441, respectively. In addition, the spore germination rate with optimal chemotactic parameters were 48%, 53%, and 41% in the aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether groups, respectiviely, which were significantly higher than that in the control group (23%) (p < 0.05). The mycelial growth rate with optimal chemotactic parameters increased with culture time, and the maximum growth rates in the aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether groups were 0.425, 0.406 and 0.364 respectively, on the 4th day. The optimal chemotactic parameters were 39.73 ㎎/50 ㎎/ℓ , 48.93 ㎎/50 ㎎/ℓ , and 31.43 ㎎/50 ㎎/ℓ , in aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether respectively, from ginseng root exudates, compared with 5.5 ㎎/50 ㎎/ℓ , in the control group. Conclusions: The present study revealed that certain ginseng root exudates containing chemical attractants act as nutritional sources or signals for C. destructans and support its colonization of ginseng roots.

Scopolamine and hyoscyamine are important anticholinergic compounds obtained from Hyoscyamus niger. Adventitious roots induced from rhizome of H. niger and roots were cultured in SH medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose and 0.5㎎/L IBA. Roots were grown rapidly after 10 days of cultures. Scopolamine production was increased 7 times and hyoscyamine production was increased 12 times after 10 day of cultures. SH medium was best in root growth. But, highest scopolamine productivity was observed in WPM medium, followed White medium and best hyoscyamine productivity was resulted in MS medium. Sucrose was increased scopolamine and hyoscyamine production were increased the medium supplemented by sucrose comparing to than those by other carbon sources.

Hairy roots were induced from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) root explants and studied for their gene expression. A total of 3,000 ESTs (expressed sequence tags) from ginseng hairy root were determined and about 2,700 ESTs have a length of readable sequence, which result in 1,352 unique ESTs sequences. The 879 ESTs showed significant similarities to known nucleotide or amino acid sequences in other plant species, which were divided into eleven categories depending upon gene unction. The remaining 473 sequences showed no significant matches, which are likely to be transcripts or to be matched to other organisms. The results indicated that the analysis of the ginseng hairy root ESTs by partial sequencing of random cDNA clone may be an efficient approach to isolate genes that are functional in ginseng root in a large scale. Our extensive EST analysis of genes expressed in ginseng hairy rppt not only contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of genome expression patterns in root organ but also adds data to the repertoire of all genomic genes.