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The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effects of moral identity the relationships between danger invulnerability and risk behavior and to investigate the mediating effects of peer attachment the relationships between psychological invulnerability and depression of adolescents. The subjects of the study were 394 adolescents who were selected from second grade of middle school and first grade of high school in Pusan. Measuring scales used in this study are the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale(AIS), Risk Behavior Scale, CES-D, Moral Identity Scale, and peer attachment subscale of the IPPA. For data analysis, Cronbach’s α, frequency, partial correlation, hierarchical regression, multiple regression, and Sobel test were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 23 program. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, adolescents’ danger invulnerability had positive correlations with risk behavior and depression in partial correlation analysis. Adolescents’ psychological invulnerability had negative correlations with depression in partial correlation analysis. Second, moderating effect of moral identity between adolescents’ danger invulnerability and risk behavior was significant. Third, mediating effect of peer attachment between adolescents’ psychological invulnerability and depression was significant. The results suggest the importance of increasing adolescents’ moral identity in prevention of risk behavior and adolescents’ peer attachment in prevention of depression during adolescence.

Purpose : This study identified the patterns of smoking of students attending middle schools and high schools, and analyzed its related health risk behaviors. Methods: The data was based on the survey of 1,517 middle students and 911 high students residing in Kyung-Gi district. Results: The current smoking rates of male and female middle students are 5.3%, and 3.1% respectively. The rates of experiences in smoking are 21.4% and 16.0%(male/female). The current smoking rates of male and female high students are 17.9% and 8.5%, whereas the rates of experiences in smoking are 34.2% and 23.3% respectively. On the other hands, 14.1% of middle students and 12.0% of high students were exposed to smoking for at least 2 hours per day. The majority of middle and high school smokers started smoking when they were in middle or high school. And the most popular places to smoke were children's playgrounds, public open area., parks, and so on. Whether having a smoker as a friend or not and students' own perception towards smoking influenced the decisions to smoke for middle and high students. Both middle and high students, regardless of their gender, who have higher rates of drinking experiences and the hours of computer usage were found to have higher rates of smoking experiences. Meanwhile, the sleeping hours is in reverse proportion to the rate of smoking experiences. There was statistically significant difference in smoking experiences related to the degree of obesity only in the female high students: underweight and overweight students showed higher rates of smoking experiences than those falling in the normal weight range. Conclusion: For the effective prevention of adolescence smoking, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive approach, which classifies the target population according to their age and sex and cover all health risk behaviors.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify predictive factors affecting adolescents’ subjective happiness using data from the 2023 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A random forest model was applied to determine the strongest predictive factors, and its predictive per- formance was compared with traditional regression models. Methods: Responses from a total of 44,320 students from grades 7 to 12 were analyzed. Data pre-processing involved handling missing values and selecting variables to con- struct an optimal dataset. The random forest model was employed for prediction, and SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analysis was used to assess variable importance. Results: The random forest model demonstrated a stable predictive performance, with an R of .37. Mental and physical health factors were found to significantly affect subjec-2tive happiness. Adolescents’ subjective happiness was most strongly influenced by per- ceived stress, perceived health, experiences of loneliness, generalized anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation, economic status, fatigue recovery from sleep, and academic perfor- mance. Conclusion: This study highlights the utility of machine learning in identifying factors influencing adolescents’ subjective happiness, addressing limitations of traditional re- gression approaches. These findings underscore the need for multidimensional interven- tions to improve mental and physical health, reduce stress and loneliness, and provide integrated support from schools and communities to enhance adolescents’ subjective happiness.

Purpose: Suicide among adolescents is a serious problem worldwide, and especially, the suicide rate of teenagers is increasing rapidly in South Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the respective suicidal behavior in terms of home-environment characteristics, health behavior characteristics, and psychological health characteristics in Korean adolescents. Methods: The data of the Web-based Survey of the Youth Risk Behavior from 2015 to 2017 collected by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The influential factors by depression and suicidal behavior (suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal plan (SP), and suicidal attempt (SA)) were female(adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 1.45, 1.69, 1.30, 2.19), age (aOR 1.03, 0.98, 0.97, 0.90), no family members (aOR 1.21, 1.36, 2.11, 2.32), living with only the father (aOR 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.11), high economic status (aOR 1.15, 1.22, 1.34, 1.46), residence in relatives’ home (aOR 1.6, 1.36, 2.34, 1.97), drinking experience (aOR 1.35, 1.47, 1.57, 1.76), smoking experience (aOR 1.28, 1.30, 1.31, 1.94), hospital treatment experience due to violence (aOR 2.18, 3.33, 6.24, 8.40), bad health status (aOR 1.23, 1.48, 2.00, 2.15), unhappiness (aOR 2.49, 6.14, 6.72, 8.89), and a lot of stress (aOR 6.05, 10.40, 4.86, 5.52). Conclusion: The suicidal behavior risk screening and prevention program for adolescents should be developed considering the subjective happiness and hospital treatment experience status due to violence that affects suicidal behavior.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association among various adolescent prob- lem behaviors in South Korea, focusing on gender differences. Methods: This secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2023 which included 52,880 mid- dle and high school students in South Korea. They completed an anonymous self-admin- istered survey regarding problem behaviors (drinking alcohol, smoking, drugs use, and sexual experiences). Data were analyzed using complex-samples chi-square and multiple logistic regression models. Results: Among the 52,880 adolescents, the prevalence rates of alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences were 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Gender differences were observed in alcohol use complex-samples multiple logistic regression models. However, no significant gender difference was found in drug use (p=.250). Four problem behaviors were significantly associated with one other when analyzed as inde- pendent variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.33?10.85). The strongest associations were found between alcohol use and smoking (OR, 10.49?10.85), and between smoking and sexual experiences (OR, 4.91?4.96). Conclusion: This study found significant gender differences in adolescent problem be- haviors, with male adolescents exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use, smoking, and sexu- al experience. Strong associations were observed between alcohol use and smoking, as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings suggest the need for in- tegrated intervention strategies that target multiple co-occurring problem behaviors.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the general characteristics and health behaviors of students with non-therapeutic substance use. Methods: This secondary data analysis used data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2021). Analyses of the 54,848 adolescents used descriptive statisics, the Rao?Scott χ2 test, and logistic regression. Results: The risk factors for substance use among students were anxiety, loneliness, living separately from family, suicidal ideation, e-cigarette use, and high stress. Conclusion: The findings help identify the risk factors for non-therapeutic drug use among adolescents. Since South Korea does not have a drug prevention program for its adolescent population, an educational plan based on these findings could help prevent adolescent substance abuse.

PurposeThis secondary data analysis examined the relationship between sleep patterns (including bedtime and wake-up time), chronotype, and depressive symptoms in adolescents aged 13~18 years. MethodsData were derived from the 19th Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2023. Of the 52,880 respondents, 5,893 were excluded, resulting in a final analytic sample of 46,987 adolescents. Complex sample logistic regression analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 to investigate the effects of sleep patterns and chronotype on depressive symptoms. ResultsAmong the 46,987 participants, 11,967 reported depressive symptoms, yielding an estimated prevalence of 25.3%. Statistically significant differences in bedtime, wake-up time, sleep duration, and chronotype were identified between adolescents with and without depressive symptoms (p < .001). The mid-sleep time on free days corrected for sleep debt on school days was significantly later among those with depressive symptoms (5.49 ± 0.03) compared with those without (5.36 ± 0.02; p < .001). Significant correlates of depressive symptoms included sex, living with family, household income, school grade, current drinking and smoking, habitual drug use, perceived health status, anxiety, stress awareness, loneliness, and sleep duration. Each additional hour of sleep was associated with a 0.98-fold lower risk of depressive symptoms (95% confidence interval = 0.96~0.99, p = .021). ConclusionThis study demonstrated that sleep duration, sleep patterns, and chronotype are associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Interventions should target extending sleep duration through earlier bedtimes and encouraging a shift from evening-type to morning-type chronotypes, which may help alleviate depressive symptoms.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between allergic diseases, general anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms among Korean adolescents. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted on the findings of the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2022). The study included 51,850 adolescents and analyzed the relationships among allergic diseases, general anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms using complex samples logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the Korean adolescents, 12.7% experienced general anxiety disorder, while 28.7% experienced depressive symptoms. The prevalence of allergic diseases was 5.7% for asthma, 36.3% for allergic rhinitis, and 22.2% for atopic dermatitis. General anxiety disorder was associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis but not atopic dermatitis. Depressive symptoms were associated asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Examining the correlation among allergic diseases, general anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms in adolescents underscores the need for implementing suitable strategies. Moreover, when addressing general anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms in adolescents, it becomes crucial to consider the presence of allergic diseases.

Although the issue of gender differences in risk taking behavior has been an interesting issue of industrial and organizational psychology fields, there is no univocal agreement on this topic. In this paper, we try to find supportive evidence that gender affects risk-taking behavior that is moderated by the frame. In addition, we extend the previous findings by adding variables such as ambition, responsibility, and internal locus of control. As expected, gender and frame interact to influence risk-taking behavior, such that positively framed men are prone to take more risks, whereas negatively framed women prefer risk-taking options. In addition, ambition and the level of internal locus of control are positively related to risk-taking behavior, while responsibility level is negatively related to risk-taking behavior. The implications and limitations of findings are discussed.

Purpose: To understand the recurrence risk perception of stroke patients and develop a chain mediationmodel of recurrence risk perception and health behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional study and convenience sampling were used. Stroke survivors were recruitedfrom the neurology departments of three tertiary hospitals. Their recurrence risk perception, behavioraldecision-making, social support, self-efficacy, recurrence worry, and health behavior were measured byrelevant tools. Data was analyzed through one-way analysis and regression analysis, and the AMOS 21.0software was used to explore the mediating relationships between variables. Results: Of the 419 participants, 74.7% were aware of stroke recurrence risk. However, only 28.2% couldaccurately estimate their own recurrence risk. Recurrence risk perception was significantly correlatedwith behavioral decision-making, social support, self-efficacy, and health behavior (r ¼ .19 ~ .50, p < .05). Social support and recurrence risk perception could affect health behavior indirectly through selfefficacy,behavioral decision-making, and worry. Behavioral decision-making acted as a main mediatorbetween recurrence risk perception and health behavior, while the path coefficient was .47 and .37,respectively. The chain mediation effect between recurrence risk perception and health behavior wasestablished with a total effect value of .19 (p < .01). Conclusion: Most stroke survivors could be aware of recurrence risk but failed to accurately estimatetheir individual risk. In the mediation model of recurrence risk perception and health behavior, socialsupport seemed to be an important external factor, while self-efficacy, behavioral decision-making, andworry seemed to act as key internal factors.

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of driving stress on traffic accident risk. Specifically, the study verified whether a driver's speed desire frustration plays a control role in the relations between driving stress and traffic accident risk. As a result, a driver's speed desire frustration level played a control role in the relation between driving stress and traffic accident risk. This indicates that a driver's speed desire frustration level change driving stress sensitivities, thus changing the effects of selecting coping behavior types and causing differences in total traffic accident risk. The results show that the mere concentration on driving stress management cannot sufficiently lower the traffic accident risks caused by driving stress. This is because driving stress have indirect influences on traffic accident risk. Hence, it will be necessary to seek how to reduce driving stress and control coping behavior types in order to lower the traffic accidents risk by the stress.

Purpose: This study was performed in order to identify the relationships among self-care behavior, health conservation, and cardiovascular risk factors and to examine the influence of self-care behavior and health conservation on cardiovascular risk factors among Korean elders with diabetes mellitus. Methods: The participants were 105 elders with diabetes mellitus using senior welfare centers and elderly leisure houses in Daegu. Data were collected through interviews during the period from April to May in 2014. Self-care behavior was measured with Kim's (1997) Self-care Behavior Scale, health conservation with Sung's (2005) Health Conservation Scale, and cardiovascular risk factors with the Arizona Heart Institute Cardiovascular Risk Factor Questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. Results: A negative correlation was found between self-care behavior and cardiovascular risk factors, and between health conservation and cardiovascular risk factors. Self-care behavior explained 6% and health conservation did 49% of variance in elderly diabetes mellitus patients' cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: The results indicate that, in order to reduce cardiovascular risk factors among Korean elders with diabetes mellitus, we need nursing interventions for increasing health conservation and self-care behavior.

본 연구는 한국 청소년의 폭음과 관련된 요인을 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 2024년 한국청소년온라인 건강행태조사(N=54,646, 가중 평균 N=2,611,662)의 자료를 이용한 횡단 연구 설계를 사용하였다. 복합표 본 기술통계, 복합표본 Rao-scott 카이제곱 검정, 복합표본 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 복합표본 로지스틱 회귀 모델(Nagelkerke pseudo R2=.304, p<.001)에서 고등학교 재학, 낮은 학업성적, 낮은 경제상 태, 가족과 함께 거주하지 않는 경우, 담배 흡연, 전자담배 사용, HTP 사용, 그리고 우울은 폭음 위험 증가와 유의미한 관련이 있었다. 담배 흡연은 가장 높은 오즈비를 보였다(OR= 8.719, p<.001). 반대로 학교기반 음주에 관한 교육을 받은 청소년은 폭음을 보고할 가능성이 유의미하게 낮았다(OR=0.883, p=.022). 결론적으로, 청소년의 폭음은 다양한 사회경제적 특성, 기타 학교 관련 요인, 그리고 우울의 복합적인 상호작용과 밀접한 관련이 있었다.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with binge drinking among adolescents. This study employed a cross-sectional design using data from participants in 2024 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (N=54,646, Weighted N: 2,611,662). Complex samples descriptive statistics, complex samples Rao Scott Chi-square tests, and complex samples logistic regression analyses were conducted. In the complex samples logistic regression model (Nagelkerke pseudo R2=.304, p<.001), high school enrollment, low academic achievement, low economic status, not living with family, cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, HTP use, and depression were significantly associated with increased odds of binge drinking. Cigarette smoking showed the strongest association (OR= 8.719, p<.001). Conversely, adolescents who received school-based alcohol education were significantly less likely to report binge drinking (OR=0.883, p=.022). In conclusion, adolescent binge drinking is highly associated with a complex interplay of various socioeconomic characteristics, other school related factors and depression.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the association between energy drink consumption and sleep duration and quality among Korean high school students. Methods: Data on 24,760 high school students were obtained from the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The association between energy drinks consumption and sleep duration and quality was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis in consideration of the complex sampling design. Results: 33.8% of respondents reported that they had at least one energy drinks in the past week. The majority (95.2%) of all subjects reported that the average sleep duration was less than 8 hours per day, and 84.7% of them were dissatisfied with sleep quality. After adjusting for confounding factors, higher energy drinks consumption was significantly associated with short sleep duration (< 8 hours/day) and unsatisfactory sleep quality. Conclusion: Insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality caused by energy drinks consumption can adversely affect the healthy development and functioning of high school students. Therefore, health education on the dangers of energy drinks and healthy sleep is needed, and it is urgent to prepare policies that can be realized at the national level.

Inappropriate adolescent health behavior can be influenced by the negative impact of physical and mental health promotion. Obesity influences subjective improper weight perception. This study aimed to verify Korean normal-weight adolescents’ subjective experience of weight control, mental health, physical activity, and subjective status based on their body mass index (BMI). As a result, efforts to control weight appeared less in normal-weight boys. Thin girls were less likely to carry out 60 min of physical activity 7 or 5 days per a week. Obese boys were less likely to carry out vigorous physical activity 3 days per a week. Normal- weight girls were less likely to practice muscular strength training 3 days per a week. Thin boys and thing girls were less likely to practice regular physical activity, and less likely to practice at the rate stipulated in the sedentary behavior guideline. In conclusion, boys and girls with inappropriate weight perception reported feeling stressed and depressed, and reported subjective sleep fulfillment, perceived subjective happiness, and perceived subjective health.

This paper provides further evidence regarding the effect of deposit insurance on the risk-shifting behavior at commercial banks in the United States. In particular, we compare the risk-shifting behavior of commercial banks before and after adopting the risk-based capital requirements in the U.S. market. To test the risk-shifting behaviors, we propose a new pricing model for the valuation of deposit insurance premium using a barrier option framework. We also estimate the unknown parameters using a maximum likelihood estimation method rather than Ronn and Verma’s (1986) two-equation approach. We find that the risk-shifting behaviors at commercial banks have reduced significantly but have not disappeared after the adoption of a risk-based deposit insurance system. The risk-shifting behavior at commercial banks still exists, especially for those banks with high risks or high financial distress probabilities. We find that the deposit insurance reform prevents large banks from shifting their risk to the deposit insurers as well.

본 연구는 파생상품 이용을 통한 기업의 리스크 관리행태가 이익조정행태에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 기업은 위험을 감수하는 입장 또는 위험을 회피하는 입장을 취하며 파생 상품을 사용하여 기업의 위험 관리 행동을 기반으로 비즈니스 위험을 통제하는 경향을 보인다. 본 연구는 기업의 리스크 관리 행위가 기업의 이익조정행태와 같은 기업의 의사 결정에 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 분석하였다. 기업의 위험 관리 행태는 Zhang(2009) 의해 설명된 방법론으로 측정되었으며, 2001년부터 2012년까지 3,645개의 국내 기업 데이터를 사용하여 파생상품을 통해 위험을 감수하는 기업일수록 이익 조정행태를 더 많이 보이는 연구결과를 제시하였다. 이러한 실증결과는 기업이 위험 감수 활동을 숨기기 위해 이익 을 관리한다는 주장을 뒷받침하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 기업의 위험 감수 활동과 이익조정간의 관계를 식별함으로써 위험관리행태와 이익조정행태에 관한 회계 연구에 많은 기여한다고 볼 수 있다.

This study investigates the effect of corporate risk-management behavior through derivatives usage on earnings management. Firms take either a risk-taking position or a risk-averse position, and they use derivatives to control their business risks based on their corporate risk-management behavior. We question whether corporate risk-management behavior affects the firm’s decision-making such as earnings management. In this study, corporate risk-management behavior is measured by the methodology detailed in Zhang’s (2009) paper. Using 3,645 Korean firm data from 2001 to 2012, we find that the firms with risk-taking position through derivatives are more likely to involve earnings management. The empirical results support the argument that firms manage their earnings by veiling their risk-taking activities. We believe that this study contributes to the accounting literature by identifying the relationship between the firm’s risk-taking activities. Also, our comprehensive results provide insight into earnings management which can be employed to hide the firm's risk-taking activities.

In information systems, “trust” and “risk” have been explored by a few trust-related research studies before, but as two separate issues. The way in which these studies have been designed, however, does not help clarify the relationship between trust and risk since they are studied as unconnected determinants of trusting behavior in electronic commerce. As such, this research attempts to examine and specify the relationships among the core constructs surrounding the issue of trust such as risk and trusting behavior. The context of Internet banking adoption is used to develop a conceptual model that incorporates the direct effects of trust and perceived risk on trusting behavior as well as the mediation of the relationship between trust and trusting behavior by perceived risk.The findings show that perceived risk mediates the relationship between trust and trusting behavior. Specifically, trust in the Internet as a banking medium significantly influences the adoption of Internet banking both directly and indirectly through perceived risk of Internet banking. Trust that the bank will not take advant-age of consumers significantly influences the trusting behavior through perceived risk of Internet banking. This study, thus, extends research on trust in e-commerce by simultaneously examining the influence of trust and perceived risk on e-commerce adoption.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of energy saving behavior. This study aims to analyse the factors that influence energy saving behavior with a focus on socialization factors. Social factors are fundamental determinants of energy behavior, but there has been a lack of systematic research on them. According to the results of the survey data, first, the influence of socialization factors is in the order of peer group > parent > experience. In order to strengthen learning in energy conservation in social relationships, it is necessary to use educational communities in the community where peers can exchange experiences. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen parental education to reinforce education at home and to expand the number of experience facilities where people can experience energy conservation. Second, in the risk perception paradigm, perceived benefits > subjective knowledge > trust > perceived risk affect energy conservation in the order of perceived benefits > subjective knowledge > trust > perceived risk. Although these variables have a great influence on energy conservation, these factors are closely related to socialization factors, so strategies to improve perceived risk, benefits, knowledge, and trust using socialization factors are necessary.

This study investigates the trading behavior of institutional investors in Korea. The findings of this study are as follows. First, Korean investors are just as prone to the disposition effect as U.S. investors but less overconfident than U.S. investors. Second, bond fund shows a higher disposition effect than mixed and equity funds, suggesting that conservative investors tend to delay the needed changes in their portfolio composition when new information forces them to reanalyze the situation and prospects. Third, the disposition effect is sensitive to the reference point changes. Fourth, the disposition effect is positively associated with the length of the holding period, contradicting the findings of previous studies. Finally, the disposition effect in Korea disappears after the global financial crisis, suggesting that Korean investors trade more rationally since the crisis. Our findings indicate that the disposition effect is not a universal phenomenon. The results suggest that the degree of the disposition effect is very sensitive to the type of investor groups.