Earticle

The purpose of this study is to analyze the duties and tasks of international conference protocol using the DACUM method. In order to achieve the objective, the following research questions are formed. First, what are duties and tasks of international conference protocol? Second, what are general knowledge, skills, work behaviors, tools, future trend and concerns of international conference protocol? Third, what are the level of importance, difficulty and frequency of each task? Forth, what are the key tasks of international conference protocol? In order to answer the above research questions, the DACUM method and the survey method were used. Seven duties and 42 tasks were identified as the international conference protocol's job content and the level of importance, difficulty and frequency was measured for each task. Based on the level of these three categories. 12 tasks were identified as key tasks. Among the 12 key tasks. 11 tasks were belong to preparing protocol, inviting VIP and banquet. Also the competencies such as attitude, knowledge, skills and abilities required for the international conference protocol were identified. The result of this study can be utilized to develop training contents for education institutions to train international conference protocol organizer as well as on-the-job training materials. Further studies are needed in the area of identifying general knowledge, skills and attitude of the international conference protocol organizer in each key task. Also since the sample of this study are mainly international conference organizer who work in professional conventional organizer located in Seoul metropolitan area, further study should include international conference protocol organizer in other cities and other convention fields.

사회관계망서비스(SNS)는 무료이지만 통신사에 지불하는 데이터 이용요금과 회원의 정보는 직․간접으로 제 공이 되어야 한다. 그리고 SNS는 스마트 폰과 PC 등 송․수신 기기의 사양이 날로 높아가는 반면에 주로 단문 메시지를 이용하여 작업지시 등을 하는 오염지역이나 반도체 제조공장 등 특수 환경에서 범용 전송 프로토콜을 이용하는 것은 기기조작이 자유롭지 못하고, 보안에 취약한 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문은 위험과 오염 그리 고 크린 존(clean zone)등 특수 환경에서 웨어러블을 지향하는 저전력 저비용의 메시지 전송 프로토콜 IMCP를 ATmega128 기반으로 구현하여 동작 시험 통하여 실용성 검증하였다.

The social networking service (SNS) is free, but the data usage fee paid to the telecommunications company and the member's information must be provided directly or indirectly. In addition, while SNS' specifications for transmitting and receiving devices such as smart-phones and PCs are increasing day by day, using universal transmission protocols in special environments such as contaminated areas or semiconductor manufacturing plants where work instructions are mainly made using short messages is not easy. It is not free and has a problem of weak security. This paper verified the practicality through the operation test by implementing IMCP, a low-power, low-cost message transmission protocol that aims to be wearable in special environments such as risk, pollution, and clean zone based on ATmega128.

인터넷 상의 사용자가 목적지 시스템으로 정보를 전송할 수 있도록 라우팅 정보를 서로 교환하여 라우팅 테이블을 생성하고 변화된 정보를 업데이트 해주는 라우팅 프로토콜 중 가장 중요한 프로토콜이 BGP 이다. 이러한 BGP의 보안 취약점은 TCP/IP의 보안 취약점과 유사하며, 이에 대한 대응기법들이 다수 연구되었으나 기존의 보안 기법들 은 현재 운용중인 BGPv4의 통신과 호환되지 않고, 동시성 문제 등으로 인해 활용되지 못하고 있다. 본 논문은 BGP의 대표적인 보안 취약점에 대한 공격기법인 Fake-IP 공격에 대한 실제 공격실험을 수행하여 공격기법들을 분석하고, Fake-IP 공격을 식별하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다.

The BGP is the most important protocol in routing protocols that exchange routing information to create a routing table and update the changed information so that users on the Internet can transmit information to the destination system. Although the security vulnerabilities of BGP are similar to those of TCP / IP and many countermeasures against them have been studied, the existing security techniques are not compatible with the communication of BGPv4 currently in use and are not utilized due to the concurrency problem and etc. In this paper, we analyze attack techniques by performing real attacks test with Fake-IP attack, which is a representative attack against security vulnerabilities of BGP, and propose a method to identify Fake-IP attack.

This paper discussed criminal responsibility and response related to false electronic medical record. The result of the study is as follows. medical records are documents that record the state of the patients and result of treatment and cannot be seen as a proof. Therefore, it does not constitute the act of false diagnosis, or forgery or modification of private document under criminal law, because forgery or modification under criminal law can be only committed by a person unauthorized to make such documents. It cannot be punished by the Medical Law Article 22 as well. In this provision, 'in detail' means filling out the medical record insufficiently. False statement is different from inadequate statement. Therefore, according to the principle of legality, it does not apply to the Medical Law Article 22. In conclusion, there is no legal basis by which false electronic medical record can be punished. For that reason, the Medical Law must be revised to create relevant penalties. To investigate false electronic medical records, digital forensic technology must be used. In this study, the following was suggested as a legal system to use digital forensic. Electronic medical record needs to be standardized and a new provision be created regarding the obligation to store and discard log records. Also, a national management system must be established for electronic medical records and digital forensic training be provided to nurture experts. By doing so, we can prevent false electronic medical records and use digital forensic in investigation.

The contemporary age is a period of PR for the self. Regardless of how good the quality of goods or services offered is, if it is not made known to the buyers, a sell is impossible. As a result, the contemporary man is flooded with advertisements and is living in a time of over-saturated information. This is not much different in the medical services sector, as it too is experiencing an overflow of information due to the expansion of advertisement approaches to include not only the previous positive-method, but also the negative-method. In tandem, recent advancements in electronics and information technology has made possible a rapid increase in then number of internet advertisements. However, outmoded medical law, which was created to regulate newspapers and billboards, is still being applied to regulate today's modern medical advertisements. At the same time, collateral ordinances such as "corrective statutes for signs and advertisements" are not sufficient in providing the necessary regulatory countermeasures. In the midst of all this, as IPTV is scheduled to be broadcast nationwide starting next year, and with the market for search advertisements and internet advertisements annually growing at a rapid pace, it has become evermore urgent to come up with an adequate regulatory measure. Consequently, it is necessary to look into the possibility of restricting the medium and content of internet medical advertisements as well as realistic schemes for its realization. In particular, regulatory measures that take into consideration the special characteristics of internet advertisements should be found, and the necessity of an prior deliberation procedure and the likelihood of introducing a certification system should be examined.

교통 정보에 있어 위치 인식 시스템은 차량 관리, 교통정보 제공을 위한 기초 기반 기술로 현재 GPS시스템을 기반으로 널리 제공되고 있지만 낮은 정확도와 통신 가시거리 확보로 인한 통신 음영지역이 발생하는 단점을 갖고 있다. 본 논문에서는 무선 RF만으로 정밀한 위치 인식이 가능한 IEEE 802.15.4a의 ISM Band를 사용하는 CSS(Chirp Spread Spectrum)방식을 기반으로 하여 주차장 및 터널 등의 음영지역에서 위치를 인식할 수 있는 다중 위치 인식시스템의 에너지 효율적이고 데이터 중심적인 프로토콜을 제안하고 설계하였다. 측정결과, 15 cm 미만의 오차 범위를 갖으며, 5 % 미만의 데이터 오류율을 갖는 네트워크를 구성할 수 있었으며, 저전력 알고리즘을 적용하여 Tag Node의 수명을 3 V, 1500 mAh 용량의 배터리에서 동작 주기를 적용하여 0.7 일의 수명에서 13.5 일의 수명을 갖는 다중 위치 인식 시스템을 구현 할 수 있었다.

In this paper, we proposed and designed the protocol for energy efficiency and the center of data aiming at the design of a Multi Location Awareness System that recognizes a shadow site in parking and tunnel, which stands on the basis of CSS(Chirp Spread Spectrum) method using ISM Band of IEEE 802.15.4a that aware close location with wireless RF only. As a result of the protocol measurement, it displays the observation errors of less than 15cm, the data error rate of less than 5%, and can implement the Multi Location Awareness System with maximum length of life for 13.5 days using battery of 3V(1500 mAh).

자기지전류(MT) 탐사 자료의 2차원 역산 해석은 역산 블록 모델 설계, 매개변수 최적화, 반복적 수렴성 평가 등 해석자의 전문성과 시행착오를 요구한다. 본 연구에서는 Model Context Protocol(MCP)을 기반으로 대규모 언어 모델이 이 과정을 자율 제어하는 2차원 MT 역산 AI 에이전트를 구축하였다. 기존 역산 엔진(MT2DInvMatlab)은 수정 없이 유지하고, GUI와 에이전트가하나의 영속 세션을 공유하는 “AI–Human–Inversion Loop”를 구현하였다. 호주 Victoria 현장 자료검증을 통해 현장 자료 입력, 측선 설정, 자료 QC, 다양한 매개변수 조합의 반복 실행, 역산 모델 평가에 이르는 전 과정을 AI 에이전트 환경에서 대화형 협업과 명세 기반 자동화로 안정적이고 효율적으로 수행할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Two-dimensional (2D) inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data typically entails advanced domain expertise and repetitive trial and error, involving inversion block model design, parameter opti mization, and convergence appraisal. This study developed an AI agent for 2D MT inversion in which a large language model autonomously controls the numerical workflow based on the Model Context Protocol. The established inversion engine (MT2DInvMatlab) was preserved without source-code modification to guarantee numerical reproducibility, while an “AI?Human?Inversion Loop” was established by sharing a single persistent session between the graphical user interface and the agent. Application to the Victoria field dataset from Australia demonstrated that the complete workflow? comprising data ingestion, survey line segmentation, data quality control, batch execution across diverse parameter combinations, and inversion model appraisal?can be reliably and efficiently conducted through interactive collaboration and specification-based automation within the AI agent environment.

This study was conducted to measure the effects of clinical application of a Nursing Diagnosis Protocol. The dependent variables were the degree of patient's satisfaction and the degree of nurse's satisfaction with the nursing activity. Analysis of the effect of the use of the nursing diagnosis protocol was based on the nursing record. The subjects for this study were 61 nurses(experimental group 31, control group 30) and 155 patients (experimental group 55, control group 100) on four internal medicine wards in K University Hospital in Seoul. Data collection was done from August to October 12,1988. The results obtained in this study can be summarized as follows, 1, Effect of the clinical application of the nursing diagnosis protocol. 1) The first hypothesis ; “nurses who use the nursing diagnosis protocol will have higher degrees of satisfaction than those who use traditional methods” was rejected (t＝.54, df＝58, p＝.59). 2) The second hypothesis ; “patients nursed by nurses using the nursing diagnosis protocol will have higher degrees of satisfaction than those nursed with traditional methods” was supported(t＝1.93, df＝154, p＝.05). 3) The third hypothisis : Major hypothesis ; “the nursing records of the experimental group, who used the nursing diagnosis protocol, will be more detailed than those of the control group” was supported (t＝6.40, df＝79.90, p＝.000). (1) The first subhypothesis ; “The recorded data collection of the experimental group will be more detailed than that of the control group” was rejected (t＝1.79, df＝118, p＝.07). (2) The second subhypothesis ; “The recorded patient's problem statement of the experimental group will be more detailed than that of the control group”, was supported. (3) The third subhypothesis ; “The nursing record of the experimental group will be more convenient for implementation than that of the control group” was supported. 2. Factors related to the nurse's degree of satisfaction with protocol. 1) No general characteristics(age, religion, education level, duty career, present duty career) were related to the nurse's degree of satisfaction. 2) Variables related to the nurse's degree of satisfaction were “satisfaction as a nurse” and “consider nursing as lifelong job” (t＝-2.6, df＝13.22, p＝.02, t＝2.41, df＝23.85, p＝.02). 3. Factors related to the patient's degree of satisfaction. 1) General characteristics related to the patient's degree of satisfaction with nurses using the protocol were age, educational level, and being married.(F＝5.17, df＝3/153, p＝.00, t＝ -2.39, df＝154, p＝,01, f＝5.91, df＝2/153, p＝.00) 2) The variables previous hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, the hospital unit presence of a relative, medical insurance, or medical diagnosis were not related to the patient's degree of satisfaction. 1. The experimental group's nursing record was more detailed than the control group's record with regard to the physical and psychological state of the patients. As noted above, the experimental group nurses, who use a nursing diagnosis had protocol were less satisfied than the control group who used traditional methods of the recording, but experimental group patients had a higher degree of satisfaction than the control group patients. The nursing records of experimental group, using the nursing, diagnosis protocol was more detailed than that of the control group. If the nursing diagnosis protocol is used in clinical nursing practice, the quality of nursing care may be improved.

IEEE 802.11 네트웍에서 핸드오버는 반복되는 인증 및 키교환 절차를 요구하며, 이는 seamless 무선랜 서비스를 제공하는데 있어 큰 방해요소가 된다. 이 논문에서는 IEEE 802.11f를 이용한 빠른 키교환 및 인증 방법을 제안한다. 특히, IEEE 802.11i의 4-way 핸드쉐이크를 표준에 벗어나지 않게 수정하므로써 pre-authentication을 이용했을 때 생길 수 있는 perfect forward secrecy문제를 해결한다. 제안하는 방법은 IEEE 802.11f의 context block과 IEEE 802.11i의 핸드쉐이크만을 이용하며, 핸드오버 시에 AAA 서버와의 통신을 요구하지 않으므로써 효율성을 높였다.

Handover in IEEE 802.11 requires repeated authentication and key exchange procedures, which are an obstacle to seamless services of wireless LAM. We propose a fast authentication and key exchange mechanism using IEEE 802.11f. Especially, by proposing a modified version of the 4-way handshake of IEEE 802.11i, we solve the perfect forward secrecy problem that arises when the pre-authentication is adopted. The scheme can be implemented only using the Context Block of IEEE 802.11f and the 4-way handshake of IEEE 802.11i without involving authentications server's interaction or non-standard behavior between access points. Our scheme is applicable to devices not supporting the us-authentication of IEEE 802.11i and also, it can substitute the pre-authentication when the pre-authentication is failed.

현재 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 보안 프로토콜인 SSL(Secure Sockets Layer)은 배터리 내장 무선 디 바이스에서 사용하기에는 프로토콜 자체가 무겁고, 인증서에서 RSA와 같은 PKI(Public Key Infrastructure) 기반 알고리즘을 사용할 경우, 클라이언트와 서버간의 보안 연결 확립에 오랜 시간이 걸린다. 본 논문에서는 기존 SSL handshake 프로토콜을 수정한 경량화 버전을 연구한다. 이는 저 메모리, 저 전력의 무선 디바이스와 무선네트워크 환경에서 사용하기에 적합하게 설계 되었다. 기존의 클라이언 트에 부하를 가중시키던 연산을 서버 측으로 옮김으로써 클라이언트는 pre_master secret을 생성하거 나 서버의 공개키로 이 값을 암호화 하는 과정과 master secret을 생성하는 과정을 제거시키고, 서버 에서 생성한 master secret을 복호화 하는 과정만을 담당하도록 하였다. 또한 이미 생성한 session에 대해 서버가 그 정보를 저장하고 있는 동안 session 재사용을 통하여 보다 빠른 시간 내에 무선 디바 이스와 서버간의 보안 연결이 가능하도록 설계 하였다.

Currently the most popular secure protocol is SSL(Secure Sockets Layer), but it has some negative aspects: First, it imposes a heavier burden on handheld wireless devices, and when a certificate uses PKI(Public Key Infrastructure) e.g. RSA algorithms, it takes a long time to establish a secure connection between client and server. This paper proposes a lightweight protocol based on the SSL protocol, which is more suitable for handheld wireless devices operating under low-capabilities, low-bandwidth and error-prone wireless links. The new lightweight SSL protocol has designed the SSL to reduce the client computational load, leaving the computational intensive operation on the server side. The client does not need to generate and encrypt the pre_master secret nor calculate the master secret. The only operation the client needs to perform is to decrypt the master secret it has received from the server. Moreover it is able to reduce the response time between client and server using SSL session reuse. It is more suitable to securely connect handheld wireless devices and servers.

목적 : 감각조절장애 아동 3명에게 Wilbarger protocol과 Oral Tactile Technique(OTT)을 적용한 후 감 각처리와 작업수행의 변화를 알아보았다. 연구방법 : 서울시 소재의 B복지관에서 2024년 8월에 실시한 “감각방어집중치료”프로그램에 참여한 5-8세 아동 3명을 대상으로 치료사와 보호자가 Wilbarger protocol과 OTT를 2주 동안 집중 적용하였다. 적용 전과 후에 단축형 감각 프로파일, 감각력 면담, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure(COPM) 을 측정하여 감각처리와 작업수행의 변화를 확인하였다. 결과 : A아동은 단축형 감각 프로파일의 청각 여과하기, B아동은 움직임 민감성, 시각/청각 민감성, C아동 은 촉각 민감성, 청각 여과하기, 시각/청각 민감성 영역에서 치료 이후 긍정적인 변화를 보였다. 모든 아 동의 COPM의 수행도 점수가 치료 이후 향상되었다. 결론 : 감각조절장애 아동 3명에게 Wilbarger protocol과 OTT의 적용은 감각처리 어려움의 증상과 작업 수행에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

Objective : This study aimed to examine changes in sensory processing and occupational performance after applying the Wilbarger protocol and the Oral Tactile Technique (OTT) in three children aged 5-8 years with sensory regulation disorders. Methods : The study involved three children aged 5-8 years who participated in the “Sensory defensiveness focused therapy” program conducted in August 2024. The intervention involved both therapists and caregivers intensively applying the Wilbarger protocol and OTT for two weeks. Before and after the intervention, the Short Sensory Profile (SSP), Sensory History Interview, and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) were used to assess changes in sensory processing and occupational performance. Results : Child A exhibited positive changes in the ‘Auditory filtering’ domain of the SSP following the therapy. Child B showed improvements in ‘Movement sensitivity’ and ‘Visual/Auditory sensitivity’. Child C demonstrated positive changes in ‘Tactile sensitivity’, ‘Auditory filtering’, and ‘Visual/Auditory sensitivity’. All children showed improvement in their performance scores on the COPM following therapy. Conclusion : Application of the Wilbarger protocol and OTT in three children with sensory regulation disorders reveals a positive impact on sensory processing symptoms and occupational performance.

본 연구에서는 동일한 열환경 특성을 가진 공간 분류와 관련하여 전 세계적으로 활용되고 있는 World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools(WUDAPT) protocol의 Local Climate Zone(LCZ) 분류체계 및 분류 방법론을 바탕으로 사례지역인 서울특별시의 도시기후구역 유형을 분류하고, 유형별 특징을 분석하였다. 이를 위해, 구글 어스(Google Earth)를 활용하여 서울특별시를 포함하는 분석 지역을 대상으로 17개 LCZ 유형별 10개의 훈련지역(training area)을 선정한 후 SAGA GIS에서 LCZ 분류 및 분석결과에 대한 보정(Filtering)을 실시하였다. 그 후, ArcGIS를 이용하여 적절한 보정 횟수 분석 및 LCZ 유형별 특징을 도출하였다. 분석 결과, 보정 횟수는 1회가 가장 적절한 것으로 파악되었다. 또한, 연 평균기온 및 최고평균기온이 다른 구에 비해 높은 구 중 양천구와 영등포구는 저층 건물이 밀집해 있으며, 녹지가 적은 LCZ 3과 고층건물이 일정한 간격으로 있으며, 녹지가 풍부한 LCZ 4 유형의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 연 평균기온 및 최고평균기온이 다른 구에 비해 낮은 구 중 종로구, 은평구, 노원구, 관악구는 녹지가 많고, 자연피복으로 이루어진 LCZ A의 비율이 가장 높았다. LCZ 유형별 평균 건폐율, 불투수포장율 및 건물높이는 WUDAPT에서 제시하는 LCZ 유형별 특징의 범위에 속해 있으나, 투수포장율은 LCZ 4~6 및 9~10에서 그 범위를 벗어났다. 본 연구는 국내 도시를 대상으로 한 기존의 도시기후구역 분류 연구에서 활용하지 않았던 WUDAPT protocol의 LCZ 분류 방법론을 활용함으로써 기후구역 분류에 관한 새로운 방법론을 제시하였으며, 기후변화 적응에 관한 공간계획 및 정책수립 과정에서 열환경 요소를 보다 적극적으로 고려하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This study aims to create a Local Climate Zone(LCZ) map of Seoul by using World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools(WUDAPT) protocol, and to analyze the characteristics of the Seoul LCZs. For this purpose, training samples of 17 LCZ types were collected by using Landsat images and Google Earth. LCZ Classification and Filtering were performed by SAGA GIS. An ArcGIS was used to analyze the characteristics of each LCZ type. The characteristics of the LCZ types were analyzed by focusing on building surface fraction ratio, impervious surface fraction ratio, pervious surface fraction ratio, building stories and air temperature. The results show that one filtering was found to be most appropriate. While Yangcheongu and Yeongdeungpogu with the higher annual and maximum mean air temperature than other areas have the higher rate of LCZ 3(compact low-rise) and LCZ 4(open high-rise), Jongnogu, Eunpyeonggu, Nowongu and Gwanakgu with the lower value have the higher rate of LCZ A(Dence trees). The values of building surface fraction ratio, impervious surface fraction ratio and building stories of each LCZ were included in the range of WUDAPT for most LCZs. However, the values of pervious surface fraction ratio were out of the range, in particular, in the LCZs 4~6 and 9~10. This study shows the usability and applicability of the WUDAPT methodology and its climate zone classification used in many countries as a basic data for the landscape planning and policy to improve the thermal environment in urban areas.

With the rise of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), secure and efficient authentication is essential to prevent cyber threats. This paper proposes a session key establishment protocol using Zero-Knowledge Proofs (zk-SNARKs) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), including the Elliptic Curve Diffie?Hellman (ECDH) key exchange, to ensure privacy and efficiency. While zk-SNARK computations introduce additional verification overhead, our optimizations, such as precomputed proof parameters and lightweight session re-authentication, mitigate delays. Performance evaluation shows a 20% reduction in computation overhead and a 75% faster re-authentication time compared to existing methods, making it a secure and practical solution for real-world IoV applications.

Nowadays the role of information systems is getting more and more increased according to the development of information technology. In order to manage complex, various and huge data, it is vital to construct efficient information system. For this effective information system, data have properly to be stored, encoded and represented when needed. This paper presents equipment management information system using wireless application protocol. This system enables us to have remote control of data searching and data management. Also, through the technique of data mining, database resulted from this system can be utilized into expectation and analysis about life-cycle, characteristic, and failure time of equipment, pattern recognition of users, and state of movement, etc.

Many operational technology systems rely on the Modbus remote terminal unit (RTU) standard to provide wired Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, this standard lacks privacy, replay protection, data integrity, and authentication features, leaving devices vulnerable to attackers. To maintain backward compatibility, this study offers a simplified improvement to the Modbus RTU protocol that includes replay protection, integrity, confidentiality, and authentication while maintaining the original frame structure. The proposed protocol prevents spoofing, replay, and data injection attacks, and functions well with embedded devices that have limited resources. It was implemented and tested on an Arduino Mega2560. The additional security layer slightly increases latency and power consumption when compared to the previous protocol. The findings show that robust and practical security can be achieved while making a fair performance trade-off. Therefore, the proposed protocol facilitates secure communication between IoT devices utilizing Modbus RTU in industrial IoT environments.

Wireless sensor networks are composed of a large number of sensor nodes with limited energy resources. One critical issue in wireless sensor networks is how to gather sensed information in an energy efficient way, since their energy is limited. The clustering algorithm is a technique used to reduce energy consumption. It can improve the scalability and lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we introduce a clustering protocol with mode selection (CPMS) for wireless sensor networks. Our scheme improves the performance of BCDCP (Base Station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol) and BIDRP (Base Station Initiated Dynamic Routing Protocol) routing protocol. In CPMS, the base station constructs clusters and makes the head node with the highest residual energy send data to the base station. Furthermore, we can save the energy of head nodes by using the modes selection method. The simulation results show that CPMS achieves longer lifetime and more data message transmissions than current important clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks.

In wireless sensor networks, the implementation of routing protocols is crucial owing to their limited computational capacities. Tree routing is a suitable method in wireless sensors owing to its minimal routing overhead. However, single-hop metric schemes, such as hop count, cause congestion at specific nodes, whereas multiple metric schemes cannot control dynamically changing network environments. To address these issues, we propose a scheme to implement enhanced tree routing with adaptive metrics based on hop count. This approach assigns different weights to metrics to select suitable parent nodes based on hop count. The parent-selection algorithm utilizes hop count, buffer occupancy, and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as metrics. This study evaluates the performance through simulation scenarios to analyze whether improvements can be made to address problems encountered in traditional tree routing. The performance metrics include packet delivery speed, throughput, and end-to-end delay, which vary depending on the volume of network traffic.