Earticle

Explicit Observation of EFL Writing Process Youngju Choi (Chosun University) It has been discussed that process writing approach is more effective than product approach in teaching L1 and L2 writings. Discussion on writing processes in an L1 setting and an ESL setting dates back to late 1970s and early 1980s, respectively. However, it is not easy to find out researches on writing process in an EFL setting. To fill the gap, this paper examines what are the writing processes of EFL students in Korean classroom setting. Korean EFL students uses the product model instead of the process model for their composition. They think writing process should be linear rather than being recursive and hierarchical. Only after finishing the first draft, they try to revise it, mainly focusing on spelling and grammatical errors. Students do not seem to spend enough time in a prewriting stage. No subjects report that they discuss on their topics with others before they start to write. Based on the observation, it also discusses the pedagogical implication of the findings. Teachers need to intervene all the writing stages to help students discover meanings they want to create. Students' awareness of their writing processes is also an important part for better writing. Thus, teacher has to help them to understand what skilled writers do while composing.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of multi-mode simulation learning on critical thinking disposition, on the problem solving process and on clinical competence of nursing students. Methods: A nonequivalentcontrol group with pre-posttest was designed. The participants in this study were 65 students who were enrolled in an emergency and critical nursing course at N university. The treatment group consisted of 33 juniors in 2010 and the control group 32 juniors in 2011. Collected data were analyzed using chi-square, independentt-test, and ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 for Window Program. Results: There were significant increases in problem solving process and clinical competence in the treatment group who participated in the multi-mode simulation learning compared to the control group who did not (t=-2.39, p=.020; F=12.76, p=.001). However, there were no significant differences in critical thinking disposition between the treatment and control group (t=0.40, p=.692). Conclusion: Multi-mode simulation is an effective teaching and learning method to enhance the problem solving process and clinical competence of nursing students. Further exploration is needed to develop and utilizemulti-mode simulation for diverse scenarios, depending on emergency nursing educational goals and environments and to develop a universal method to measure outcomes.

ABSTRACT 1. 序論 1.1 問題의 提起 1.2 硏究의 目的과 範圍 1.3 硏究의 方法 2. 共同生産經濟理論 2.1 過程型 計劃模型 2.2 共同生産過程模型 3. 都市再開發과 共同生産過程的 接近 3. 都市再開發과 共同生産過程的 接近 3.1 都市再開發의 槪念 3.2 都市再開發과 共同生産過程 3.3 都市再開發의 共同生産過程戰略 4. 都市再開發의 共同生産過程의 適用可能性 4.1 外國都市再開發의 發展過程 4.2 우리나라 都市再開發 政策過程의 發展過程 5. 結論 5.1 都市再開發의 共同生産過程接近의 問題 5.2 都市再開發의 共同生産過程的 接近을 위한 提言 註 참고문헌

본 연구에서는 프랜차이즈 점포에서 소비자들의 메뉴 선택 과정에 영향을 주는 변수를 찾고 이를 통 해 결정 장애를 해결하고 빠르게 메뉴를 선택하여 지불하기까지 만족을 위한 방법을 찾고자 하였다. 소 비자의 메뉴 선택에 영향을 주는 개인 성향은 조절성향으로 행동과 평가 지향을 선택하였으며, 프랜차이 즈 점포에 따라서 메뉴 종류가 다양한 점포와 메뉴 종류가 단순한 점포의 특징을 반영하는 선택 대안의 수, 그리고 세트 메뉴와 단순 메뉴를 반영하기 위해 선택 제한 및 방식이 의사 결정 과정에 영향을 주는 지를 검증하였다. 의사 결정을 하는 과정은 소비자가 프랜차이즈 점포 및 메뉴를 선택하기 위한 노력 중 인지적 노력, 그리고 선택하는 중간 과정인 선택 과정의 만족 그리고 마지막으로 계산을 하는 단계인 지 불용의 가격으로 구분하였다. 분석 결과 의사 결정 과정 중에서 인지적 노력에는 선택 대안, 조절 성향과 선택 대안 그리고 선택 제한 상호작용이 영향을 주었으며, 선택에 대한 만족에는 선택 제한, 조절 성향과 선택 대안이 상호작용 영향을 주었으나, 지불용의 가격에는 조절 성향, 선택 제한, 그리고 선택 대안 모 두 영향이 없었다. 지불용의 가격에는 조절 성향과 선택 방식의 상호작용에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났다. 따라서 의사 결정 과정 마다 영향을 주는 변수는 다르며, 소비자가 메뉴 선택에 만족스러운 결과를 얻을 수 있도록 메뉴가 적으면서 다양한 옵션을 제시하는 것이 바람직하다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 프랜차이즈 점포인 맥도날드에서 제공하는 아침 메뉴와 같이 메뉴를 단순화하고 옵션을 다양하게 하는 전략이 소비자의 의사 결정 과정을 빠르게 하고 높은 가격을 제시할 수 있는 전략이 될 수 있다.

The effects of the Regulation mode, Assortment size, option limitation, and Regulatory fit of choice on the decision-making process (cognitive effort, satisfaction with the choice process, and willingness to pay) were verified through <Experiment 1> and <Experiment 2>. In <Experiment 1>, the Regulation mode, Assortment size, and the option limitation were verified for the decision-making process (cognitive effort, satisfaction with the choice process, and willingness to pay). In <Experiment 2>, The impact on cognitive effort and willingness to pay was verified. Through <Experiment 1>, the cognitive effort in the decision-making process was influenced by Assortment size, Regulation mode and Assortment size, and option limitation, and option limitation, Regulation mode and Assortment size influences interactions to satisfaction with choice. However, the willingness to pay was not affected by the Regulation mode, Assortment size, and option limitation. In <Experiment 2>, which was conducted to find the variables that affect cognitive effort and willingness to pay. It was found that the Regulatory fit effects on cognitive effort, and the interaction between the moderation tendency and the Regulatory fit was influenced by the willingness to pay. Therefore, the variables that affect each decision-making process are different, and in order to satisfy the consumer's choice of a menu, it can be said that it is desirable to present various options with few menus. Therefore, a strategy that simplifies menus and diversifies options, such as McDonald's breakfast menu, can be a strategy that can speed up the decision-making process of consumers and offer high prices. It can be said that it is necessary to provide lunch specials to busy office workers in franchises or individual stores in order to speed up the selection of lunch menus and to allow a variety of options to be selected for lunch specials.

In this study, an analytical realization of end-milling system was introduced using recursive parametric modeling analysis. Also, the numerical mode analysis of end-milling system with different conditions was performed systematically. In this regard, a recursive least square modelling algorithm and the natural mode for real part and imaginary one was discussed. This recursive approach (RLSM) can be adopted for on-line end-milling identification. After experimental practice of the end-milling, the end-milling force was obtained and it was used for the calculation of FRF (Frequency response function) and mode analysis. Also the FRF was analysed for the prediction of a end-milling system using recursive algorithm.

사법 환경은 법관의 사유 방식에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 현재의 사법개혁은 중국의 기층 법치 환경을 전통 및 현대의 이원화가 공존할 수 있도록 만들었다. 이러한 환경의 법치 하에서 기층법관이 농민 안건을 처리 할 때의 사유 방식은 전통적이거나 급진적일 수 없도록 만들었고, 분쟁 해결시 “과도기적” 사유방식을 사용하게 되었다. 본 논문은 농민 관련 안건중 당사인 일방 또는 쌍방의 이혼 분쟁, 인접권 분쟁, 상속 분쟁, 대출 분쟁, 불법 행위 등 민사 안건에 관하여 다루고 있다. 또한 기층법관이 농민 안건을 처리할 때 의 사유 방식을 연구대상으로 하며, 기층법관의 사유방식 중 존재하는 문제점 에 대해 분석하고, 이러한 문제를 바탕으로 기층법관이 사유방식으로 갖추어야 할 부분들에 대해 언급한다. 본 논문은 총 3부분으로 나누어져 있다. 첫 부분 은 기층법관 사유의 가치이론에 대해 언급하며, 농촌의 실제 상황아래 기층법 관이 농민 안건을 처리할 때 갖추어야 할 사유방식의 이론적 기초, 질서성, 기 층사법의 향토성 및 분쟁해결의 법외성을 언급한다. 두 번째 부분에서는 기층 법관 사유방식의 현황을 고찰하고, 현재 기층법관이 농민 안건 처리시 사용하 는 사유방식 존재의 문제점을 제시하며, 기층사법, 농촌실제 및 법제환경의 영 역에서부터 출발하여 분리성 사유방식을 포함한 보편성 사유방식, 보수성 사유 방식, 단일성 사유방식, 질서성 사유방식에 대해 서술한다. 마지막 부분에서는 기층법관의 사유방식의 구성을 다룬다. 이는 제 2부분 기층법관이 농민안건을 처리할 때 사용하는 사유방식의 현황을 바탕으로 본토사법의 정합성 사유, 사 법 능동적 전통성 사유 및 실질이성의 편중성 사유 총 3방면의 “과도성”사유방 식을 제안한다. 이 중 본토 사법의 정합성 사유는 융통성 사유부터 이전성 사 유까지 서술하도록 한다. 사법능동적 전통성 사유는 주동 및 피동의 종합이고, 법외 및 법내의 종합이며, 실질이성의 편중성사유가 농민안건의 처리 과정 중 의 편중이 강조된 것으로 용인성 및 행위는 재판결과 진행에 대한 조사를 이끌 어 낼 수 있다.

Judicial environment is one of the important factors that influence the judge’s thinking mode, the current judicial reform at the grass-roots level of the rule of law environment in our country is in a state of traditional and modern binary coexist. In such circumstances of rule of law, when local judges handle farmer related cases their thinking way can't old and radical, more need to combined with the actual situation of the judicial environment, using the “transitional” way of thinking in handling disputes. This paper referred to farmer related cases are mainly refers to one or both parties as the farmer main body of divorce disputes, such as neighboring rights disputes, inheritance disputes, folk lending disputes, personal tort disputes involving rural areas of civil cases. The article is divided into three parts, the first part of the value of the local judges thinking theory, in the countryside actual situation, proposes basic judge processing farmer related cases by the way of thinking is necessary theoretical basis, namely basic judge processing farmer related cases should have the order of local society, the grassroots judicial nativity and the extrajudicial nature to resolve disputes; The second part about the thinking mode of the status of local judges, puts forward the basic judges processing farmer related cases using the existing disadvantages of way of thinking and the insufficiency, not from the grassroots judicial, the pattern of rural practical and legal environment, way of thinking too radical, ignoring the transitional, including separation mode of thinking, universal way of thinking, conservative way of thinking, single way of thinking, and programming thinking way; Third part speaks at the construction of the local judges of thinking modes, for the second part of basic-level judges dealing with farmer related cases puts forward the thinking mode of the integration thinking of local judicature, the overall thinking of judicial action and the tendentious thinking of substantive rationality on three aspects of “transitional” way of thinking, thinking in which the integration thinking of local judicature melts connectivity and transformation of thinking, the overall thinking of judicial action includes the active and passive as a whole and extrajudicial and law as a whole, the tendentious thinking of substantive rationality on emphasizes on the process of focusing on farmer related cases and the acceptability and behavior guide to examine the result of the referee.

司法环境是影响法官思维方式的重要因素之一，当前的司法改革使我 国的基层法治环境处于传统和现代二元共存的状态. 在这样的法治环境 下，基层法官办理涉农案件的思维方式不能守旧更不能激进，需要结合 司法环境的实际情况，在处理纠纷时采用“过渡性”的思维方式. 本文所指 涉农案件主要是指当事人一方或双方为农民主体的离婚纠纷、相邻权纠 纷、继承纠纷、民间借贷纠纷、人身侵权纠纷等涉及农村领域的民事案 件. 本文以基层法官办理涉农案件的思维方式为研究对象，剖析基层法官 处理涉农案件采用的思维方式所存在的问题，并针对这些问题构建基层 法官所应具备的思维方式. 文章分为三部分，第一部分讲基层法官思维的 价值理论，在遵循农村实际的情况下提出构建基层法官处理涉农案件所 应具备的思维方式的理论基础，即基层法官处理涉农案件应具备的乡土 社会的秩序性、基层司法的乡土性以及纠纷解决的法外性；第二部分讲 基层法官的思维方式现状，提出了当前基层法官处理涉农案件采用的思 维方式存在的弊端和不足，未能从基层司法、农村实际和法制环境的格 局出发，思维方式过于激进，忽略了过渡性，包括分离性思维方式、普 遍性思维方式、保守性思维方式、单一性思维方式、程式性思维方式； 第三部分讲基层法官的思维方式建构，针对第二部分基层法官处理涉农 案件的思维方式现状提出了本土司法的整合性思维、司法能动的统筹性 思维和实质理性的侧重性思维三方面的“过渡性”思维方式，其中本土司法 的整合性思维从融通性思维和转化性思维进行了阐述，司法能动的统筹 性思维包括了主动与被动的统筹、法外与法内的统筹，实质理性的侧重 性思维强调了对涉农案件处理过程的侧重并以可接受性和行为引导对裁 判结果进行检视.

With the development of computer and network communication, the economic and social mode of production has had the profound change, led to the global market gradually formed based on knowledge, competition and cooperation. In this paper, by using analytic hierarchy process, the author research on knowledge innovation and human resource management mode based on knowledge innovation Data was collected from the network big data, the result shows that work autonomy is the most important motivation factors of knowledge workers, ratio for 50.51%; while individual growth according for 33.74%. Enterprises need to pay attention to the four important factors of talent incentive, as attractive prospects for the development, personal growth opportunities, good working environment and comprehensive compensation strategy.

This paper has pointed out the factors affecting its logistics mode selection by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of current cross-border e-commerce logistics mode, at the same time, adopted one case to prove the influence of these factors on the selection of cross-border e-commerce mode, aiming to provide reference of logistics mode selection for enterprises which intends to enter cross-border e-commerce industry.

This study is an exploratory case study of writing strategies that Korean EFL graduate students in applied linguistics employed in the semester-long process of L2 computer-mode research paper writing with the use of multiple resources. Data for writing processes and strategy and resource use were largely collected from a writing strategy inventory questionnaire and writing logs, which were complemented by a keystroke logging program, video recordings and retrospective recall interviews. The results of the study reveal the influence of genre features and variations across writing stages, strategies, resources, and individual writers. Planning was intermingled with researching. The participants deployed certain strategies only at a particular stage or throughout the whole writing process. The students who had higher education in English-speaking countries used fewer strategies and preferred electronic resources to print resources than those who were educated mainly in Korea. The latter also showed a tendency of employing self-regulatory strategies. Findings from the study suggest that the research paper writing process is resourceful, strategic and individually situated, and it involves complex composing behaviors accompanied by more varied strategies and resources than shown in studies of one-time reading-to-write tasks.

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a preventive technique in reliability management field. The successful implementation of FMEA technique can avoid or reduce the probability of system failure and achieve good product quality. The FMEA technique had applied in vest scopes which include aerospace, automatic, electronic, mechanic and service industry. The marking process is one of the back ends testing process that is the final process in semiconductor process. The marking process failure can cause bad final product quality and return although is not a primary process. So, how to improve the quality of marking process is one of important production job for semiconductor testing factory. This research firstly implements FMEA technique in laser marking process improvement on semiconductor testing factory and finds out which subsystem has priority failure risk. Secondly, a CCD position solution for priority failure risk subsystem is provided and evaluated. According analysis result, FMEA and CCD position implementation solution for laser marking process improvement can increase yield rate and reduce production cost. Implementation method of this research can provide semiconductor testing factory for reference in laser marking process improvement.

This study investigates the Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) Method for the railroad vehicle. Recently, RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety) is one of the most important issues in the railroad industry. FMECA is prerequisite for the RAMS Analysis, and it is a procedure to identify the potential failure modes and their effects and to reduce or mitigate the critical effects on the system. FMECA is used in various industries and it is specialized in each industry. For instance, MIL-1629a and SAE-J1739 are specialized FMECA method for Military industry and Automotive industry, respectively. Although the railroad industry requires the high reliability system, it does not have a specialized FMECA yet. Thus, in this paper, an FMECA method specialized to the railroad vehicle was proposed through analyses and comparison of the MIL-1629a, SAE-J1739 and IEC-60812 standards.

Social enterprises have emerged to provide innovative solutions to ever-existing social problems onthe basis of the market, gradually introducing franchising as a way to strategically expand socialinfluence. However, in spite of its significance, sufficient review has yet been made on the practicemethods and concrete process of this, and few researches have been conducted on socialenterprises in China, whose scale and influence are limited. In order to review the mechanism onthe development process of social franchising in Chinese social enterprises, semi-structuredin-depth interviews were conducted on four representative social enterprises that applied socialfranchising methods in China, using embedded multi-case analysis method. Early education, welfarefor the elderly, and job-integrated social enterprises were closely examined for their social franchisedevelopment process, and as a result, they showed similar aspects to commercial franchises in theprocedures of partner selection, contract conclusion and management, etc., but differed greatly inthe practical content and use of the brand, management and compliance, and other considerationsincluding the ultimate goal. The results of this study contribute to relevant future research andacademic development on social franchise as a measure to expand the influence of socialenterprises, and also provide an important reference point from the practical perspective ofexpanding the effective influence of social enterprises.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of multi-mode simulation learning on critical thinking disposition, on the problem solving process and on clinical competence of nursing students. Methods: A non-equivalent control group with pre-posttest was designed. The participants in this study were 65 students who were enrolled in an emergency and critical nursing course at N university. The treatment group consisted of 33 juniors in 2010 and the control group 32 juniors in 2011. Collected data were analyzed using chi-square, independent t-test, and ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 for Window Program. Results: There were significant increases in problem solving process and clinical competence in the treatment group who participated in the multi-mode simulation learning compared to the control group who did not (t=-2.39, p=.020; F=12.76, p=.001). However, there were no significant differences in critical thinking disposition between the treatment and control group (t=0.40, p=.692). Conclusion: Multi-mode simulation is an effective teaching and learning method to enhance the problem solving process and clinical competence of nursing students. Further exploration is needed to develop and utilize multi-mode simulation for diverse scenarios, depending on emergency nursing educational goals and environments and to develop a universal method to measure outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to analyze if product or process improvement play mediating roles in the performance of new ventures in Korea from a resource-based view. It further examines whether there is a difference between the non-equity entry mode and equity entry mode of a foreign market. In accordance with this purpose, data were collected from surveys on venture enterprises in Korea and analysis was done using a structural equation model. The results of this study found that innovation (product and process improvement) is affected by internationalization, entrepreneurship, and hostile environment. SMEs and/or new ventures (NVs) tend to make efforts to improve their products in order to create competitive advantage in their target markets when they advance into new foreign markets. Entrepreneurship was verified to be a vital factor in innovation. The hostile environment of a foreign market was found to have a significant effect on process improvement. Analysis showed that innovation played a partial mediating role between independent variables and management performance. In addition, structural relationship among them exhibited partial differences depending on the foreign market entry mode.

산업체에서 이미 보편화되어 온 FMEA기법의 목적은 발생가능성이 있는 하자형태를 파악하고, 고객에게 미칠 고장 발생 요인을 우선 순위별로 사전에 제거하도록 이행하는 예방조치의 한 수단이다. FMEA는 초기 단계(Design 개념 설정시)에서 작성하는 Design FMEA와 양산되기 전에 시기 적절하게 작성하는 Process FMEA의 두 종류가 있다. (설계기능이 없는 공급자에게는 Process FMEA만 해당) 본 연구에서는 Process FMEA를 건설업의 시공분야에 적용하여 품질향상의 신뢰성을 높이고 Life Cycle Analysis, Risk Analysis 등의 기초자료로 활용이 가능한 기본자료(DATA)를 축적할 수 있는 방안을 연구하였다.

The aim of FMEA method which is already generalized in the industry engineering is to grasp a possibility that defect forms will appear. And it is a means of prevention step to let person remove obstacles which have an influence on customers beforehand in order. The two parts of FMEA are Design FMEA which we prepare in an early stage and Process FMEA which we prepare in time previous to mass production. This Study apply Process FMEA to execution fields of the construction industry.

본 연구에서는 유류로 오염된 현장 주유소를 대상으로 토양증기추출 공정 적용시 연속추출과 간헐추출 운전의 효율성을 검토하였다. 공기주입 후 압력을 측정한 결과 동일 조건에서도 공기주입정 헤드(head) 압력이 상이하게 나타나 실험부지내 토양이 매우 불균일하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 간헐식은 1시간 가동 후 3시간 정지시켰으며, 연속식은 50분 가동 후 10분 휴지하는 것을 연속추출한 것으로 가정하였다. 송풍기의 용량은 $1m^3/min$이었다. 추출모드의 영향실험은 오염농도가 심한 두 지점을 선정하여 실시하였으며, 48시간 동안 온라인 모니터링으로 측정한 TPHgas 농도를 적산하여 비교한 결과 1시간 가동 후 3시간 휴지한 간헐추출모드가 연속추출모드보다 높게 나타났다. 일반적으로 토양증기추출 공정이 장기간 가동된다는 점을 고려한다면 오염가스 휘발량, 전력비용, 그리고 시설의 감가상각비 등에서 볼 때 간헐추출모드로 운전하는 것이 연속추출모드 보다 더 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to evaluate effect of extraction mode on SVE efficiency for fuel-contaminated soil. A gas station was selected for this study. As a result of pressure test in well head, soil texture of contaminated site under the gas station was very different from site to site. SVE system was operated in intermittent mode (1hr extraction / 3hr rest) or continuous mode. Capacity of air blower was $1m^3/min$. Extration mode test was conducted in two severe contaminated sites. In both two sites, cumulative TPHgas mass of intermittent extraction mode was higher than that of continuous mode. Considering long term operation of SVE in a field, in general, it was thought that intermittent extraction mode was effective in view of vaporized TPHgas mass and electrical cost.

We suggest a process for the basic software configurations and application development in the mode management design of AUTOSAR-based ECU. Mode management is an essential task and AUTOSAR provides the mode management components for the runtime state handling of an ECU, such as BswM, application mode manager and RTE. BswM is used to meet the custom's requirements for ECU state handling. The behavior of BswM is configured with a set of rules in the form of "if-else" statements, so it is a complicated job and a potential source of errors as the number of rules increases. These difficulties can be overcome using the Model-Based Development approach, which is widely used in the AUTOSAR SW development. An efficient process is proposed to apply the MBD approach to the BswM configuration. An application mode development process is also proposed to improve the mode management design by combining the MBD process. Development tools are developed to adapt these proposed processes to the traditional ones. Simulation and experimental results are provided to prove the feasibility of the proposed approach.

안전밸브(PSV)는 다양한 원인으로 발생하는 압력이 설정 압력에 도달하면 자동적으로 스프링이 작동하면서 분출되고 일정 압력 이하가 되면 정상상태로 복원되는 안전장치이다. 안전밸브는 압력상승 등 비정상 상태에서 정상 작동할 수 있도록 주기적인 검사와 모니터링 이행이 필수적이다. 그러나 현행 안전검사는 정해진 주기에만 수행되고 있어 정상작동 여부의 안전성을 확보하는 데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 안전관리에 필요한 안전밸브의 고장모드와 원인요소를 찾아 평가항목을 개발하였다. 그리고 항목의 우선순위를 도출하여 안전성 확보를 위한 의사결정 정보를 제공하고자 한다. 이를 위해 15명의 전문가를 대상으로 안전밸브(PSV)의 Failure Mode Cause Factor(FMCFs)와 관련하여 중요하다고 판단되는 평가요인을 도출하기 위해 3차례에 걸친 델파이(Delphi) 조사를 수행하였다. 그 결과 안전밸브의 6개 고장모드와 그 하위요인 22개의 평가요인을 선정하였다. 이와 같이 선정된 평가요인들의 우선순위를 분석하기 위해 계층구조를 도식화하였고 우선순위 계산에는 계층적 의사결정 방법(AHP)을 적용하였다. 분석결과 FMCFs의 고장모드 우선순위는 'Leakage'(0.226), 'Fail to open'(0.201), 'Fail to relieve req'd capacity'(0.152), 'Open above set pressure'(0.149), 'Spuriously open'(0.146), 'Stuck open'(0.127) 순으로 확인하였다. FMCFs의 하위 우선순위는 'PSV component rupture'(0.109), 'Fail to PSV size calculation'(0.068), 'PSV Spring aging'(0.065), 'Erratic opening'(0.059), 'Damage caused by improper installation and handling'(0.058), 'Fail to spring'(0.053) 등의순으로확인하였다. 우선순위가 결정된 FMCFs 효율적인 관리를 통해 안전밸브의 취약점을 파악하고 안전성을 향상하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The safety valve (PSV) is a safety device that automatically releases a spring when the pressure generated by various causes reaches the set pressure, and is restored to a normal state when the pressure falls below a certain level. Periodic inspection and monitoring of safety valves are essential so that they can operate normally in abnormal conditions such as pressure rise. However, as the current safety inspection is performed only at a set period, it is difficult to ensure the safety of normal operation. Therefore, evaluation items were developed by finding failure modes and causative factors of safety valves required for safety management. In addition, it is intended to provide decision-making information for securing safety by deriving the priority of items. To this end, a Delphi survey was conducted three times to derive evaluation factors that were judged to be important in relation to the Failure Mode Cause Factor (FMCFs) of the safety valve (PSV) targeting 15 experts. As a result, 6 failure modes of the safety valve and 22 evaluation factors of its sub-factors were selected. In order to analyze the priorities of the evaluation factors selected in this way, the hierarchical structure was schematized, and the hierarchical decision-making method (AHP) was applied to the priority calculation. As a result of the analysis, the failure mode priorities of FMCFs were 'Leakage' (0.226), 'Fail to open' (0.201), 'Fail to relieve req'd capacity' (0.152), 'Open above set pressure' (0.149), 'Spuriously' 'open' (0.146) and 'Stuck open' (0.127) were confirmed in the order. The lower priority of FMCFs is 'PSV component rupture' (0.109), 'Fail to PSV size calculation' (0.068), 'PSV Spring aging' (0.065), 'Erratic opening' (0.059), 'Damage caused by improper installation and handling' (0.058), 'Fail to spring' (0.053), etc. were checked in the order. It is expected that through efficient management of FMCFs that have been prioritized, it will be possible to identify vulnerabilities of safety valves and contribute to improving safety.

세계 환경규제가 강화되면서 액화천연가스의 사용량이 지속해서 증가하고 있다. 안정적이고 효율적인 액화천연가스 생산을 위해서는 운전 조건을 세분화하여 감시하는 시스템 구축이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 천연가스 액화플랜트 성분 분리공정을 해석하여 구축한 동적 모델 데이터를 대상으로 다중 모드 감시시스템 개발 방법을 제안하였다. 먼저 전체 정상 데이터를 주성분분석과 k-평균 군집화 방법론을 사용하여 다중 정상 운전 모델로 구분하였다. 그 다음, 새로운 데이터 값을 k-최근접 알고리즘으로 구축된 다중 정상 모드와 매칭하였다. 마지막으로, 다중 모드 주성분분석 감시 기법을 통해 공정 데이터의 이상 여부를 판별하였다. 제시된 방법론은 45가지 이상경우에 적용하였고, 기본 주성분분석 방법론과 단변수 감시 방법론과의 비교를 통해 속도와 정확도 지표에서 평균 약 5~10%이상 우수함을 입증하였다.

The consumption of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has increased annually due to the strengthening of international environmental regulations. In order to produce stable and efficient LNG, it is essential to divide the global (overall) operating condition and construct a quick and accurate monitoring system for each operation condition. In this study, multi-mode monitoring system is proposed to the LNG plant fractionation process. First, global normal operation data is divided to local (subdivide) normal operation data using global principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering method. And then, the data to be analyzed were matched with the local normal mode. Finally, it is determined the state of process abnormality through the local PCA. The proposed method is applied to 45 fault case and it proved to be more than 5~10% efficient compared to the global PCA and univariate monitoring.