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Driven by evolvement of AI technology, a series of innovative technologies and tools, such as crowdsourcing translation, remote-video interpreting, human-computer interactive translation, VR/AR interpreting, smart translation pen, portable translation device, and AI simultaneous interpreting technology have made their presence and practical application in various fields and scenes. Technology is reconstructing the traditional translation in an unprecedented way, leading to heated discussion on reform of translation profession and translation education. As translation technology is an undeniable trend, it is necessary to redefine translation competence saying that technical competence is a must for future translators. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted via telephones and emails on the current situation of translation technology curriculum in MA/MTI Translation/Interpreting programs in China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, etc. This study will present the common problems found in those programs and provide constructive suggestions to them, as maybe referred by future translation technology education in a global view.

In the new era, the development and transformation of economy and society in China need more high-quality technicians. However, the traditional and conservative talent training model is far from satisfying the demand of the new development. Therefore, Modern Apprenticeship has gradually become the optimal model for cultivating new talents in China. Because the harmony of mentoring relationship directly affects the effective implementation of Modern Apprenticeship, this article is committed to exploring the present situation and problems of this relationship based on the perspective of students, and attempting to explain the underlying reasons, which are important evidence for improving this relationship. Only by establishing a stable and harmonious mentoring relationship can we really promote the development of Modern Apprenticeship and vocational education for better.

The aim of this paper is to analyze “City of Glass,” a novella written by Paul Auster, in terms of the problems of identity and search for possibility. While traditional detective novels have a “conservative ideological form,” as Bennet and Royle suggest, no such form or structure is emphasized in Paul Auster’s “City of Glass.” The traditional detective novel’s predominant quest-motif about the offender’s identity shifts towards the question about the fake detective’s identity in this novella. Therefore, it is interwoven with the issues of identity; fragmented selves, split personalities, multiple, confused, and mistaken identities. The protagonist named Daniel Quinn loses his identity and cannot decide whether he is real or fictitious. It is noticeable that Auster’s life experience constitutes his personal identity which is quite often projected onto his protagonist. His identity crisis, caused by many struggles as a beginning writer, losing his wife and son due to divorce, or the hostile environment of New York is reflected in the novella. Daniel Quinn fails in his search for identity and, as a result, his search for identity is portrayed as confused, uncertain, and unfinished.

본 연구의 목적은 한국형 온라인 공개강좌(K-MOOC)의 문제점과 개선방안을 전문가들의 관점에서 분 석하여 제시하는데 있다. 관련 전문가들을 대상으로 초점집단 인터뷰(Focus group interview)를 실시한 결과, 학습 콘텐츠 측면에서는 학습 목적에 따른 차별화 전략 부재, 대학교육용 콘텐츠 개발 및 서비스 체계로 단순화, 콘텐츠의 내용적 획일화와 경직성 문제, 학습환경 및 플랫폼의 설계 측면에서는 학습 동기 유발을 위한 인센티브 설계 부족, 미흡한 학습자 지원 기능, 교수･학습설계 측면에서는 학습 촉진 을 위한 교수 설계 요소 부족, 상호작용이 용이하지 않은 UI/UX 디자인, 사업추진체계 측면에서는 사업 성격에 부합하지 않는 성과평가지표 요소의 포함과 함께 절대적 재정지원 부족 등이 지적되었다. 앞으 로 사업 거버넌스에 전문가 참여를 확대하고, 모바일 환경을 수용한 완결된 플랫폼 구축과 함께 혁신 적인 교수․학습 서비스 품질 제고 개선 노력이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems and improvement measures of K-MOOCs from the perspective of experts. Focus group interviews were conducted with relevant experts, and the results showed that in terms of learning content, there is a lack of differentiation strategy according to learning purpose, simplification of content development and service system for university education, uniformity and rigidity of content, and lack of incentive design to motivate learning; in terms of learning environment and platform design, insufficient learner support functions; in terms of teaching and learning design, lack of teaching design elements to promote learning, UI/UX design that is not easy to interact with; and in terms of project governance lack of absolute financial support along with the inclusion of performance evaluation indicators that do not match the nature of the business. In the future, it is necessary to expand the participation of experts in project governance, build a complete platform that accommodates mobile environments, and improve the quality of innovative teaching and learning services.

본 연구는 위드코로나 시대 대학 수업의 한 형태로 주목받고 있는 하이브리드 수업의 실제 운영 현황을 살펴보고, 온·오프라인 학습이 병행되는 상황에서 교수자와 학습자가 경험하게 되는 문제점 을 분석하여 보다 효율적인 지원 방안을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2022년 1학기 수도권 A대학 에서 하이브리드 수업을 운영한 교수자 2인을 대상으로 각각 수업관찰과 심층면담을 진행하고, 눈 덩이 표집방식을 활용하여 A대학을 포함한 여러 대학에서 개설된 하이브리드 수업을 수강한 대학생 105명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 하이브리드 수업의 필요성과 편리성에 도 불구하고, 처음 하이브리드 수업 방식으로 운영된 수업을 경험한 교수자와 학습자들은 많은 어 려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 교수자의 경우에는 ‘온·오프라인 수업활동 병행을 위한 물리적 환경 및 기술적 어려움’, ‘수업 재구성의 부담’, ‘수업 중 상호작용의 어려움’을, 학습자의 경우에는 ‘(수업세팅 준비와 기술적 문제 등으로 인한) 수업손실’, ‘학습자와 상호작용의 어려움’, ‘기술적 어려 움’을 가장 큰 문제점으로 지적하였다. 학습자의 하이브리드 수업 참여모드 별로 비교해보면 상대적 으로 오프라인 학습자보다 온라인 학습자의 불만이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 하이브리드 수업을 통 한 학습의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 대학에서 교수자를 위한 지원을 다각화하고, 특히 온·오프라인 학습자의 서로 다른 요구와 환경을 고려하여 적절한 수업설계와 운영이 이루어질 수 있도록 수업준 비 단계부터 교수설계 관련 지원을 제공하고 하이브리드 환경에 적합한 수업재구성이 이루어져야 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 하이브리드 수업의 운영을 위한 새로운 교수-학습 모델을 도출 하기 위해 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되어 진다.

This study analyzed current practice of hybrid instruction and main issues to suggest support measures to further improve college learning. To this end, an online survey of 105 students, as well as class observations and in-depth interviews with college instructors who taught hybrid classes, were conducted. Despite the necessity and convenience of hybrid instruction, instructors and students who experienced hybrid instruction for the first time faced many challenges and difficulties. For instructors, 'increased workload due to on/offline classroom set-up and technical glitches, 'burden of class reconstruction’, ‘facilitating class interaction among on/offline students’ were most difficult to deal with. For students, ‘extra time for hybrid classroom set-up’, ‘difficulty interacting with students in different mode’, ‘technical glitches’ were pointed out as the major issues. In order to facilitate meaningful learning in hybrid instruction, universities should diversify support measures for instructors and, in particular, provide extra support for instructional design customized for hybrid instruction. It is expected that this study can be used as basic data to derive a new teaching-learning model for the operation of college hybrid instruction.

효율적인수출지원제도활용과수출성과를분석하기위하여수출중소기업에대한현황을살펴 보고지자체,수출지원기관차원에서중소기업의수출성과의지속적인성장을위한실질적인수출 중소기업의수출성과에대한결정요인에초점을두었다. 이를위해수출역량, 지원성과약점, 지원제도문제, 인프라문제, 수출마인드, 경쟁력등과 수출목표달성만족도의관계에관한연구모형과가설을통한검증을토대로수출중소기업의수출 성과의결정요인을분석하여수출지원제도의효율성을높이는데목적을두고있다.

In order to analyze efficient export support systemand export performance, we reviewed the current status of SMEs and focused on the determinants of actual performance of export support systemfor sustainable growth of SMEs' export performance at local governments and export support agencies. To this end, we analyze the determinants of export performance of SMEs based on the researchmodel and hypothesis on the relationshipbetween export capacity, support performanceweakness, support systemproblem, infrastructure problem, exportmind, competitiveness, and export target satisfaction. The aim is to increase the efficiency of the export support system.

세계화시대에 해외투자와 무역, 선교, 여행 등으로 우리국민의 활동영역이 해마다 점점 커지고 있는 상황에서 위험지역에 노출된 한국인들의 인질납치의 가능성과 위협은 매우 높아졌다. 서방 사람들을 주로 납치했던 국제 테러단체들이 공격 대상을 확대하여 한국인을 포함시킴에 따라 2004년 김선일 납치살해사건, 2007년 7월19일 아프가니스탄 탈레반 무장 세력의 선교봉사단 피랍사태, 2009년 3월15일 예멘의 한국인 관광객 폭탄테러사건 등의 사태가 발생하였고, 동남아시아, 아프리카 등 공해상의 해적집단에 의해 선박과 함께 한국인의 인질납치 사건(동원호 납치사건, 마부노호 인질납치사건 등) 또한 급증하고 있는 상황이다. 인질납치는 사건의 특성상 무력으로 해결하려다 실패하고 인질이 살해될 경우 해당 국가기관에 엄청난 압력과 영향을 주기 때문에 해당 정부나 기업이 웬만하면 몸값을 지불하고 해결하려 들 수밖에 없다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구에서는 해외에서 발생한 한국인의 인질납치테러사건을 분석하고 종결과정을 통해 나타난 문제점을 도출하여 우리국민의 안전과 국가위기의 상황을 다시 인식하고 그에 따른 해외한국인에 대한 인질납치사건의 예방과 대응 방향을 제시하는 목적에서 전개되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 도출된 내용을 통해 향후 해외한국인에 대한 인질납치사건에 대한 예방과 기본방향을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가통제력 감소와 제도권 밖의 사건에 대한 구체적이고도 명확한 정책적 대안이 필요하다. 둘째, 국제정치에 대한 이해와 한국의 총체적 외교역량을 재차 점검할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 위험지역에 대한 철저한 정보역량과 위험지역에 무방비 상태의 한국 국민이 노출되는 것을 사전에 적극적으로 방지하는 등 정부의 적극적인 기법연구와 대책이 필요하다. 넷째, 한국인은 대내외적으로 국민 개개인의 안전 불감증 고취와 테러에 대한 경각심을 더욱 높여야 하며, 정부의 시책에 적극 따를 수 있는 국민의 공감대 형성이 절실하다.

The 9.11 demonstrated that terrorist attack could be more serious problem than the war in our modern life. No countries in the world have evaded being a target for terrorists today. As well as South Korea, the whole world must share attentions and responsibilities for fighting against the terrorism. Since the international terrorist groups have expanded their targets from Western countries to Koreans, civilian hostages are no longer other’s affair; it became a serious threat to public. Increased Korean investment, trade, missionary, and travel overseas also expanded activity regions worldwide. It also result increased terrorist threats and possible abduction. The number of kidnapping crisis has increased since the terrorists use it as an effective method of sending a message. Piracy refers to a broad range of violent acts at sea, and has traditionally been regarded as common enemies. Piracy constitutes a great threat to the security of navigation as well as to the safety of vessels and crews. Lessons from hostage issues such as Korean hostage crisis in Somalia and Afghanistan show that it can cause criticism on moral issues if armed rescue missions fail or hostages are killed, so the governments and related corporations try to solve it by paying ransom. Terrorists and use these advantages in order to put a huge pressure on the governments. In this study we will look at essential characteristics and types of hostage abductions and recognition of national safety, lessons and solutions to previous Korean hostage cases in overseas. At the same time, it provides a guidelines of the direction in the fighting against terrorist groups and Piracy.

"The road of literature" has recently become a pejorative term. Behind such a phenomenon lurks a prevalent assumption: that English education is a matter of ingesting information, of mastering technique, of acquiring facts and know-how, whereas literature is a soft option, an indulgence or a mere trimming to decorate the hard center of the market-oriented syllabus. In order to counter such a trend, we need first of all to address the following theoretical issues: What is the primary task of an English department in China? Is the teaching of English literature relevant to the Chinese market economy today? If yes, in what way is it relevant? How does one persuade a member of modern Chinese society that there is a profit in reading, say, Chaucer and Shakespeare in harkening to any non-Chinese and, "worse", non-modern non-Chinese voices? While re-examining those questions, we need to improve some of our teaching methods that are still prevalent today, in order to make sure that literature is given its due status in English teaching programmes.

曾几何时，“文学道路”成了贬义词。在这一现象背后，潜伏着这样一种普遍的 假设：英语教育旨在摄取信息，掌握技巧，获得实际知识和技能，而文学则仅仅 是一件饰物―只能用来点缀以市场经济这个硬核为主导的课程表而已。为了抵制 这种趋势的蔓延，我们有必要首先弄清楚以下几个问题：我国英语系的基本任务 是什么？英语文学教学是否与当今市场经济存在关联性？如果回答是肯定的，那 么它们又是怎样相互关联的？我们怎样才能使当代中国人确信学习乔叟和莎士比 亚等人的作品―倾听那些既非本国人，又非现代人的声音―是有益处的呢？在重 新认识这些问题的同时，我们有必要改进当前仍在流行的一些教学方法，以确保 文学在英语教学中应有的地位。

본 연구는 정신과에 방문한 환자들을 대상으로 확인적 요인 분석을 적용하여 한국판 IIP-PD의 요인구조를 검증하고자 하였다. 이전의 연구에서 적합도가 우수한 것으로 보고된 3개의 요인구조를 대안 모형으로 설정하여 293명의 환자군을 대상으로 한국판 IIP-PD에 대한 확인적 요인분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 서로 상관이 있는 5개의 일차 요인으로 구성된 모형이 수집된 자료에 가장 적합한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 결과는 5개의 일차 요인과 하나의 이차 요인으로 구성된 위계적 모형이 가장 적합하다는 외국의 선행 연구 결과와 달랐다. 한국의 경우 미국과는 달리 성격장애를 대표하는 잠재적 요인을 확인할 수 없었지만 여전히 ‘stage 1’에서 성격장애를 선별하는데 유용할 것으로 생각되며, 추후 문항조정 등을 통해서 성격장애를 측정하는데 효용성을 더욱 발전시킬 수 있겠다.

This study attempted to verify the factor structure of the Korean Version of Interpersonal Problems Personality Disorder Scales(K-IIP-PD) by applying a confirmatory factor analysis to psychiatric patients. To evaluate the goodness of fit of three alternative models taken from factor structures which had been previously reported. the confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on the K-IIP-PD with respect to a group of 239 patients. As a result, it was found that the model with five first-order intercorrelated factor was the best fit for the data. This result differed from previous US-based studies which had reported that a hierarchical model with 1 second-order factor and 5 first-order factors was the best fit. Unlike the US-based studies, potential factors representing character disorders were not found here: however it seems that the model will be useful in sorting character disorders in ‘Stage 1’, and its utility will be further developed in measuring the level of character disorders by modifying items in the future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore problems of clinical nurse performance appraisal system. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach. The participants were purposively selected from clinical nurses working across all of the hospital units in a large metropolitan teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2012. Data were collected using five focus group interviews, which were audio taped. The number of participants in each group ranged from 7 to 10. The semi-structured interviews were guided by a set of nondirective questions, and continued until the data reached saturation. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. Results: Four major themes regarding the problems of clinical nurse performance appraisal system emerged from the analysis of textual data. These themes were contextual problems, problems related to performance appraisal structure, problems related to performance appraisal process and those related to performance appraisal results. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that the nurse performance appraisal system confronts with various problems. Some of these problems are related to organizational context while the others concerned structure, process and results of the performance appraisal system. In order to achieve high quality of patient care as the final goal of performance appraisal, changing and revision of this system is necessary.

This study reviewed the programs of college journalism education in South Korea. The review on journalism education programs in ten universities showed that journalism education models in South Korea are different from both the American model that emphasizes field practices and the European model that emphasizes contextual knowledge for journalism. College journalism education in South Korea can be characterized as “the department store model of journalism education,” which focuses on various media and communication theories, with a small number of journalism courses. Journalism education programs in South Korea do not provide a systematic curriculum for practical skills required in the field. Only small proportion of faculty members was found to dedicate themselves to journalism-related courses. There are few journalism-related courses and instructors for the digital media environment. Goals of journalism education are found to be rather abstract and ambiguous, aiming at both the practical skills and theories. New models of journalism education for the new media and digital environment are discussed.

People collectively understand and often use information and knowledge as terms in a variety of contexts without concern nor discussion of their many competing conceptual and theoretical definitions. The concepts of information and knowledge are intrinsically linked and suffer some of the same problems when scholars try to define them, especially when truth is a prerequisite. This theory paper presents a simple thought experiment that relates the reliabilist and truth-tracking analyses of knowledge with the physical and cognitive paradigms of information, respectively. The results of the thought experiment are discussed within the context of the Post-Truth era, with implications and applications for information literacy.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to determine the factors affecting the psychosocial problems of infertile Turkish women and to identify their coping strategies. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach. We conducted in-depth interviews to examine the psychosocial problems faced by infertile Turkish women. The participants were selected in two stages. In the first stage, 118 women diagnosed with primary infertility completed a personal information form and the Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI). In the second stage, in-depth interviews (lasting 45e90 minutes) were conducted with 24 (age 20 to 41 years) infertile women randomly selected from the groups formed according to their FPI global stress levels determined in Stage 1. Content analysis was used to examine the qualitative data. Results: The results comprised nine main themes regarding the psychosocial problems encountered by women and the methods used to overcome these problems. These included the meaning attributed to being childless, negative self-concept, perceived social pressure, perceived social support, psychological symptoms, social withdrawal and isolation, spiritual coping, cherishing hope/restructuring life, and adopting traditional methods. Social pressure and stigma were common. Infertility was found to negatively affect the participants' self-perception and view of life. The women used spiritual methods for overcoming stress and avoiding society, as well as traditional fertility remedies. Conclusions: Infertile women suffer from various psychosocial problems because of infertility and they adopt emotion-focused coping methods.

Purposes: The purposes of this study are to describe the health problems experienced by VLBW premature infants and their health care services utilization during the first year of life Method: Eighteen mothers of VLBW premature infants completed a survey questionnaire, asking socioeconomic/demographic information, health/ developmental problems experienced by their infants, and their use of health care services. Results: Of the 18 infants, 78% experienced respiratory problems such as cold/running nose and wheezing during the first year and 33% experienced gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Twelve (67%) infants visited the emergency department at least one time and 10 infants (56%) were hospitalized at least once during their first year of age. Interestingly, infants without chronic lung disease visited the emergency department more than infants without chronic lung disease (p=.213). Infants living in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods were hospitalized more than infants living in disadvantaged neighborhoods (p=.000). Conclusions: Health care providers should initiate educating mothers, particularly those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, about post-NICU discharge health care needs of their VLBW premature infants while their infants were still in the NICU so that unnecessary visits to the emergency department and rehospitalizations can be possibly prevented.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the literature on intervention studies for abused children and adolescent in residential facilities in South Korea (ACARF-K). The goal was to understand the problems they experience, to evaluate the content and effectiveness of interventions applied to them, and to develop evidence-based nursing intervention programs. Methods: We used four electronic databases to search for relevant articles. 18 studies according to Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method to synthesize the literature. Results: The ACARF-K experienced problems in biophysical, psychological, and sociocultural domains related to attachment impairment. Effective intervention strategies were building trust through empathy and fulfillment of needs, encouraging ACARF-K to express themselves and helping them to clarify emotions in an unthreatening environment, and improving their self-concept through activities in which they experienced achievement. Conclusion: Interventions are needed to help restore attachment damage among ACARF-K. The interventions in this study utilized emotional, cognitive, relational, and behavioral therapeutic tools to improve their psychological and social capacities. Future intervention programs for ACARF-K should include these key elements.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the individual and environmental factors related to emotional/behavioral problems to early adolescence in Korea by applying multilevel modeling. Methods: From the database of the 2014 Korean Child and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), the researchers selected 1,977 adolescents who are in the second year of middle school. Multilevel model analysis was performed to estimate the impact of relevant factors at the individual and environmental levels. Results: At the individual level, the significant factors associated with emotional/ behavioral problems included BMI and study tendency in boys, and drinking, study tendency and economic levels in girls. At the environmental level, the significant factor associated with emotional/behavioral problems included relationship with the teacher. Conclusion: The emotional/behavioral problems of early adolescence are influenced not only by the individual factors but also by the environment factor. Therefore, the environment surrounding the adolescents should also be considered to prevent emotional/behavioral problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anger expression types in nurses and to analyze the differences between the anger expression types and interpersonal problems. Methods: The data were collected from 149 nurses working in general hospitals with 300 beds or more in Seoul or Gyeonggi province, Korea. For anger expression type, the anger expression scale from the Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory was used. For interpersonal problems, the short form of the Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple comparisons test. Results: Three anger expression types in nurses were found: low-anger expression, anger-in, and angerin/control type. From the results of multivariate analysis of variance, there were significant differences between anger expression types and interpersonal problems (Wilks lambda F = 3.52, p < .001). Additionally, anger-in/control type was found to have the most difficulty with interpersonal problems by Duncan's post hoc test (p < .050). Conclusions: Based on this research, the development of an anger expression intervention program for nurses is recommended to establish the means of expressing the suppressed emotions, which would help the nurses experience less interpersonal problems.

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between bullying and exposure to bullying and the health problems in the primary school children. Methods This study was conducted on 92 parents and 92 students who were sixth grade students in two primary schools in Izmir. The data were collected using the Peer Bullying Scale Adolescent Form and the Identification of Health Problems Form. The data were analyzed through χ2 analysis and odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. Results About forty-nine percent of the students (48.9%) was male, 51.1% of them was female and the average age was 11.6 ± 0.53 years. It was found that students who had high scores for being exposed to bullying were significantly more likely to experience headache, feeling bad, crying restlessness, nervousness,sleeping problems, dizziness; whereas students who had high bullying scores were significantly more likely to experience only poor appetite. Conclusions Students exposed to bullying have more health problems than the bullying students. It is recommended that programs designed to prevent the negative effects of bullying be developed.