Earticle

Cyathea gigantea is a tree fern distributed throughout humid tropical regions of northeast India and other parts of the country. However, wild populations of this species are largely affected by various natural and anthropogenic activities. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the population structure and regeneration status of C. gigantea in and around greater Itanagar area of Papum Pare district, Arunachal Pradesh. Altogether 45 patches, ranging from 19.63 to 260 m2 of area, were randomly sampled to study population structure and regeneration status of the species. Population study showed highest number of youngs in the height class of 0.50-0.75 m while, immatures were recorded highest in the height class of 2.0 to 2.5 m. Majority of the matures belonged to 6-9 m height class while it was recorded maximum in the diameter class of 10-15 cm. Average density of C. gigantea was 0.07 individuals ha-1 which varied greatly among different patches with a range of 2 to 14. Significant correlations were found between patch size and density of youngs, immatures, matures and total density. Maximum concentration of youngs was observed in patch size 60-140 m2, while for immatures, it was highest in patch size 20-160 m2. Similarly, highest concentration of matures was observed in patch size 20-80 m2 and 80-180 m2. Population structure of the total population exhibited inverted pyramid shaped distribution. Population structure consisting of youngs, immatures, matures showed that around 60% patches lack of regenerating individuals which depict very poor natural regeneration of the species. Effective conservation strategies are therefore to be formulated to save C. gigantea from the threat of extinction in near future.

This study analyzed the population, sex ratio, and age of Korean long-tailed goral using camera trapping in the whole area of Woraksan National Park (WNP) in order to obtain data on the restoration, population increase and habitat expansion of endangered species “long-tailed goral” in the WNP. A total of 80 scouting cameras were installed at least one per a grid (1 km×1 km) in each of the 33 grid areas (2 km×2 km) selected from the five survey areas used in this study. A total of 91 individuals was identified from 2,866 cuts among 7,381 photos taken. There were 58 individuals in Yongbong, Joongbong and Habong. Among those we found 20 individuals in Yonghwa valley, 20 in Mansu valley, 5 in Poam, and 1 in other area, respectively. We recognized that there were 70 adults (76.6%), 15 sub-adults (16.5%) and 6 calves (6.6%), and 41 females (45.1%), males (31.9%) and sex unknown (23.1%). As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the number of 91 individuals of long-tailed goral are living in WNP, where 15 individuals have been initially released by the long-tailed goral restoration program at the beginning time in 2007. The largest number of this species was found in Yeongbong-Jungbong-Habong area where animals were released at beginning. As the population of Yongha-Mansu area increased, the population size was increased over whole area of WNP. Especially, we found that some of those released were migrated to the neighboring region, Soklisan National Park. In the future, it is necessary to take further studies such as measuring the maximum capacity, evaluating of the feasibility, and establishing the management of the increasing population, and we will provide data to promote the restoration and conservation policy of long-tailed goral in the WNP.

This study examines the discourses on early marriage that peaked from the late Chosŏn through the colonial era in Korea. It specifically addresses the definition of chohon as a harmful Korean tradition, beginning with the criticism of chohon as a practice that supposedly led to the downfall of the state in the late Chosŏn. Chohon was identified as the cause of women’s adultery and husband murders, and it was defined as a pernicious tradition that compromised the security of the state. However, behind the chohon discourse, a certain type of politics was in play. By analyzing the definition of chohon as a vice, this study confirms that the modern politics of population was involved. According to these discourses, chohon was criticized as a major threat to the security of the society and state, the discourse against it challenged the existing notions of marriage and the family; and repositioned the happy family and the sweet home as the basic unit for the development of the state. The family was believed to be the vital aspect of a modern state, which was therefore used to manage the population. The state and the family were in a complex relationship as the quality of the population was managed to develop a strong nation. The belief that a high-quality population improves national competitiveness and wealth situated chohon as harmful to the nation. In Korea, chohon discourses were deeply related to Western modernity.

Population pharmacokinetics for gentamicin were compared with 20 Korean patients (14 male and 6 female) and 25 Caucasian appendicitis patients (16 male and 9 female). Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times : just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 0.5 hour after the end of a 0.5 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant(K), the slope(KS) of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance(Ccr), the apparent volume of distribution (V), the slope(VS) of the relationship between V versus weight, gentamicin clearance(CL) and the slope(CS) of the relationship between CL versus Ccr and the V. The output includes two marginal probability density function(PDF), means, medians, modes, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and CV%. The mean K(KS) were 0.402±0.129 hr-1 (0.00486±0.00197 [hr·mL/min/1.73 m2]-1) and 0.425±0.137 hr-1(0.00432±0.00168 [hr·mL/min/1.73 m2]-1) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. The mean V(VS) were not different at 14.3±3.69 L(0.241±0.0511 L/kg) and 15.8±4.81 L (0.236±0.0531 L/kg) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively (P>0.2). The mean CL(CS) were 5.68±1.69 L/hr (0.0714±0.0222 L/kg[hr·mL/min/1.73 m2]) and 6.29±1.84 L/hr (0.0629±0.0189 L/kg[hr·mL/min/1.73 m2]) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. There are no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between Korean and Caucasian appendicitis patients.

허베이 스피리트호 유류유출 이후 태안해안국립공원 내 새우말 개체군에 대한 정량 및 형태적 특성에 대 해서 2014년 겨울부터 2016년 가을까지 계절별로 조사하였다. 새우말의 평균 생육밀도는 학암포에서 7,063 ± 802 shoots m-2로 가장 높았고, 모항 평균 6,583 ± 695 shoots m-2, 구름포 평균 6,480 ± 581 shoots m-2 그리고 통개에 서 평균 5,664 ± 561 shoots m2로 가장 낮은 생육 밀도로 분포하였다. 새우말 개체군의 형태학적 특징은 정점과 계절에 따라 상이하게 나타났다. 새우말의 밀도, 생물량 그리고 형태학적 특징은 사고 전과 사고 후 대부분 지역에 서 봄과 여름에 증가하고 가을에 감소하는 계절적 변동이 나타났다. 이는 유류유출 사고의 영향에서 회복되어 정상 적인 생태학적 기능을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 유류유출 사고 이후 태안해안국립공원의 해초류는 일시적 으로 사고의 영향을 받았지만, 유류오염에서 급격하게 회복되고 있는 것으로 보인다. 특히 회복된 해초류는 사고 이전과 같은 계절적 변동 양상을 나타내고 있어 이전과 같은 생태학적 기능을 수행하는 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 해초류의 계절적 변동 폭이 크게 나타나는 것으로 미루어 아직 완전히 안정화 된 것으로 판단하기는 어려우며 따 라서 지속적인 모니터링이 필요한 실정이다.

Quantitative and morphological characteristics of Phyllospadix iwatensis was investigated seasonally from 2014 to 2016. P. iwatensis was distributed in Hakampo, Gureumpo, Mohang and Tonggae in Taeanhaean National Park. The most average density of P. iwatensis were found at Hakampo (7,063 ± 802 shoots m-2), Mohang (6,583 ± 695 shoots m-2), Gureumpo (6,480 ± 581 shoots m-2), while the fewest were found at Tonggae (5,664 ± 561 shoots m-2). Morphological characteristics of P. iwatensis were different depending on the region and season. To examine the effect of oil pollution, annual variations of seagrasses was compared before the oil spill in 2007 with after oil spill from 2008 to 2014. The density and morphological characteristics of P. iwatensis, which is increasing in spring and summer, decreasing in autumn, suggesting that they have been recovered damages due to the oil spill. Quantitative variation is interpretation by the impact of seasonal fluctuation than the oil spill. In conclusion, the seagresses has received a temporary effect but rapidly recovered. Seagrasses have been recovered from the effect of the oil spill and are playing a significant role ecologically. However shince the seasonally variations of seagrasses fluctuated between years, they probably have not completely recovered. Therefore, the continuous long-term monitoring of seagrass meadows in Taean is required and provides appropriate and fundamental information for restoration of damaged seagrass ecosystem due to the oil spill in Taean.

In many very high density cities in Asia in which there is limited area to expand, growth is forced upward as well as outward. Densely packed detached houses and low-rise buildings are replaced by lower density high-rises, leaving open spaces between high-rise buildings. Through this process, areas that formerly did not have much green space gain valuable green spaces, and new ecological corridors and patches are created. In this study, the demographic and housing-type changes of Wonju City were delineated using land use maps, aerial images, census data, and other administrative data. Green area changes were calculated using land cover data derived from multi-year Landsat TM satellite imagery. The values were then compared against demographic and housing-type changes for each administrative unit. The overall results showed a decrease of forested area in the city and an increase of developed area. Urban sprawl was clearly visible in many of the suburban areas. However, as expected, we also detected areas in which greenness did not decrease when the population greatly increased. These areas were characterized by residential building complexes of ten or more stories. If an equal number of housing units had been built as detached houses, these areas would not have kept as much green space. Our research result showed that high-density and high- rise residential structures can offer an alternative means to protect or create urban green spaces in high-density urban environments.

In recent years, the spatial structure of cities has become the subject of considerable interest, as travel behavior, greenhouse gas emissions, loss of habitat, public expenditures, and more are thought to be influenced by urban spatial structure. In this paper we examine the spatial structure of 35 metropolitan areas in the United States. Based on the 2010 Census data, we focus on the distributions of populations in metropolitan areas in 2010 and on changes between 1990 and 2010. Specifically, we examine population levels and population density at the metropolitan, urbanized area, principal city, and census block group levels. We find that significant differences in recent growth patterns remain between the older and more densely developed cities of the Northeast and cities in the South and West. Most urban growth is now occurring in cities in the South and West causing them to experience increases in density in their principal cities, urbanized area, and nonurbanized areas. We also find, however, that much of the population growth in the largest metropolitan areas of the United States continues to occur at the urban fringe, causing overall densities to decline.

The variation in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were examined for Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge seeds from three plantations (Inner Mongolia [IM], Liaoning [LN], and Shandong [SD] province) in China. Mean genetic variation was measured by polymorphism percentage (42.10%) and expected heterozygosity (He=1.27). Among three populations, Shandong showed the highest values both in polymorphism percentage and heterozygosity (p=57.89; Ho=1.58; and He=1.37). Total genetic diversity value, based on the total loci, was estimated as total genetic diversity of the species (Ht)=0.27 and mean within-population genetic diversity (Hs)=0.16. UPGMA cluster analysis showed the genetic closeness between Inner Mongolia and Liaoning population, but that Shandong seems to be the separate population.

Summary: As the result of summary, all factors except the amount of housing supply seem to operate as the decreasing cause of housing prices in 2012. In other words, even though interest rate changes are more or less flexible, all factors of long-term population progress, astronomical household debt, consistent nest housing supply, and world-wide financial crisis resulting from the Europe seem to work as the decreasing cause of housing prices. But in spite of general dominant decreasing cause, considering housing supply and present some regional house price, the housing price with the standard of station influence area or small house in the neighborhood of university area has the room of ascending chance temporarily and regionally. That is to say, the papers are standardized by the total market of capital area, but there would be probability of different outcome with the distinct of every region and scale. However considering general and various factors, we had better have the forecast of housing market as a stable and downtrend in 2012.

명치유신 직후에 시행된 명치호적과 대한제국의 성립 직전에 시행된 광무호적은 소위 ‘근대적 변혁’을 위하여 제시된 주민등록제도라는 공통성을 가진다. 그러나 그것은 전제주의적인 동아시아국가에서 오래전부터 시행되어 오던 인구통합 방법이다. 중앙집권성이 강조되는 근대국가를 전제주의적인 통치체제의 방법으로 형성하고자 한 셈이다. 그런데 광무호적이 현주지주의 세대별 주민등록인 것에 반해 명치시대 중엽 이후의 일본호적은 타지에 거주하는 자들이 출신지의 호적에 등재되어 있는 본적지주의의 가족별 등록이다. 그것은 본적지의 법제적 가족구성에 근거를 둔 인구파악 방법으로 이미 에도시대의 주민형태 등록 가운데 역사적 연원을 갖는다. 이러한 본적지주의 호적은 일본 본국 인민에 대해서뿐만 아니라 식민지 조선의 통치의 방법으로도 활용되었다. 또한 명치호적과 광무호적은 호의 대표자를 ‘근대가족의 가부장’으로 세우고자 의도한 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 호주가 가족구성원 가운데 가부장으로의 권위를 행세할 수 있었는지는 의심스럽다. 한편, 두 호적은 ‘士農工商’이라는 동아시아의 전통적 신분구분을 사용하고 있으나, 구분 자체가 애매하거나 신분의 격차가 줄어들고 있었다. 국가가 가족을 일률적인 형식으로 파악하는 것은 인민을 집권적으로 장악하고자 하는 의도에 기인한다. 가족에 대한 이러한 장악은 근대국가의 집권적 통치를 지향하는 것이지만, 동아시아의 전통적인 통치체계로부터 연유하는 것이기도 하다. 따라서 어떤 의미에서는 명치호적과 광무호적에 보이는 인구통합 방법은 전통적 방법의 근대적 적용이라 할 수 있다.

The household registrations of Meiji and Kwangmu were all alike family registers for establishing modern nation. However, these registers were made by the traditional method that the dynasties in east-asia had carried out. The householders of Meiji household registration and Kwangmu household registration were guided to have authority of patriarchy, even if it were not realized. And on these household registrations one household status to be based on traditional hierarchy of ancient chinese history. However, the class discrimination was uncertain and became to be abolished. It means that the government intended to control evenly all families in the country. The Kwangmu household registers were basically a registration of co-inhabitants as a unit of household according to current residence. But The household registration of late Meiji was made according to one’s permanent domicile, as a unit of family from the viewpoint of civil law. This Meiji household registration was applicable not only to Japanese, but also to colonial Joseon people.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between receiving rehabilitation services and dysphagia recovery in the adult population of the United States (U.S.). We hypothesized that individuals receiving rehabilitation services would be more likely to report improved swallowing status. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional design was used. The study included 868 adults with a history of swallowing problems who completed the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to assess the relationship between a history of using rehabilitation services and current swallowing status compared to 12 months ago, controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: The majority of participants reported their swallowing status as “about the same” (n=468, 53.9%), followed by “better” (n=251, 28.9%) and “worse” (n=147, 17.2%) compared to 12 months ago. Adults who received rehabilitation services were more likely to have a better swallowing status compared to those with “about the same” status (odds ratio [OR] 1.553, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.031-2.339). However, adults with depression and memory loss who received rehabilitation services were less likely to report improved swallowing status (OR 0.604, 95% CI 0.396-0.923; OR 0.488, 95% CI 0.299-0.796, respectively). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a strong association between receiving rehabilitation services and improvements in swallowing function among U.S. adults. While this is encouraging, the results also reveal that more work is needed to improve patient outcomes, namely, 1) improving access to rehabilitation care for patients with dysphagia, and 2) implementing targeted initiatives to improve outcomes in specific patient populations.

The Yeonsan Ogye (YO) chicken is a natural heritage of Korea, characterized by black feathers, skin, bones, eyes, and comb. The purebred of YO population has been reared under the natural mating system with no systematic selection and breeding plan. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic diversity and find the optimal number of population sub-division using 12 polymorphic microsatellite (MS) markers to construct a pedigree-based breeding plan for the YO population. A total of 509 YO birds were used for this study. Genetic diversity and population structure analysis were conducted based on the MS marker genotype information. The overall average polymorphic information content value and expected heterozygosity of the population were 0.586, and 0.642, respectively. The K-mean cluster analysis based on the genetic distance result confirmed that the current YO population can be divided into three ancestry groups. Individuals in each group were evaluated based on their genetic distance to identify the potential candidates for a future breeding plan. This study concludes that a future breeding plan with known pedigree information of selected founder animals, which holds high genetic diversity, could be the best strategy to ensure the conservation of the Korean YO chicken population.

The objective of this study was to describe the population structure and inbreeding, and to quantify their effectson weights at different ages of Mehraban sheep in Iran. The analysis was based on the pedigree information of26990 animals and 10278 body weight records from birth to yearling age. Data and pedigree information werecollected during 1994 to 2011 by the breeding station of Mehraban sheep. The population structure was analyzedusing the CFC program. Inbreeding of all animals was calculated by INBUPGF90 program. All animals were groupedinto three classes according to their inbreeding coefficients: the first class included non-inbred animals (F=0); andthe second and third classes included inbred animals (0<F<0.05 and F≥0.05, respectively). The average inbreedingin Mehraban sheep was 1.69%. Founder equivalent (fe) values were estimated to be 4244, 3116 and 2965 during1994-1999, 2000-2005 and 2006-2011, respectively. The effective population sizes (Ne) were 363, 5080 and 5740during 1994-1999, 2000-2005 and 2006-2011, respectively. Generation interval was 2.15 years for this breed of sheep. Regression coefficients of birth weight, 3-month weight, 6-month weight and yearling weight on lamb inbreedingwere estimated to be -6.34?0.69, -14.68?5.33, 48.00?9.43 and 98.65?15.65, respectively. Both positive and negativeinbreeding effects were found in the current study. The utilization of a program for designed mating system, in thepresent flock, could be a suitable approach to keep the level of inbreeding under control.

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer promising solutions for efficient real-time processing of time-series data by closely emulating biological neuronal dynamics. However, existing encoding methods for converting raw input data into spike trains often introduce significant temporal distortions, complexity, or limitations in learnability, hindering their practical deployment. In this study, we propose the Filtered Temporal-Population (FTP) encoding method, a novel technique that integrates filtering operations into SNN encoding. FTP encoding effectively captures both temporal and spatial correlations within data segments while aligning inputs directly with the temporal axis, making it highly suitable for real-time applications. Evaluations on the MIT-BIH electrocardiogram dataset and other time-series datasets demonstrate that FTP encoding outperforms traditional encoding methods in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. Our findings highlight FTP encoding’s potential as a practical and effective solution for real-time SNN-based time-series classification tasks.

This study was conducted to estimate the effective population size using SNPs data of 240 Jeju horses that hadraced at the Jeju racing park. Of the total 61,746 genotyped autosomal SNPs, 17,320 (28.1%) SNPs (missinggenotype rate of >10%, minor allele frequency of <0.05 and Hardy?Weinberg equilibrium test P-value of <10?6)were excluded after quality control processes. SNPs on the X and Y chromosomes and genotyped individuals withmissing genotype rate over 10% were also excluded, and finally, 44,426 (71.9%) SNPs were selected and used forthe analysis. The measures of the LD, square of correlation coefficient (r2) between SNP pairs, were calculated foreach allele and the effective population size was determined based on r2 measures. The polymorphism informationcontents (PIC) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were 0.27 and 0.34, respectively. In LD, the most rapid decline wasobserved over the first 1 Mb. But r2 decreased more slowly with increasing distance and was constant after 2 Mb ofdistance and the decline was almost linear with log-transformed distance. The average r2 between adjacent SNPpairs ranged from 0.20 to 0.31 in each chromosome and whole average was 0.26, while the whole average r2between all SNP pairs was 0.02. We observed an initial pattern of decreasing Ne and estimated values were closerto 41 at 1 ~ 5 generations ago. The effective population size (41 heads) estimated in this study seems to be largeconsidering Jeju horse’s population size (about 2,000 heads), but it should be interpreted with caution because ofthe technical limitations of the methods and sample size.

The study of genetic diversity was carried out in Atractylodes japonica KOIDZ.. Although this species has been regarded as medically improtant one, there is no report on population structure in Korea. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the allozyme variation and genetic structure of eight Korean populations of this species. Of the 15 genetic loci surveyed, nine (60.0%) was polymorphic in at least one population. GENETIC diversity was high at the species level (Hes=0.144), whereas, that of the population level was relatively low (Hep=0.128). Nearly 87% of the total genetic diversity in A. japonica was apportioned within populations. The sexual reproduction, high fecundity, and perennials are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. The indirect estimated of gene flow based on Gst was 1.69.

본 연구는 장애의 특정 지표를 사용하여 한국에서의 장애출현의 비시설거주 인구 추정치와 미국의 추정치를 비교하였다. 한국의 ‘2000년도 장애인실태조사’와 미국에서 1999년에 실시된 ‘1996년 소득 및 프로그램참여 조사(Survey of Income and Program Participation)'를 이용하여 자료의 이차분석을 수행하였다. 그 목적은 국제 수준에서 장애의 정의와 장애출현 인구의 추정치에 관한 이해를 제공하는 것이었다. 연구 결과, 한국은 미국보다 훨씬 더 낮은 장애출현율을 보였다. 한국은 장애차별금지법을 제정하고, 동법에 의거한 좀더 포괄적인 장애 정의를 사용하여 장애출현 인구의 추정을 할 필요가 있다.

This study compared the non-institutionalized population estimates of disability prevalence in the Republic of Korea to those in the United States, using specific indicators of disability. Secondary analyses of data were performed utilizing the 2000 National Disability Survey for Korea and the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (conducted in 1999) for the U.S. The purpose was to provide a clear understanding of the definitions of disability and the population estimates of disability prevalence on an international level. The findings indicated that Korea had much lower prevalence rate of disabilities than the U.S. did. In Korea, a disability anti-discrimination law needs to be enacted and the population estimates of disability prevalence should be made using more comprehensive definitions of disability based on the law.

Kalopanax pictus is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. K. pictus has been regarded as medically and ecologically important species in Korea. Thornless castor aralia variant, local name "Cheongsong" is an endemic to Cheongsong province in Korea. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to investigate the genetic variation and structure of Korean populations of two species. A high level of genetic variation was found in six K. pictus populations. Twelve primers revealed 49 loci, of which 29 were polymorphic (59.2%). Nei's gene diversity for K. pictus and K. pictusvariant were 0.119 and 0.098, respectively. Mean of genetic diversity in K. pictus was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The asexual and sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 0.857) indicated that gene flow was not extensive among Korean populations of K. pictus. It is suggested that the isolation of geographical distance and reproductive isolation between K. pictus and K. pictus variant populations may have played roles in shaping the population structure of this species.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for fall in the elderly population residing in rural areas of Korea and provide useful data for their prevention. Methods As part of farmers’ health promotion project, a retrospective study was conducted with a total of 350 elderly people recruited from March 2016 to December 2016. These subjects were divided into two groups: 254 non-fallers and 96 fallers. A person who fell to the floor at least once in the past year was defined as a faller. Participants were asked to visit the hospital once. The demographic characteristics, social environment, and educational levels were surveyed using a questionnaire. Physical examination was performed in the following order: cognitive function, lower leg strength and torque, body composition, and knee image test. Results Statistically significant factors for falls in univariate analysis were female gender, age, living alone, educational level less than middle school, skeletal muscle mass, Mini-Mental State Exam, knee osteoarthritis, hip torque, hip power mean, knee torque, and knee power mean. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify variables most relevant to falls among statistically significant factors in univariate logistic analysis. It was confirmed that female gender and age of 70?79 years were statistically significant factors related to falls. Conclusion Female gender and elderly status (70?79 years) are important risk factors for falls in rural areas underscoring the need for special attention when considering risk factors for falls among the elderly living in rural areas.