Earticle

In human language, a single linguistic form can be used to convey different meanings. One of the most representative forms which involve such a relation between form and meaning in Korean is the verbal inflectional morpheme (e/a)ss. This morpheme is responsible for the past tense by default, but in more than a few cases it does not necessarily denote an event that happened in the past. This article probes into the past tense morpheme in Korean (e/a)ss in a way of comparative corpus linguistics. In order to create the findings using a data-based method, the present study explores a bilingual parallel corpus in which a sentence in one language is aligned to the corresponding sentence in the other language. The parallel data the current work makes use of is the Sejong English-Korean Bilingual Corpus. Exploring the parallel data, this corpus study provides a quantitative analysis of (i) which linguistic form in English the past tense morpheme in Korean corresponds to and (ii) which verbs are more frequently associated with the non-past meanings when they are combined with (e/a)ss.

The purpose of this research is to compare the use of concessive and contrastive constructions in English and Korean by analyzing two passages each in English and Korean bibles. Concessives, which are defined as realizations of the meaning of concession, or contrary to expectations, are more often used in Korean than in English. Contrastives, which are defined as realizations of the meaning of contrast or relational logical opposition, occur more frequently in English than in Korean. Concessives employ more various forms than contrastives and both languages normally leave the meaning or implication unspecified when they don't realize the meaning of concession or contrast; Korean uses the syntactic connector -ko(and) instead of contrastive forms when not realizing the meaning of contrast while English utilizes asyndetic constructions when not realizing the concessive meaning. Analyzing the matches of the two languages' concessives by the types of forms unveils that there are mixed matches between the types except for the English although type, most of which correspond to the Korean although type concessives. None of the other types show a one-to-one correspondence between the two languages. Notably, a lot of the even type in English correspond to the although type in Korean and most of the Korean although type have but type counterparts in English.

Kim, Hansaem. 2009. An Analysis of the Aspects on Translation of Korean Idiomatic Phrases - Based on Korean-English Parallel Corpus. The Language and Culture 5-3: 241-259. Informativity means how the information for acceptor is fresh and unpredictable. It depends on an ability of translator. It can be maintained or not. As for idiomatic expression, it contains higher informativity than typical function word or general content word. Because ambiguity and uncompositionality of idiomatic expression make the process of analyzing semantic information very difficult. Also, interest of reader is induced by the appearance of idiomatic expression in text. We use Korean-English parallel corpus for looking into the phase of informativity change by idiomatic expression. As a result, idiomatic expression is translated to word or phrase on the aspect of linguistic form. It is omitted in the translated text occasionally. It is the most desirable to translate the idiomatic expression of source language to that of target language. But translator is apt to change the informativity involuntarily in general. Implement of the equivalent of meaning is not in accord with maintenance of informativity. Lack of understanding of the original text can be one of the causes by which translator transfers insufficient information to readers. Compilation of a bilingual dictionary containing sufficient information about meaning, usage, and actual examples will help translators to maintain the informativity of idiomatic expression. (The National Institute of the Korean Language)

The goal of this research is to compare the negative expressions in Korean and Tagalog based on the corpus data of the Korean-Foreign Language Parallel Corpus Building Project Phase 1. First, the negative expressions are classified into different types based on previous research analyses on negative expressions in the two languages. Second, the special grammatical properties of the canonical negators in the two languages are compared and any restrictions, conditions and the like that could be attributed to any of these properties are discussed. Finally, preliminary research results on non-canonical negators or alternative methods of negative expressions that can be inferred from parallel corpus data are also shared with the intention of expanding and modifying the existing types of negative expressions in the two languages. Through this undertaking, a more in-depth explanation becomes possible through the analysis of negative expressions based on large-scale corpus data, and extensive research can also be conducted in terms of language typology while comparing the idiosyncratic grammatical properties of the two languages. Moreover, the study can also provide objective information on pedagogical grammar and materials used in teaching Korean or Tagalog as a second or a foreign language.

이 논문의 주 목적은 한국수어의 주요 양태 표현을 탐색하고 이들의 통사 범주를 분류하는 것이다. 한국수어 양태에 관한 기존의 연구들은 수어 자료 수집 방법을 분명하게 제시하지 않거나 부적절한 자료를 연구에 사용하는 등 방법론적인 문제를 가지고 있었다. 이와 달리 본 연구는 <한국어-한국수어 병렬 말뭉치 2022>를 연구 자료로 이용하여 한국수어 양태 표현에 관한 실증적인 연구를 수행하였다. 양태 표현의 탐색을 위해서는 핵심어 분석을 수행하였고, 각 핵심어의 용례를 검토하여 총 19개의 양태 표현을 추출하였다. 양태 표현의 통사 범주를 구분하기 위해서는 추출된 양태 표현을 대상으로 문장 내 출현 분포를 관찰하였고, 이들의 범주를 문장 부사, 태도 동사, 태도 형용사, 조동사로 분류하였다. 또한 본 논문은 양태 표현의 의미와 분포적 특징과 관련하여 다음의 두 가지 사실을 보고하였다. 첫째, 양태 표현의 다의성이 양태 강도가 어휘적으로 명세되고 맥락에 따라 양태의 유형이 달라지는 방식으로 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 양태 표현이 중첩될 때는 인식 양태가 비인식 양태보다 더 넓은 작용역을 가지는 위치에 출현하는 경향이 있음을 밝혔다.

This study investigates modal expressions in Korean Sign Language (KSL) with the aim of identifying their major types and classifying their syntactic categories. Previous research on modality in KSL has been characterized by methodological limitations, including insufficiently specified data collection procedures and the use of inadequate data. To address these issues, the present study adopts an empirical, corpus-based approach, drawing on the <Korean?Korean Sign Language Parallel Corpus 2022>. Modal expressions were identified through keyword analysis. An examination of the attested usages of the extracted keywords yielded a set of 19 modal expressions. To determine their categorical status, the study analyzes their syntactic distribution within the clause, classifying them into four types: sentential adverbs, attitude verbs, attitude adjectives, and auxiliary verbs. The analysis further reveals two notable semantic and syntactic properties of modal expressions in KSL. First, modal polysemy is shown to arise from the interaction between lexically specified modal strength and context-dependent variation in modal type. Second, in cases of modal stacking, epistemic modality tends to occupy a syntactic position with wider scope than non-epistemic modality.

본 연구는 영어권 한국어 학습자들을 위한 화용 교육 자료를 구축하고자 화용론적인 관점에서 한국어에서는 의문문이지만 영어에서는 의문으로 대응되지 않는 특수한 의문문을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 한ﾷ영 병렬 말뭉치를 분석하였으며, 그 결과 이러한 의문문은 의문사나 의문형 종결어미 없이 의문 부호나 문말 상승 억양을 통해 의문의 효과를 나타내는 유사의문문(pseudo-interrogative)의 특성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 의미적으로는 명제의 내용 특성에 따라 [+의외성]의 사태 전달, [+주관성]의 의견 표현, [-확실성]의 추측, [+기지 가정]의 강조 등의 발화 의도를 표현하며, 여기에 더해 청자의 적극적인 ‘반응’을 요구하는 화용론적인 효과도 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 결과적으로 유사의문문에 대한 탐구를 통해 ‘의문 부호’와 ‘문말 상승 억양’의 화용론적 효과를 논의하였으며, 외국인 학습자들이 유사의문문의 형태적ﾷ의미적 특성을 올바르게 이해하고 이에 적절히 ‘반응’할 수 있도록 돕는 화용론적인 교육 자료를 구축하였다.

This study developed pragmatic educational materials for English-speaking Korean learners by analyzing a non-standard type of interrogative sentence in Korean that does not correspond to an interrogative sentence in English from a pragmatic point of view. A Korean-English parallel corpus was analyzed for this purpose. The results showed that these interrogative sentences lack interrogative words or question-final endings but convey the effect of a question through the use of question marks or rising intonation at the end of the sentence, thereby displaying the characteristics of pseudo-interrogatives. Semantically, they express various speech acts such as conveying information with [+mirativity], expressing opinions with [+subjectivity], making conjectures with [-certainty], and emphasizing with [+epistemic assumptions about the hearer], depending on the proposition content and characteristics. In addition, they have a pragmatic effect of requesting an active response from the listener. Ultimately, this study explored the pragmatic effects of question marks and rising intonation in pseudo-interrogatives, thus providing foundational pragmatic educational materials to help foreign learners accurately understand the morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of pseudo-interrogatives and respond appropriately.

본고는 신문 병렬말뭉치를 이용하여 한국어에서 특정 표현들이 중국어 ‘VP的是X’ 구문으로 대응되어 있는지를 살펴보았다. 분석한 결과 한국어 분열문 외에 열린 분열문, 정의내리기 구문, 순위 표현 구문, 문장 부사어, 타동사문에서 목적어를 부각시키고자 할 구문, 자동사문 중의 피동문, 화자의 주관적인 판단을 표현하는 형용사문 등이 일정한 패턴으로 ‘VP的是X’ 구문과 대응한다.

Which expressions in Korean can correspond to the Chinese ‘VP de shi X’ sentence structure is investigated via a parallel news report corpus data. The analysis results revealed that, in addition to the cleft sentence in Korean, such sentence patterns as independent pseudo-cleft, sentence patterns to define, sentence patterns to rank, sentence adverbs, transitive verb predicate sentence patterns to emphasize objects, passive sentences in intransitive verb predicate sentence patterns, and adjective predicate sentence patterns to express the speaker’s subjective judgment can correspond to the ‘VP de shi X’ sentence structure.

Kim, Hansaem. 2009. An Analysis of the Aspects on Translation of Korean Idiomatic Phrases - Based on Korean-English Parallel Corpus. The Language and Culture 5-3: 241-259. Informativity means how the information for acceptor is fresh and unpredictable. It depends on an ability of translator. It can be maintained or not. As for idiomatic expression, it contains higher informativity than typical function word or general content word. Because ambiguity and uncompositionality of idiomatic expression make the process of analyzing semantic information very difficult. Also, interest of reader is induced by the appearance of idiomatic expression in text. We use Korean-English parallel corpus for looking into the phase of informativity change by idiomatic expression. As a result, idiomatic expression is translated to word or phrase on the aspect of linguistic form. It is omitted in the translated text occasionally. It is the most desirable to translate the idiomatic expression of source language to that of target language. But translator is apt to change the informativity involuntarily in general. Implement of the equivalent of meaning is not in accord with maintenance of informativity. Lack of understanding of the original text can be one of the causes by which translator transfers insufficient information to readers. Compilation of a bilingual dictionary containing sufficient information about meaning, usage, and actual examples will help translators to maintain the informativity of idiomatic expression. (The National Institute of the Korean Language)