Earticle

This research attempts to look into the ethical awareness of legal interpreters and translators in Korea through an analysis of the results of tests that were recently conducted by the Refugee Division of the Ministry of Justice and the Office of Court Administration of the Supreme Court. As the first attempts for nationwide certification of legal interpreters and translators, the tests have important implications for both practitioners and educators in interpreting and translation. While the interpreting skills were assessed in the same modes in the two tests, the desired attitudes were examined in different manners, objective and subjective, presenting different layers of ethical awareness. The interpreting and translation skills that have often been considered to be naturally acquired are now recognized to be trained and tested for professional practice. More importantly, they should be accompanied by ethical attitudes that do not come naturally. The research results will contribute to the development of optimal research methods for the study of ethics and other related topics in translation and interpreting studies. They will also be helpful for the ethics education of future interpreters and translators.

Purpose: Patients with diabetes frequently need to perform certain numeric tasks such as interpreting blood glucose levels. However, there is no psychometrically sound instrument for objectively measuring diabetes-specific health numeracy. This study aimed to develop a new objective diabetes health numeracy test (DHNT) and evaluate its psychometric properties in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: An instrument development study was conducted. Initial items were evaluated by six experts for content validity. After a pilot test, a convenience sample of 257 participants with type 2 diabetes was recruited at 2 university hospitals from May to September 2018. The structural, convergent, and criteria validity, and internal consistency of the DHNT with binary item responses were evaluated. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, Rasch analysis, tetrachoric correlation, Spearman's correlation, and the KudereRichardson-20 formula. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single-factor solution comprising seven items. Rasch analysis confirmed that no item did not fit with the single factor and identified that the item difficulty parameters had moderate values. The convergent and criterion validity of the instrument were demonstrated, with diabetes knowledge and subjective diabetes numeracy, respectively, as was its acceptable internal consistency, by a KudereRichardson-20 coefficient of .81. Conclusion: The DHNT demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. The instrument with moderate levels of item difficulty may have a lower cognitive burden. The developed instrument can be applied in practice to tailor the education of diabetes self-management as per the levels of health numeracy of specific patients.

본 연구의 목적은 오카스 검안장비를 활용하여 50세 미만 백내장 환자의 광학적 질을 분석하여 수정체의 혼 탁과 위치에 따른 시기능의 차이를 밝혀 임상 진료에서 기초자료로서 도움을 주고자 하는 것이다. 백내장 군을 혼탁 의 위치에 따라 핵과 피질백내장 두 종류 군으로 나누었고 오카스 검사를 실시하였다. 핵백내장 군의 객관적 산란지 수는 2.41±1.13 (OSI value)인 것으로 나타났고 피질백내장 군은 3.88±1.69(OSI value)로 피질 부위의 혼탁이 상대적 으로 높은 산란지수를 보였고 두 군의 결과는 통계학적으로 유의함을 보여주었다(p＜0.05). 대조민감도 결과는 핵백내 장과 피질백내장에서 각각 23.81±9.58, 13.89±10.12(C/deg)로 나왔고 상의 집속률은 핵백내장과 피질백내장은 각각 0.11±0.03, 0.07±0.02(ratio)로 나타났다. 주관적 설문결과는 핵백내장과 피질백내장 환자에서 각 70.22점, 62.88점을 보 여 주관적으로 느끼는 시력에 대한 상태도 유의한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 백내장의 환자의 시기능 상 태를 객관적이고 정량적으로 파악하고 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the optical quality of cataract patients(<50 y.) using the OQAS to investigate the difference in visual function according to the opacity of the lens and the position to help as basic clinical data in clinical treatment. The cataract group was divided into two groups, nuclear and cortical cataracts, according to the location of the opacity, and the OQAS test was performed. The objective scattering index of the nuclear cataract group was 2.41±1.13(OSI value), and the cortical cataract group was 3.88±1.69 (OSI value), showing a relatively high scattering index in the cortical opacity. showed significance(p<0.05). Contrast sensitivity results were 23.81±9.58 and 13.89±10.12(C/deg) for nuclear and cortical cataracts, respectively, and strehl ratio were 0.11±0.03 and 0.07±0.02(ratio) for nuclear and cortical cataracts, respectively. As a result of the subjective questionnaire, nuclear cataract and cortical cataract patients scored 70.22 points and 62.88 points, respectively, indicating that there was a significant difference in subjective visual acuity (p<0.05). It is expected to be helpful in identifying and understanding objectively and quantitatively.

본 연구에서는 폴리그래프 검사에서 객관적 자기인식이 용의자의 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 검토하였다. 이를 위해서 실제 범죄사건 용의자들을 대상으로 객관적 자기인식(거울 유무)을 조작하여 생리적 반응을 측정하였으며, 용의자 집단 중 폴리그래프 검사결과 및 검찰 처분결과를 근거로 진실집단과 거짓집단으로 나누어 객관적 자기인식에 따른 집단 간 생리적 반응을 비교하였다. 분석결과, 진실집단은 객관적 자기인식에 따라 사건관련질문에서 생리적 반응 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 거짓집단은 거울이 있는 조건이 거울이 없는 조건에 비교해 사건관련질문에서의 생리적 반응이 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 즉 객관적 자기인식이 높은 상황에서 거짓말하는 사람은 불안과 긴장감의 증가로 인해 생리적 반응이 증가한 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과는 폴리그래프 검사에서 객관적 자기인식이 용의자들의 진술 진위여부를 명확히 파악하는데 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to examine differences in suspects’ physiological responses depending on objective self-awareness. To manipulate objective self-awareness, all the suspects were first seated in front of a mirror during a polygraph test, after which they completed the test without facing a mirror. Depending on the polygraph test results, the suspects were divided into two groups (lie and truth groups) to identify the differences in physiological responses. The results showed that in the lie group, suspects who completed the polygraph test in front of a mirror had more physiological responses than those who were not seated in front of a mirror. In contrast, the truth group showed no statistically significant differences in physiological responses related to self-awareness. The results indicate differences between the two groups in physiological responses depending on objective self-awareness. These findings may help to correctly detect the truth and lies in many applied settings.

전통적 객관식 시험과 새로이 확산되고 있는 수행평가는 교육을 교육답게 하는가? 두 가지 평가 형태의 배경과 산출되는 정보의 특징을 비교하였다. 개별적이고 독자적인 능력을 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 객관식 시험에 비해서 개별적이고 독자적인 능력뿐 아니라 그보다는 집단적이고 보조적인 능력까지도 평가할 수 있는 수행평가는 일반적으로 주관적 평가가 될 수밖에 없지만 더러는 객관적인 평가를 할 수도 있다. 이러한 특징을 가진 두 유형의 평가의 교육적 의의는 평가대상 능력과 인관관계를 중심으로 논의되었다. 능력 측면에서 볼 때, 수행평가는 단순한 지식의 양보다는 보다 복잡한 지식의 구조를 측정하는 한편, 보조적인 능력이나 공동체적 능력이 교육에서 강조될 여지가 있다. 그리고 인간관계 측면에서는 객관식 시험은 인간의 우열관계 가시화 및 역전화가 용이한 한편, 수행평가는 주위사람의 교육적 참여가 용이한 만큼, 협동과 경쟁관계가 혼재하게 되는 현상을 초래하기가 쉽다. 결론적으로 어떤 평가이든 서열화를 넘어서서 인간의 구조적 이해를 위한 진단과 보조적인 능력과 공동체적 능력의 교육적 의의를 위한 담론 외에, 초월심리학과 같은 영역에서 보이는 보다 폭넓은 인간이해를 위한 평가의 필요성을 논의하였다.

Software testing is a vital activity during software production to detect faults and to guarantee that the software is working properly as per the requirements.Regression testing is an activity that is carried out during the maintenance phase to ensure the quality and reliability after altering the existing version of the software. There are many techniques for performing regression testing. They are re-test all, test case minimization, test case selection and test case prioritization.The aim of this paper is to select a subset of test cases which should be run when there are siginificant changes in the original program. To extract the subset of test cases, a novel method is adopted in this research which uses executable backward static slicing.The program slices are converted into abstract syntax tree and then compared using modified simple tree matching algorithm to obtain the subset of test cases.It is clear from the result obtained that this method is very significant.

Objectives: Subjective language complaints (SLCs) are frequently reported among the elderly. However, SLCs and their relationship with various language functions have not been extensively investigated. The purpose of this study was two-fold: to explore whether SLCs can be related to performance in various objective language tests and to determine which demographic variables are associated with SLCs. Methods: This study gathered responses from 376 elderly participants (mean age, 74.21±6.56 years) to two questions regarding SLCs and demographic information. We also analyzed the relationship between SLCs and verbal fluency, sentence comprehension, and naming ability (15-item Korean version of the Boston Naming Test [K-BNT-15]) with multiple regression analysis. Results: The data revealed that SLCs are associated with K-BNT-15 performance. Such demographic variables as age, education, depressive symptoms, and job status were related to SLCs. Conclusion: The results indicate that SLCs reflect a difficulty in word retrieval, which is one of the most frequently reported language complaints of the elderly; however, varying linguistic exposure and social interaction through education and employment may reduce the perceived language decline.

The present study investigates the clinical applicability of a new device which objectively measures nasal resonating vibration via piezoelectric vibratory sensor from 10 normal volunteers, 10 patients with definite hypernasality and 10 nasal polyposis patients. For the assessment of the hypernasality, the ratio of 'ng' to 'a' as well as that of 'mama' to 'papa' passages were used. For the evaluation of hyponasality, the ratio of nasal vibration post- to pre-induced cul-de-sac resonation was calculated. In the control group, the ratio of ng/a and mama/papa passages was larger than 8, while in the hypernasality group, the ratio was markedly lower. The vibratory signals of 'a' and 'ng' increased markedly in the control group and the hypernasality group after inducing cul-de-sac resonation, while in the hyponasality group, the change was minimal.

This paper deals with formulation of optimum multi-objective modified step-stress accelerated life test (ALT) plan for Burr type-XII distribution under type-I censoring. Since it is impractical to estimate only one objective parameter after conducting costly ALT tests; also, it is not desirable to assume instantaneous changes in stress levels because of limited capacity of test equipments and the presence of undesirable failure modes, therefore, an optimum multi-objective modified step-stress ALT plan has been designed. The optimal test plan consists in determining the optimum low stress level and optimal time at which stress starts linearly increasing from low stress by minimizing the weighted sum of the asymptotic variances of the maximum likelihood estimator of quantile lifetimes at design constant stress. The method developed has been illustrated using an example. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out. Comparative study has also been done to highlight the merits of the proposed model.

현행 객관식 시험 방식에 내재되어 있는 결점을 보완하기 위하여, 수험자가 문항의 답을 둘 이상 복수로 선택할 수 있도록 하고, 틀린 답을 선택한 경우에는 감점을 주는 객관식 시험 방식인 MCP (Multiple-Choice with Penalty) 평가 방법을 고려하였다. 제안된 방법의 효과를 검증하기 위하여, 두 수험자 A, B 그룹에 대해 각기 두 번씩의 시험을 실시하였다. 첫 번째는 객관식 시험으로, A 그룹은 현행의 오지선다 평가 방법에 의해, B 그룹은 본 논문에서 제안한 MCP 평가 방법에 의해 시험을 치렀다. 두 번째 시험은 첫 번째 시험에서의 답 선택이 문항에 대한 이해와 지식을 근거로 이루어졌는지를 파악하기 위함으로, 답을 선택한 근거를 상세히 기술토록 하였다. 현행 오지선다와 MCP 평가 방법의 호불호를 비교하기 위해 몇 가지 분석을 수행한 결과, MCP 평가 방법이 여러 가지 측면에서 오지선다 평가 방법에 비해 우수함이 확인되었다

In an effort to remedy the problems inherent in the current objective test, we propose a new type of test that allows multiple choice for the correct answer and imposes appropriate penalty for the incorrect choices. To investigate the effect of the proposed method, two examinee groups were employed to take two kinds of examinations each. The one is to evaluate the examinee according to the choice of the answer. The other is to get the examinee's degree of knowledge and understanding for the given test by requiring them to expound the reason for the choice of the answer. By several estimations for comparison of the current and the proposed methods, it has been found that the MCP method proposed in this paper is superior to the current one in every respect examined.

Background and Objectives Cochlear dead region (CDR) is a region in the cochlear wherehearing loss has occurred due to damage to the inner hair cells and/or neurons. Recently, a subjectivetest involving a pure-tone test in the presence of threshold-equalizing noise (TEN) wasintroduced to identify CDR. However, for uncooperative patients, such a subjective methodwould be unsuitable and objective methods would be needed instead to detect CDR. The acousticchange complex (ACC) is an evoked potential elicited by changes in the ongoing sound. In thisstudy, we developed an objective method of identifying CDR by combining ACC response witha TEN test, namely the TEN-ACC test, and investigated its feasibility in normal-hearing listeners. Subjects and Method Ten normal-hearing subjects participated in this study. All subjectsunderwent both behavioral TEN test and electrophysiological TEN-ACC test. The stimuli forthe TEN-ACC test consisted of TEN and embedded pure tones with different frequencies/signalsto noise ratios (SNRs). To identify the thresholds, the range SNR of stimulation was variedfrom 0 to 20 dB, in stages of 4 dB. Results The ACC responses of all subjects who participated in this study were well elicited bystimuli developed for the TEN-ACC test. We confirm that the pure-tones embedded in TENelicited the objective ACC response. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the novel TEN-ACC test can be applied toevoke ACC in normal-hearing listeners. Future research should incorporate hearing-impairedlisteners to determine the feasibility of the TEN-ACC test as an objective method to identifyCDR.

본 연구에서는 무엇이 함정수사이고 함정수사의 위법성을 어떻게 판단할 것인가에 관한 판례의 입장을 개관하고, 이에 대한 학설인 주관설과 종합설, 객관설에 관하여 비판적으로 검토하면서 세 가지 근거를 들어 객관설이 타당함을 논증하였다. 먼저 판례를 개관하면, 대법원 1963. 9. 12. 선고 63도190판결에서는 ‘함정수사가 범의유발형 수사방법이 아니라면 범죄가 되지 않는다거나 공소제기절차 내지 공소권에 흠이 있는 경우라고 볼 수 없다’는 취지로 판시하고 대법원 1982. 6. 8. 선고 82도884판결에서는 ‘함정수사에 의해 범의가 야기되거나 범행이 이루어진 것이 아니면 처벌할 수 있다’는 취지로 간략히 판시한다. 그런데 대법원 1983. 4. 12. 선고 82도2433판결에서는 ‘범의유발형 수사방법만 함정수사에 해당하여 위법할 수 있고 기회제공형 수사방법은 함정수사라 볼 수 없어서 위법하지 않다’고 판시하게 된다. 이것은 주관설과 양립할 수 있지만 객관설로는 설명할 수 없는 것이어서, 이를 주관설에 따른 판시라고 해석할 수 있다. 그러던 중 대법원 2007. 7. 12. 선고 2006도2339판결에 이르러서는 범의유발형 수사방법 뿐만 아니라 기회제공형 수사방법도 함정수사에 해당하고 또 위법할 수 있음을 판시함과 동시에 그 위법성 판단기준으로 종합설을 취하였음을 분명하게 드러내었다. 이러한 입장은 가장 최근의 대법원 2015. 4. 9. 선고 2015도1003 판결에서도 유지되고 있다. 위와 같이 함정수사의 위법성 판단기준에 관해서는 현재 종합설이 통설이자 판례의 입장이었다. 하지만 함정수사의 위법성 판단기준으로는 객관설만이 타당할 수 있다. 왜냐하면 함정수사의 위법성 판단은 위법수집증거배제법칙에서의 위법수사의 판단과 양립할 수 있어야 하고, 객관설에서 발생할 수 있는 처벌의 공백은 메워져야 할 불합리한 공백이 아니라 우리가 비워두어야 할 정당한 공백이었으며, 법원이 주관설에 따른다면 순환논증과 같은 논리적 오류인 추론을 하게 되었기 때문이다.

Entrapment investigation refers to the method of investigation that the investigative agency who hides its intention and identity, encourages other person to commit a crime and then arrests him. Therefore, the dispute on the illegality of the entrapment investigation is inevitable. The Criminal Procedure Act, however, does not have specific legal provisions for entrap investigation. So the questions of how to determine the illegality of entrap investigation and what is the legal effect of illegal entrapment investigation had been raised. This study reviewed the academic theories and the court's precedents on the illegal entrap investigation and tried to logically prove the validity of ‘Objective test’.

Background and Objectives The objective of this study was to observe whether there are differences in detecting ability of pre-pulse gaps between tinnitus patients and normal subjects. Subjects and Method Ten tinnitus patients and eight normal subjects were recruited. Fifty stimuli composed of a background noise and a pulse noise were presented to the subjects. For certain stimuli, a short gap preceding the pulse noise was inserted but for others, no gaps were inserted. The two groups were subjected to a gap lasting 300 and 200 msec. The subjects were then asked if they detected the gap during the stimulus and the number of correct answers were counted. Results In the tinnitus patient group, the number of correct answers for gap-stimuli detection was significantly smaller when the gap was shortened to 200 msec. In the control group, however, there was only a slight difference in the score. When the length of the gap was shortened to 200 msec, the score significantly decreased in 50% of the tinnitus patients whereas the score increased in only 12% of the control group. Conclusion The ability to detect pre-pulse gaps is affected by tinnitus in humans just as in the animal models.

노화 및 신경학적 질환으로 인한 인지-의사소통의 변화를 정확히 진단하고 객관적 평가를 보완하기 위해 주관적 평가도구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 후천적 인지-의사소통장애(acquired cognitive-communication disorders: ACCD)의 주관적 평가로서 노년기 인지-언어 능력에 대한 정보제공자 보고형 평가척도(Informant-Report Scale on Cognitive-Linguistic Abilities of the Elderly: ISCOLE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도, 객관적 평가와의 상관성을 규명하고 자 하였다. 55세 이상의 정상군 427명 및 환자군 161명(치매 61, MCI 58, 실어증 42)과 각 정보제공자가 참여하였고, 이들의 수행력을 토대로 신뢰도 및 타당도, 객관적 평가와의 상관 성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 내적 일관성신뢰도와 검사-재검사 신뢰도 는 유의하게 높았다. 둘째, ISCOLE의 각 하위 검사 간에 대부분 유의한 상관성이 나타나 내 적 구성타당도를 검증하였고, 적절한 수준의 수렴타당도와 공인타당도가 입증되었다. 셋째, 주의력, 기억력, 고차원적 인지, 언어능력 등의 영역에서 객관적 평가와의 상관성이 높았다. 본 연구를 통해 ACCD에 대한 주관적 평가척도로서 ISCOLE의 유용성을 입증함으로써, 궁극 적으로 인지-의사소통 중재를 계획하거나 중재 효과를 제고하는 데 기여할 것이다

Subjective test is used to increase a diagnostic accuracy and supplement several objective tests in investigating cognitive-communication difficulties due to aging or neurological disease. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability, validity, and correlation with objective tool of the Informant-Report Scale on Cognitive-Linguistic abilities of the Elderly (ISCOLE) as a subjective rating scale of acquired cognitive-communication disorders (ACCD). Data was obtained from 427 elderly adults over the age of 55, 161 patients (dementia 61, MCI 58, aphasia 42) and their informants We evaluated the reliability, validity and associations with the objective performances on 27 items of the ISCOLE. The main findings were as follows. Firstly, the ISCOLE had the appropriate item internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities. Secondly, it showed high-level internal construct, convergent and concurrent validities. Thirdly, several domains like attention, memory, higher-order cognition, and language of ISCOLE were significantly associated with the objective performances. These results indicated that the ISCOLE can be used for diagnosing ACCD. They also provide a relevant contribution to planning the cognitive-communication intervention and increasing its effect.

The headphone is regarded as the most effective means for reproducing 3-dimentional virtual sound due to its channel separation property. However, there still exist several serious problems in headphone reproduction, such as, 'front-back confusion' and in-head localization'. These well-known problems are in general assessed by the subjective test that is based on human judgment. In this paper, an objective test is conducted in parallel with the subject test in order to validate the objective reproduction performance. Such a combined approach may be a more scientific and systematic approach to the reproduction performance.

Optokinetic nystagmus(OKN) testing is an useful tool for assessment of human visual function. Specially, this method has been used for assessing visual function in infants and malingering patients. OKN drum and OKN tape are the common devices currently used for clinical cases. In this paper, we present newly the automated and computerized method for the quantitative and objective assessment of visual acuity in OKN testing.

목적: 본 연구에서는 머리에 착용하는 개인용 휴대 디스플레이(Head-mounted-display; HMD), 안진운동 측정프로그램, 안구감시장치 및 자극의 종류로서 억제법을 사용한 시스템을 개발하여 객관적 시력측정방법으로서의 유효성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 시자극 발생장치, 고해상도 HMD, 적외선 카메라를 사용한 영상분석장치 및 안구감시장치 등으로 구성되는 객관적 시력검사기구를 사용하고 안진이 유발되는 시점을 파악하는 유발법을 이용한 시력검사와 안진을 유발시킨 후에 억제되는 시점을 파악하는 억제법을 이용한 시력검사를 주관적 시력과 비교한다. 결과: 유발법과 억제법으로 측정한 객관적 시력의 최소자극에 해당하는 주관적 시력은 유발법에서 3:0.35-0.6 (이하 객관적 시력 시표: 주관적 시력), 7:0.05～0.25, 12:0.05 이하이며 억제법에서 1:0.6～1.0, 1.5:0.4～0.7, 3:0.15～0.4, 5:0.1～0.2로 억제법이 유발법에 비해 변별력이 더 높게 나타났다. 결론: 억제법을 적용한 객관적 시력검사 시스템은 기존의 유발법보다 시력의 단계를 더 세분화 할 수 있어 객관적 시력을 평가함에 있어 보다 변별력 있는 유용한 검사방법이다.

Purpose: The objective visual acuity test is mandatory in certain cases, such as infants, nonverbal subjects, and subjects who need legal assistance. We designed an objective system for visual acuity test (SOVAT) consisting of three components: stimuli applied via a suppression method, display and evaluation and made a suppression method as stimuli component for SOVAT. Usefulness of the SOVAT was evaluated. Methods: The visual stimuli were presented on a high-resolution head-mounted display (HMD). An eye movement tracking program and gaze monitoring device allowed us to monitor the patient's fixation status during the test. The suppression method, in addition to a conventional induction method, was developed to use with the SOVAT and its accuracy and confidence level were evaluated. Results: On the basis of clinical data, we present the reference values for the SOVAT as below. For the induction method, objective visual acuity (smallest pixel size), the presumed subjective visual acuity was 3: 0.35-0.6, 7: 0.05-0.25, 12: below 0.05 and for the suppression method it was 1: 0.6-1.0, 1.5: 0.4-0.7, 3: 0.15-0.4, 5: 0.1-0.2. Conclusions: SOVAT using this suppression method to assess objective visual acuity proved to be more useful than that with a conventional induction method, especially in the range of high visual acuity.

This paper shows that the California Test could be used optimally considering each concern part of DSM programs. Since participants, non-participants, and utilities want to pursuit their own benefits, it is difficult to satisfy spontaneously. Thus, the test result should be reviewed in the view of each concern part. Additionally, a method for finding the point which is mutually agreed by these concern parts is proposed.

국가 수준에서 실시되는 대학 입학시험은 1962학년도 이후 대학 입학 자격 국가 고사, 예비고사, 학력고사, 그리고 현재의 대학수학능력시험으로 시험의 목적에 따라 이름을 달리하면서 출제 문항의 방향은 다르지만 객관식 평가방법은 지속적으로 개선되어 왔다. 대학 입학시험 자체가 우리나라에서는 문항 출제의 표준이 되고 학교 현장이나 교수-학습 활동에 미치는 효과가 지대하므로 평가 문항의 변천에 대한 연구는 학교에서 교육과정과 교수-학습 활동 연구에 대한 기초자료로서 의미가 있다. 또한 입시 문항의 변천은 역사교육의 평가가 변화 발전하는 실천적인 면이므로, 대학 입학시험에서 국사 문항의 분석을 통해 문항 변천 과정을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 자격고사 문항은 문항을 제작하는 데에 노력과 시간을 짧게 하면서 최대한 암기력을 평가하는 문제임을 알 수 있다. 예비고사 문항은 선다형 문항의 출제에 대한 경험을 지니면서 더 안정적으로 출제되었지만 형식적인 면에서 문두의 부정확함, 소재 활용의 한계, 부정형 문항이 많고, 내용적인 면에서도 교육 과정을 초과한 문항, 역사적 평가에 대한 질문으로 오답시비의 가능성 존재, 인물 문항에 대한 동일 유형의 출제 등이 지적되지만, 대입 자격고사에 비하여 최소한 무엇을 물어보는지에 대한 해석 시간은 줄어들었다. 학력고사는 공부를 통해 얻은 지식의 양을 측정하는 시험인데 학력고사만으로 선발시험의 역할을 해야 하므로 고등학교 교육과정의 전 영역을 포괄하려는 점에서 통시대에 걸친 문항들이 많이 출제되었다. 예비고사 보다 소재의 평이함은 존재하나 여전히 문두의 부정확함, 오답시비의 가능성은 존재하여 문항자체에서 큰 변화를 가졌다고 보기에는 어려운 것 같다. 대학수학능력시험은 객관식 선다형이 안정화되는 시험으로 문두는 명확해졌고, 제시문 또한 다양해졌으며, 역사적 사실보다는 자료와 관련하여 역사적 상황을 추론하는 역사적 사고력을 강조한 문항들이 출제되어 왔다. 이는 예비고사, 학력고사보다 훨씬 진일보한 면모이기도 하였지만, 국사지식을 모르더라도 제시된 자료에서 정답에 대한 단서를 배제시키지 않아 답을 구할 수 있는 문항이 출제되는 한계도 있다. 그러므로 앞으로 국가 수준의 대학 입시에서 국사 문항의 방향은 첫째, 문두가 명확해져야 하며, 둘째, 정답형 위주의 문항으로 가야 하며, 셋째, 오답 시비가 없는 정선된 문항의 개발, 넷째 각 분야별로 균형 있는 문항 개발, 다섯째, 시험 문항에 대한 해설서라든가 시험 후 결과에 대한 공개가 필요하다.

Since 1962 a university entrance assessment taken at the country level has kept improving its format of the multiple-choice, changing its name in accordance with its purpose from University Entrance requirements test, a preliminary examination, an achievement test, College scholastic ability test of today. As university entrance exam itself becomes the standard of making questions and has great effect on a school on the spot and the activity of teaching learning activity, the research on the change of the form of question implies significance as a basic material for educational procedure in school and studying teaching-learning activities. Also, since the changes in the form of question are practical one which shows the improvements of Korean history education, I looked into the steps of changes through analyzing them. As a result, we might notice that University entrance requirements test evaluate the ability to memorize, while requring less times and efforts spent on making questions. Experienced from University entrance requirements test, a preliminary examination has set in more stable and compared with University entrance requirements test ,it reduces the time to figure out what these questions are asking but it has still some issues ; in the form ambiguity of a lead-in question, limitations of usage of subject matters and too much negative question forms and in the content, the difficulty of subject matters which are mainly knowledge based, the possibility of being controversial due to questions about historical evaluation, the same pattern of questions about historical figures. To select the best qualified students, an achievement test measures the amount of knowledge which gained through studying hard. Therefore, achievement test questions have to try to cover all historical periods, including all the fields. The subject matters are less unique than a preliminary examination, there are, still, ambiguity of a lead-in questions, possibility of being controversial exist. It’s hard to say that there have been big changes in the item itself. In College scholastic ability test, the stem became more clear and multiple-choices became stable and also ancillary material became various, Moreover, the questions emphasize a logical deduction which let students infer historical situations from historical datum, rather than the questions which ask only about historical facts. Even though College scholastic ability test is much more improved and developed the form of matriculation than a preliminary examination and an achievement test, it has a limitation that there’s a possibility to get answers from the questions easily without knowing Korean history since there remained the clues for the answer in presented datum. Thus, a university entrance assessment taken at the country level should meet the following requirements : first, a lead-in questions should be definite, second, questions should be based in answers, third, questions shouldn't be controversial whether the answer’s right or wrong, fourth, question contents should be balanced from each historical periods, fifth, expounders or result-opening system should be prepared after the tests.