Earticle

플라톤은 프로타고라스의 지식론을 ‘인간은 만물의 척도이다’라고 이해했는데, 이런 해석에 의하면, 모든 지각에는 오류가 불가능하며, 모든 지각주체는 자신의 지각경험에 대해서 기준이다. 왜냐하면 변화가능한 물질적 세계에 존재하는 지각주체와 대상은 가변적이므로 고정된 인식이나 지각이 불가능하다고 생각했기 때문이다. 이런 플라톤의 해석은 오직 이데아와 같은 영원한 대상에 대해서만 지식이 가능하며 가변적인 물질세계에서는 단지 억견만 존재한다는 그의 주장을 함축한다. 물론 이와 같은 플라톤의 해석이 올바른지에 대한 많은 논의들이 있다. 그러나 우리는 플라톤의 증언을 통해서 프로타고라스 지식론을 접할 수 있다는 점에서 플라톤의 해석이 전적으로 왜곡되었다고 배척하거나, 그의 해석으로부터 완전히 자유롭기는 불가능할 것으로 생각된다. 그러함에도 불구하고 최근 연구들은 프로타고라스 지식론에 대한 다양한 이해를 시도하고 있다. 최근의 시도들은 프로타고라스를 객관주의자로 볼 것인지 또는 주관주의자로 해석할 것인지의 문제로 환원되어 진행되어 왔는데, 프로타고라스를 경험주의자로 해석해야 한다는 주장이 보다 설득력있기 논증되고 제기되었다. 경험주의적 해석은 프로타고라스의 지식론은 단지 상대주의를 지향한 것이 아니라 엘리아 학파의 이성중심적 형이상학에 대한 반발로서 이해해야 할것이며, 모든 인식이나 지각의 출발점은 경험주체이어야 한다는 점을 강조한다. 프로타고라스에 대해서 경험주의적 해석을 포함해서 어떤 해석을 선택하던지 간에 경험주체의 상대성을 인정한다는 점에서 프로타고라스의 지식론은 여전히 상대주의적이라고 할 수 있다. 프로타고라스의 상대주의는 양립할 수 없는 두 주장을 모두 허용할 수 있다는 점에서 아리스토텔레스에 의해 비판받는다. 왜냐하면 상대주의란 지각주체의 관점이나 조건에 따라 다르게 외부대상이 지각될 수 있다는 점을 인정한다는 점에서 객관적 인식과 절대적 지각의 가능성을 인정하지 않기 때문이다. 아리스토텔레스는 상대주의자들의 주장이 모순율을 부정하는 자기 논박적인 특징을 갖는다고 비판한다. 그는 모순율을 부정하는 것은 객관적 세계의 존재를 부정하는 것이며, 물질세계에 대한 지식의 근거를 부정하는 것이라고 생각했다. 따라서 상대주의자들의 지식론, 즉, 우리에게 있어서의 지식만이 존재한다고 주장은 자기 파괴적으로 모순적이라고 비판한 것이다. 『형이상학』에 나타난 아리스토텔레스의 주장은 각 개별주체에 대해서 개별적인 지식이나 감각이 존재한다고 인정하고 있지만, 더 나아가 ‘우리에게 있어서의 지식’과 ‘그 자체의 지식’을 구분한다. 존재의 법칙과 인식 또는 사유의 법칙이 서로 완전하게 일치하지 않는다는 점을 고려하면, 상대적인 주관적 인식의 방법만으로는 외부세계 대상을 충분하게 지각할 수 없다고 할 것이다. 따라서 주관적 인식과 객관적 인식의 종합적인 틀 속에서 외부대상에 대한 인식과정을 설명하는 아리스토텔레스의 지식론은 가장 종합적이고 포괄적인 견해라고 평가할 수 있다.

Plato's interpretation on Protagoras's theory of knowledge which is understood as ‘Man is measure of every things' means that perception is infallible and every perception-subject is a criterion of their. For perception-subject and object in material world is constantly changeable, we can not have a permernant knowledge. Whether Plato's interpretation is correct or not is under debate. In recent studies, we can more understand Protagoras if we interpretes him as an empiricist and he objects Elea's ratinoalistic metaphysics and lays a stress on the perception-subject as a starting post. But we can say that Protagoras's theory of knowledge is relativism which can't allow the universal standard. Protagoras's relativism which can allows the incompatible statement at the same time is criticised by Aristotle especially in Metaphysics. Because relativism claims that thing can be recognized relative to one's view, quantity, conditions, way and denys that there is no objective perception criterion and knowledge.Aristotle criticized that Protagoras's relativism can deny a Principle of Contradiction which is basic principle of being and thinking. Therefore, to deny a Principle of Contradiction is to deny a existence of real world and grounds of knowledge in the world. Aristotle maintains that relativistic theory of knowledge, there is only relative to us-knowledge, is self-refutative. From this assertion, we can infer aristotle thinks that itself-knowledge is presupposed by a relative to us-knowledge. Furthermore For the principle of mind is different from the principle of things, only one of either subjectivistic and relativistic perception-way is not sufficient to understand the material world properly. Therefore we can estimate Aristotle's theory of knowledge which allows the two way of perception as synthesize and comprehensive view.

Risk perception is the starting point of crisis management. It is a research finding in the academic community that there are differences between objective risk assessments and subjective risk perception. Through an analysis of the objective risk perception of the local safety index and the subjective risk perception of the safety sensitivity, no correlation was found between the two, and the difference in risk perception was verified through statistical analysis. The greater the difference, the more various problems such as dissatisfaction with policy effectiveness, distrust, political risk, and safety indifference can occur. To overcome this, measures have been proposed, such as establishing an information system that provides risk information promptly and accurately, improving the survey methods of the local safety index and safety feeling that stakeholders related to crisis management can empathize with, activating risk communication, and building a risk governance system. In crisis situations, policy authorities need to accurately perceive the risks that the general public feels and take active actions to alleviate them. The general public also needs to make efforts to enhance their awareness and preparedness for risks to contribute to building a safe society.

Previous research has enlightened pre-service English teachers’ perceptions of teaching and evaluation. This study raised the question of a possible credibility gap between the pre-service teachers’ subjective perceptions and their third-person objective judgements. To this end, thirty-six English majors in a university English Teaching Methodology course completed a two-page questionnaire with a section on feedback types and another on teaching evaluation criteria. The questionnaire was administered twice: first to determine teachers’ subjective perceptions, and later to measure their third-person objective judgements. The results suggest statistically significant gaps between the two different perspectives. The gaps were evident in ‘self-evaluation through video observation’ in the section on feedback types, and ‘teacher’s English skills’ and ‘teacher’s preparedness’ in the section on teaching evaluation criteria, all of which the pre-service teachers may consider demanding or challenging. The results reveal that their perception may have been expressed for convenience sake and thus were different from their judgements from a third-person perspective. Therefore, the study makes suggestions to educators in pre-service teacher training programs, both for their research and for adaptation to their education practice.

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyzed perception of physical education objective of the students in national university of education, and to evaluate concern on physical education subject, and provide basic data for researching of the physical education so that we can make efficiency of physical education learning. The subjects were collected 1268 students in Gwangju, Gongju, Geongju, Jinju national university of education. The scale for the study was PPCF(Purpose Process Curriculum Framework) that Laplante(1973) evolved, and Jewett and Mullan(1977) systematized, and Cho, Mi-Hye changed. The results were as follows; First, male students in national university of education showed higher than that of the female students in national university of education in perception of physical education objective of physical efficiency, psychological stability, space sense, object operation, communication, group interaction, cultural participation. Second, there were difference by grade in perception of physical education objective. There were no difference in perception of physical education objective in group interaction, and showed it higher, the grade higher. Third, the students of the physical education showed higher than that of art and music, human, science department in perception of physical education objective of physical efficiency, psychological stability, space sense, object operation, communication, group interaction, cultural participation. Fourth, the students have motor skill showed higher than that of the students have not motor skill in perception of physical education objective of physical efficiency, psychological stability, space sense, object operation, communication, group interaction, cultural participation. Fifth, the students like subject of the physical education showed higher than that of the students didn't like subject of the physical education in perception of physical education objective of physical efficiency, psychological stability, space sense, object operation, communication, group interaction, cultural participation. Sixth, the students recognized the importance of the subject of the physical education showed higher than that of the students didn't recognized the importance of subject of the physical education in perception of physical education objective of physical efficiency, psychological stability, space sense, object operation, communication, group interaction, cultural participation. When putting these findings together, It's judged that students in national university of education must improve motor skill and recognized the importance of subject of the physical education and like it, and especially, must guide female students to concern subject of the physical education and actively participate in physical education.

Background: Woosuk University College of Pharmacy delivered patient counseling education and administered Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) by utilizing standardized patients (SP) in Introductory Pharmacy Practice course. Surveys were conducted to examine students’ perception of SP and its impact on experiential education. Methods: Students learned patient counseling by didactic lecture and role-play, followed by hands-on practice with SP. Then, patient counseling skills were assessed during OSCE by utilizing SP. The first survey was conducted immediately after OSCE, and the second survey after the completion of Pharmacy Practice Experiences (PPEs). Results: According to the surveys, majority of the students agreed that utilizing SP was effective in building confidence for conducting patient counseling, reflecting on strengths and weaknesses of communication skills, and preparing for PPEs. It was particularly more effective than role-play in simulating patient counseling in a real pharmacy and reflecting on oneself. Also, OSCE was an appropriate method to assess patient counseling skills and utilizing SP for this purpose was well-suited. Conclusion: Although it is very new in South Korea, other developed countries are already widely utilizing SP, and its importance and necessity have been proven by several studies. Therefore, Korean colleges of pharmacy should begin discussing how to utilize SP to improve students’ communications skills and implementing OSCE to evaluate those skills.

Objectives: The promotion of health and safety (H&S) awareness among hospital staff can be applied through various methods. The aim of this study was to assess the risk level of physical hazards in the hospital sector by combining workers' perception, experts' evaluation and objective measurements. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed using multiple triangulation. Hospital staff (n = 447) filled in an H&S questionnaire in a general hospital in Athens and an oncology one in Thessaloniki. Experts observed and filled in a checklist on H&S in the various departments of the two hospitals. Lighting, noise and microclimate measurements were performed. Results: The staff's perception of risk was higher than that of the experts in many cases. The measured risk levels were low to medium. In cases of high-risk noise and lighting, staff and experts agreed. Staff's perception of risk was influenced by hospital's department, hospital's service, years of working experience and level of education. Therefore, these factors should be taken into account in future studies aimed at increasing the participation of hospital workers. Conclusion: This study confirmed the usefulness of staff participation in the risk assessment process, despite the tendency for staff to overestimate the risk level of physical hazards. The combination of combining staff perception, experts' evaluation and objective measures in the risk assessment process increases the efficiency of risk management in the hospital environment and the enforcement of relevant legislation.

남북한 체제 경쟁이 여전히 진행되고 있는 상황에서 객관적인 한반도 정세 인식은 우리의 안보와 평화 유지라는 점에서 중요하다. 2019년 제2차 북미 정상회담 실패 이후 한반도 정세는 북한의 핵 무력의 고도화와 공세적 정책으로 인해 군사적 충돌의 가능성이 한층 고조되고 있다. 그런데 이러한 한반도 정세를 둘러싸고 보수와 진보 진영 간의 갈등과 대립이 심화하고 있으며, 심지어 선과 악의 프레임 속에서 서로를 부정하려는 양상으로까지 비화하고 있다. 또한 이러한 갈등이 한반도 정세 인식을 둘러싼 갈등으로만 끝나지 않고 국가의 진로를 둘러싼 갈등으로까지 확대되고 있다는 점에서 우려를 불러일으키고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 한반도 정세와 북한 문제를 둘러싸고 표출되고 있는 우리 사회의 상반된 인식과 이로 인해 발생하는 진영 갈등이 객관적 한반도 정세 인식 형성을 저해하는 한계를 규명하는 동시에 객관적이고 균형적인 한반도 정세 인식 형성을 위한 과제를 제시한다.

In a situation where system competition between North and South Korea is still ongoing, an objective recognition of the situation on the Korean Peninsula is important in terms of maintaining our security and peace. Since the failure of the second North Korea-US summit in 2019, the situation on the Korean Peninsula is increasing the possibility of military conflict due to North Korea's advancement of nuclear weapons and offensive policies. However, the conflict and confrontation between conservatives and progressives is intensifying over the current situation on the Korean Peninsula, and is even escalating to the point where they are trying to deny each other in the frame of good and evil. In addition, this conflict is raising concerns in that it is not only a conflict over the perception of the situation on the Korean Peninsula, but is expanding to a conflict over the country's path. Accordingly, this study investigates the limitations of our society's conflicting perceptions surrounding the situation on the Korean Peninsula and the North Korean issue and the resulting factional conflicts that impede the formation of an objective perception of the situation on the Korean Peninsula. In addition, the study presents Alternatives for forming an objective and balanced perceptions of the situation on the Korean Peninsula.

본 연구는 원자력 커뮤니케이션에서 활발히 활용되고 있는 친환경 프레임 메시지가 정말 공중에게 긍정적으로 작용하고 있는지, 친환경 프레임을 해석하는 과정에서 관련된 공중 인식의 역할을 중심으로 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 20-60대 성인 남녀 400명을 대상으로 설문을 진행하였고, 동일한 친환경 메시지 제시 하에서 개인의 친환경 인식이 환경적 편익 인식을 매개로 원자력 수용성과 긍정적 구전 의도로 이어지는 해석/설득 경로와 그 조절 요인(원자력에 대한 위험 인식, 객관적 지식)의 역할을 살펴보았다. 조건부 매개 분석 결과, 친환경 인식이 환경적 편익 인식을 거쳐 원자력 수용(수용성/구전 의도)에 영향을 미치는 경로는 위험 인식이 낮을수록 강해졌고, 객관적 지식의 조절효과는 위험 인식 수준에 따라 달랐다: 위험 인식이 낮은 집단에서는 지식이 높을수록 해당 경로의 영향은 완만해지는 경향이 나타났으나, 중간 수준의 위험 인식을 가진 집단에서는 지식이 높아질수록 해당 경로의 영향이 강화되었으며, 높은 수준의 위험을 인식하는 집단에서는 지식 수준과 무관하게 해당 경로가 유의하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 친환경 원자력 프레임에 대한 공중의 해석이 개인의 친환경 인식, 위험 인식, 객관적 지식에 따라 달라지며, 그에 따라 환경적 편익 및 원자력 수용에 미치는 영향의 모습도 달라질 수 있음을 실증적으로 보여준다.

This study explores whether the environmentally friendly framing messages actively used in nuclear communication are indeed positively affecting the public, focusing on the roles of various public perceptions in interpreting this frame. A survey was conducted with 400 adults aged 20-60. It examined the interpretation/persuasion path where individual environmental perceptions, under the same environmentally friendly message, lead to nuclear acceptance and positive word-of-mouth intentions through the mediation of perceived environmental benefits. It also explored the role of moderating factors (risk perception/objective knowledge on nuclear power). The conditional mediation analysis revealed that the path where environmental perception influences nuclear acceptance (acceptance/word-of-mouth intention) via perceived environmental benefits was stronger when risk perception was lower. The moderating effect of objective knowledge varied with the level of risk perception: in groups with low risk perception, higher knowledge tended to moderate the influence of the path; in groups with moderate risk perception, higher knowledge strengthened the path; while in groups with high risk perception, the path was not significant regardless of knowledge level. These results empirically demonstrate that the public's interpretation of the environmentally friendly nuclear frame varies based on individual environmental perception, risk perception, and objective knowledge, and consequently, the impact on environmental benefits and nuclear acceptance can also differ.

목 적 : 본 연구의 목적은 불면증 환자의 주관적 수면인식과 관련 있는 임상적, 객관적 요인들을 알아보고 임상에서 불면증 환자의 이해와 평가 및 치료에 도움을 주기 위함이다. 방 법 : 109명의 불면증 환자들을 대상으로, 수면다원검사 결과와 자가보고 설문지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 주관적 수면인식은 아침자가보고 설문지의 주관적 총 수면시간(subjective total sleep time, subjective TST), 입면 잠복시간(subjective sleep onset time; subjective SOL), 각성횟수, 아침 개운함 정도로 측정하였으며, 주관적-객관적 수면차이를 계산하였다. 임상적 특징은 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)를 측정하였다. 변수들 사이의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 상관분석을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 109명의 불면증 대상자(남성 = 72명, 나이 43.49 ± 15.32세)를 분석한 결과, 주관적 총 수면시간(subjective TST)은 수면다원검사에서의 입면 후 각성시간(wake after sleep onset, WASO) (p < 0.001), N1 수면(p = 0.039), PSQI (p < 0.001), BDI (p = 0.014)와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 수면차이는 PSQI (p = 0.018)와 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 아침 개운함 정도는 PSQI (p = 0.019), BDI (p < 0.001)와 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론 : 불면증 환자에서 주관적 수면인식은 수면다원검사의 입면 후 각성시간(WASO), N1 수면과 관련성이 있었으며, 우울감과 평소 수면의 질과 관련성이 있었다. 불면증 환자에서 다양한 객관적 수면변수, 평소 수면의 질 및 우울감이 주관적 수면인식에 영향을 미치므로, 이를 고려하여 환자를 평가 및 치료해야 하겠다.

Objectives: Our study aims to investigate the clinical and polysomnographic variables associated with subjective sleep perception. Methods: Among the patients who underwent nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) at the Center for Sleep and Chronobiology of Seoul National University Hospital from May 2018 to July 2019, 109 diagnosed with insomnia disorder based on DSM-5 were recruited for the study, and their medical records were retrospectively analyzed. Self-report questionnaires about clinical characteristics including Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were completed. Subjective sleep quality was measured using variables of subjective total sleep time (subjective TST), subjective sleep onset latency (subjective SOL), subjective number of awakenings, morning feeling after awakening, and sleep discrepancy (subjective TST-objective TST) the morning after PSG. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were used to determine the factors associated with subjective sleep perception. Results: In patients with insomnia, subjective TST was negatively correlated with Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) (p = 0.001) and N1 sleep (p = 0.039) parameters on polysomnography. Also, it was negatively correlated with PSQI (p < 0.001) and BDI (p = 0.014) scores. Sleep discrepancy was negatively correlated with PSQI score (p = 0.018). Morning feeling was negatively correlated with PSQI (p = 0.019) and BDI (p < 0.001) scores. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that subjective sleep perception is associated with PSG variables (WASO and N1 sleep) and with PSQI and BDI scores. In clinical practice, it is helpful to assess and manage insomnia patients in consideration of objective sleep variables, subjective sleep quality, and depressed mood, which can influence subjective sleep perception.

Objectives：Polysomnography in insomnia patients has often revealed a mismatch between the subjective perception and the objective findings of sleep time. We aimed to examine this mismatch and investigate the characteristics associated with the mismatch in insomnia patients. Methods：In 121 insomnia patients, findings of nocturnal polysomnography, responses to a subjective questionnaire after sleep, and medical records were reviewed. The patients were classified into two groups-total sleep time (TST) underestimation group(N=56) and TST non-underestimation group(N=65)-depending on the presence of a 2-h difference between the subjective and the objective TSTs. The demographic characteristics, type of insomnia, use of sleep-promoting medication, polysomnography findings, and subjective reports were compared between the two groups. Results：Nocturnal polysomnography showed significantly longer TST(p＜0.001) and shorter sleep latency(p＜ 0.001) than the subjectively reported values. In comparison with the TST non-underestimation group, the TST underestimation group were significantly older(p=0.043) ; more likely to have longer TST(p=0.012), shorter sleep latency (p=0.002), and a smaller proportion of slow-wave sleep(p＜0.001) in the polysomnographic analysis ; and more likely to show shorter TST(p＜0.001) and shallower sleep(p＜0.001) in the subjectively reported values. Conclusions：We found a significant mismatch between the subjective perception and the objective findings of sleep time as determined using polysomnography in insomnia patients. Underestimation of sleep time may be more closely associated with the proportion of slow-wave sleep, which reflects sleep depth, than with objective TST.

정책은 어떤 경로를 통해 확산되는가? 본 연구는 정책확산에 대한 경험적 연구에서 다소 간과되어 온 이 질문을 규명함으로써 기존연구를 보완하여 정책확산에 대한 학술적 이해를 제고하는 것을 목적으로 삼았다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 계량적인 사건사분석방법과 정책결정자의 주관적 인식을 조사하는 두 가지 방법을 적용하여 정책확산의 경로를 규명하고자 하였다. 먼저 새로운 정책의 도입 시 어떤 지방자치단체의 정책을 참고하는가에 대한 주관적 인식조사 결과, 사회경제적 유사성, 광역행정구역, 경계인접, 거리근접의 순으로 나타났다. 다음으로 계량적 사건사분석의 결과, 경계인접 기준으로 작성한 확산경로의 회귀계수의 크기가 가장 작고 통계적 유의성도 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 사회경제적 유사성, 행･재정적 유사성, 지리적 인접 등이 복합적으로 반영된 광역행정구역 기준의 영향력이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 정책의 특성이나 확인하고자하는 확산기제가 무엇인가에 따라 적절한 확산경로를 설정해야하며, 그 것이 이론적으로 충분히 확인되지 않았거나 모호할 경우 적어도 둘 이상의 확산경로를 활용하는 것이 필요함을 시사하고 있다.

Through which paths the policy is diffused? This study aims at enhancing the scholastic understanding of the policy diffusion by investigating the above question which has been ignored in the empirical policy diffusion study. For answering the research question, this study examines diffusion paths by using both the quantitative event history analysis and the survey on policy-makers’ subjective perception. The results of the survey on policy-makers’ subjective perception show that policy makers refer to neighboring governments, based on, in order of priority: the socio-economic similarity, the jurisdiction of the higher level government, contiguity, and the geographic proximity. The results of event history analyses reveal that the coefficient of the diffusion path based on contiguity is lowest and the coefficient of the diffusion path based on regional governments’ jurisdiction, which comprehensively reflects the socio-economic, administrative, and financial similarity and the geographic proximity, is highest in terms of the magnitude and the statistical significance. The findings of this study suggest that, to examine the policy diffusion, the researcher should set appropriate diffusion paths according to the characteristics of the policy and diffusion mechanism to be examined and use multiple diffusion paths when the theory is silent on the diffusion path.

이 연구는 영유아를 둔 기혼여성의 양육형태 선택에 대한 주관적 인식과 객관적 환경의 영향을 2010년 조사된 제3차 여성가족패널 자료를 이용해 실증적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 직접양육과 대리양육 간의 선택에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과, 아동 및 가족특성 등 객관적 조건만이 양육형태 선택에 영향을 미쳤고 주관적 인식은 유의미하지 않았다. 취업모와 비취업모로 구분해 분석한 결과, 취업모의 경우 영아일수록, 비빈곤가구일수록 기관양육보다는 개인대리양육을, 비취업모의 경우 영아보다 유아일수록, 유사빈곤가구일수록, 부부가 저학력자인 경우가 직접 돌보기보다는 기관양육을 선택할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 보육정책의 내용과 설계가 행위자의 선택을 제한하고 있음을, 특히 취학전 교육 단계부터 양육형태 선택에서 계층의 효과가 강하게 나타나고 있음을 밝혔다.

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the behavior of Korean Women with preschool children on choosing ‘type of child care’. Analysis use the data from the Korean longitudinal survey of women and families. The effect of subjective perception had little effect on the choice among the types of child care. Only the objective condition such as age of child, parents’ education, and household income, work condition of mother influenced the choice of care type. The implication of this study is that the childcare policy influences the choice of childcare and education and income is also influential in the choice of childcare system.

본 연구는 최근 환경오염의 심각성과 함께 대두되고 있는 식품의 안전성과 관련하여 소비자들의 유기농식품 지식과 환경에 대한 위험지각과의관계 검증을 통하여 유기농식품 구매의도를 살펴보고자 수행되어졌다. 서울과 울산에 거주하는주부를 대상으로 총 311부의 자료를 실증분석에사용하였으며 가설 검증을 위해 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 AMOS 분석을 실시하였다. 결과를살펴보면 소비자들이 지닌 유기농 식품에 대한객주관적 지식은 주관적 지식과 유의한 관계를보였으나 구매의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 객관적 지식과 위험지각 간의 관계는 유의하게 나타났다. 주관적 지식은 구매의도와 위험지각에 높은 영향력을 가지는것으로 나타났으며 소비자들의 환경에 대한 위험지각이 높을수록 유기농식품 구매의도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 구매의도에 대한 간접효과에서는 객관적 지식, 주관적 지식 모두 위험지각을 통해 유의한 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났고위험지각도 객관적 지식, 주관적 지식을 통한 유의적인 간접효과를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the relationship between consumers’ knowledge and risk perception towards purchase intention of organic food. The data were collected from a sample of 311 housewives in Seoul and Ulsan. A structural equation modelling technique was used to test the causal model. The results indicated that subjective knowledge was significantly associated with purchasing organic food. Objective knowledge, in contrast, was only indirectly associated with purchasing organic food, through increased subjective knowledge and risk perception towards purchasing organic food. Risk perception towards organic food had a direct positive and relatively strong relationship with purchasing organic food. Implications of the results and limitations of the study were discussed.

본 연구는 최근 환경오염의 심각성과 함께 대두되고 있는 식품의 안전성과 관련하여 소비자들의 유기농식품 지식과 환경에 대한 위험지각과의 관계 검증을 통하여 유기농식품 구매약도를 살펴보고자 수행되어졌다. 서울과 울산에 거주하는 주부를 대상으로 총 311부의 자료를 실증분석에 사용하였으며 가설 검증을 위해 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 AMOS 분석을 실시하였다. 결과를 살펴보면 소비자들이 지닌 유기농 식품에 대한 객주관적 지식은 주관적 지식과 유의한 관계를 보였으나 구매의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 객관적 지식과 위험지각 간의 관계는 유의하게 나타났다. 주관적 지식은 구매의도와 위험지각에 높은 영향력을 가지는 것으로 나타냈으며 소비자들의 환경에 대한 위험 지각이 높을수록 유기농식품 구매의도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 구매의도에 대한 간접효과에서는 객관적 지식, 주관적 지식 모두 위험지각을 통해 유의한 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났고 위험지각도 객관적 지식, 주관적 지식을 통한 유의적인 간접효과를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the relationship between consumers' knowledge and risk perception towards purchase intention of organic food. The data were collected from a sample of 311 housewives in Seoul and Ulsan. A structural equation modelling technique was used to test the causal model. The results indicated that subjective knowledge was significantly associated with purchasing organic food. Objective knowledge, in contrast, was only indirectly associated with purchasing organic food, through increased subjective knowledge and risk perception towards purchasing organic food. Risk perception towards organic food had a direct positive and relatively strong relationship with purchasing organic food. Implications of the results and limitations of the study were discussed.

본 연구는 서울시 공공임대주택 거주자의 객관적ㆍ주관적 주거비 부담이 주거만족도에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석 하였다. 서울시 공공임대주택 입주자 패널조사의 4개 조사연도(연도별 1,295가구, 총 5,180가구) 데이터를 활용하였으며, 객관적 주거비 부담과 주관적 주거비 부담 변수를 패널 임의효과 순서형 로지스틱 모형에 투입하였다. 분석 결과, 객관적 주거비 부담은 주거만족도에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 주관적 주거비 부담은 주거만족도를 유의미하게 낮추는 요인으로 작용하였다. 주거비 부담이 주거만족도에 미치는 영향은 객관성과 주관성 측면에서 불일치할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 이는 공공임대주택의 낮은 임대료 구조로 인해 객관적 주거비 부담은 크게 체감되지 않지만, 개인적ㆍ심리적 요인에서 비롯되는 주관적 주거비 부담이 주거만족도 저하에 직접적으로 작용할 수 있음을 의미한다. 이러한 결과는 공공임대주택 정책이 단순히 주택을 제공하는 데 그치지 않고, 입주민이 체감하는 실질적 주거만족도와 웰빙을 높이는 방향으로 보완되어야 함을 시사한다. 향후 주거비 부담의 두 가지 측면을 종합적으로 고려한 맞춤형주거 지원과 가구 특성 및 지역 환경을 반영한 정교한주거 정책 마련이 요구된다.

This study examines the effects of housing cost burden on residential satisfaction among public housing tenants in Seoul, South Korea, with particular emphasis on the distinction between objective indicators and subjective perceptions. Drawing on microdata from four waves of the Seoul Public Rental Housing Panel Survey?comprising a total of 5,180 households (1,295 per wave)?the analysis employs a panel random-effects ordered logistic regression model. The results show that various household characteristics and housing market conditions are significantly associated with residential satisfaction. Notably, while objective indicators of housing cost burden show statistically insignificant effect, subjective perceptions of cost burden substantially decrease residential satisfaction. These findings suggest that the low-rent structure of public rental housing may buffer the measurable cost burden, yet subjective experiences?shaped by individual psychological and social factors?play a critical role in shaping tenant satisfaction. Our findings underscore the need for public housing policy to move beyond the sole provision of objectively affordable units and instead incorporate strategies aimed at enhancing tenants’ subjective well-being and satisfaction with their living conditions.

본 연구는 인천광역시를 중심으로 개인적 요인과 지역적 요인 모두를 고려한 다층모형 분석을 통해 대기오염의 객관적 농도와 주관적 인식이 인천 시민의 행복에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2019년 인천광역시에서 조사한 ‘인천사회지표조사’ 자료 및 한국환경공단 ‘에어코리아’에서 측정한 주요 대기오염물질 6가지(PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3)의 2019년 자료를 활용하여 기술통계, 상관관계분석, 다수준분석(Multilevel Analysis)을 실시하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 개인수준 변수는 연령이 낮을수록, 학력이 높을수록, 가구소득이 높을수록 행복감이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 지역수준 변수는 대기환경에 대한 주관적 인식이 높을수록, 지역사회 소속감이 높을수록, 이웃간 소통이 잘 될수록 행복감이 더 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 개인수준 변수와 지역수준 변수를 모두 고려한 모형3에서는 대기오염 물질의 객관적 농도가 행복감에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 사회적 이슈가 되고 있는 미세먼지(PM10) 농도가 높을수록 행복감은 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 지역수준 변수에서는 생활환경만족도(대기환경)가 높을수록(β=.5370, p<.001), 지역사회 소속감이 높을수록(β=.5858, p<.001), 이웃간 소통이 잘 될수록(β=.3558, p<.001) 행복감이 높은 경향을 보여, 지역수준 변수가 정적(+) 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 나타나 시민의 행복에 있어 지역사회의 역할이 매우 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 추후 연구방향을 제시하고, 인천광역시 시민들의 행복감 향상을 위해 사회복지정책과 환경정책 수립의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

This study examined the effects of objective concentration and subjective perception of air pollution on happiness, mainly in Incheon. For this, it used the data from social indicators of Incheon and using the data of six major air pollutants(PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3) measured by the Korea Environment Corporation ‘Air Korea’ in 2019. The main research results are as follows. The individual level variables showed that the lower the age, the higher the educational background, and the higher the household income, the higher the happiness. The regional level variables showed that the higher the subjective perception of the atmospheric environment, the higher the sense of belonging to the community, and the better the communication between neighbors, the higher the happiness. Finally, which considered both individual and regional level variables, it was found that the objective concentration of air pollutants had a statistically significant effect on happiness. In particular, the higher concentration of fine dust(PM10) tended to decrease happiness. Also, the higher the living environment satisfaction level(β=.5370, p<.001), the higher the sense of belonging to the community(β=.5858, p<.001), and the better communication between neighbors(β=.3558, p<.001) showed a high tendency of happiness. Based on these findings, this study suggested directions for future research and the basic data for establishing social welfare policies and environmental policies to improve the happiness of citizens in Incheon.

When purchasing products, consumers primarily try to solve anxiety through the information they have in order to alleviate potential risk perception. Therefore, this study investigates the influence and relation between objective knowledge and the subjective knowledge of consumers on wine to risk perception and wine purchase intention. The survey was conducted from May 1st to 31st 2013, and 230 samples of data were collected for statistics analysis. The samples was the consumers who have purchased wine in wine shops, super-super markets, wine outlets in the past. The perceived risks of wine purchases are classified into 6 categories: performance risk, social risk, physical risk, mental risk, financial risk and time-loss risk. The research findings revealed that the consumers’ objective knowledge regarding wines influenced the subjective knowledge. However, there is no significant effect on the objective knowledge in wine risk perception, except time-loss perceived risk. However, the findings showed that subjective knowledge has a significant effect in all factors except social perceived risk. It was also shown that objective knowledge has a more indirect effect.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify congruence between self-perception and objective status of obesity according to %Fat, and to investigate health promotion lifestyle in college women. Methods: The participants were a convenience sample of 392 college women who were eligible and agreed to participate in this study. Respondents were asked questions using a health promotion lifestyle profile and were evaluated for their body composition using InBody 3.0. The data were analyzed with SPSS 14.0 program, which was used for Chi square, ANOVA, and post-hoc comparison with Scheffe. Results: The major findings were as follows; 1) Overall, 41.8% of participants misclassified their perceived status of weight by %Fat standards and kappa was 0.329. 2) Two percent were underweight by BMI but overweight by %Fat and 39.0% normal weight by BMI but overweight by %Fat. 3) There were significant differences in health promotion lifestyle according to self-perception of body weight but there was no difference in health promotion lifestyle according to %Fat standards. Conclusion: These findings suggest the necessity for development and application of tailored health promotion program based on self-perception of body weight and %Fat in order to reform incorrect body image and health behavior in college women.

Kaplan과 Norton이 1992년 처음 제안하였을 때 BSC는 재무적 지표만에 의한 성과평가시스템의 결함을 보완하기 위한 것이었다. 그 후 BSC가 실무계에서 실제로 운영되는 과정에서 효과적인 전략실행수단으로 진화하였다. 이러한 BSC의 진화에도 불구하고, 현실적으로 BSC는 두 가지의 성격을 동시에 가진다고 볼 수 있다. 즉, BSC를 개선된 평가시스템으로 사용할 수 있고, 전략실행을 위한 도구로 활용할 수도 있다. 다만, 조직은 그 처해진 상황에 따라서 BSC 도입의 궁극적 목적을 다르게 강조할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 2006년 BSC를 도입하고 현재 모범적인 성과를 나타내고 있는 것으로 평가받고 있는 관세청을 대상으로, BSC의 성격(도입목적과 특성)에 대한 조직구성원들의 인식을 확인하고, 그러한 인식이 BSC성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 실증적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 연구결과, BSC 도입목적과 특성에 대한 구성원의 인식이 BSC 성과에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 <가설 1>과 <가설 2>는 지지되었으나, BSC 도입목적 및 특성에 대한 구성원의 인식이 상호작용하여 BSC 성과에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 <가설 3>은 지지되지 못하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 조직이 BSC를 통해 기대하는 성과를 얻기 위해서는 그 기대에 상응하는 BSC 목적을 잘 인식(홍보)시키고, 또한 그 목적에 상응하는 BSC 시스템의 내용(특성)을 구체적으로 잘 구성하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 확인시켜주는 것이다.

The original objective of the Balanced Scorecard developed by Kaplan and Norton at 1992 is to improve the traditional performance evaluation system which is focused on short term financial performance. After then the BSC has been used as a tool for effective strategy implementation in practice. We may say that the BSC has evolved. Even though the evolution of the BSC, in fact the BSC may be used for the both objectives：an improved performance evaluation system and a strategy implementation tool. The organization may emphasize one purpose more than the other. The purpose of this case study is to test the effect on the performance of the perception on the intended objective and characteristics of the BSC. The case organization is Korea Customs Service which has introduced the BSC in 2006 and attained good performance. The results of this study are as followings. Hypothesis 1, that the perception on the objective would have an effect on the BSC performance, and hypothesis 2, that the perception on the characteristics would have an effect on the BSC performance, are supported. But hypothesis 3, that the perception on the objective and the characeristics would have an interactive effect on the BSC performance, is not supported. This results say that it is important for the intended performance not only to make employees know intended objective but also to design the BSC system with proper characteristics. That is, for effective strategy implementation followings are important. First of all, it is important to make employees know that the objective of BSC is effective implementation of the organizational strategy. And it is also important to design the BSC system to promote communication about the organizational strategy and emphasize organizational strategy more than personal performance, etc.

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between oral health conditions and their subjective oral health perception in the elderly in Gimcheon. Methods: The study subjects were 214 elderly aged over 65 years old in Gimcheon. The study was carried out by direct interview method of from February 20 to 24, 2014. The oral examination was performed by the dentist base on the World Health Organization criteria including direct examination and observation. The questionnaire consisted of sex, type of family, use of medical services, and oral health behavior, The independent variable included three questions of the general characteristics of the subjects, two questions of use of medical services, and two questions of oral health behavior. The subjective oral health perception was composed of heathy and unhealthy. The objective oral health condition was evaluated by number of residual teeth, FT index, MT index, and DMFT index. Results: In the elderly, the number of residual tooth was $8.89{\pm}9.72$ and the number of decayed teeth was $0.03{\pm}0.20$. The numbers of missing teeth and filled teeth were $19.26{\pm}9.65$ and $0.28{\pm}1.01$, respectively. The DMFT index was $19.57{\pm}9.28$. In relation to the subjective oral health perception, 76.6% answered 'good' and 23.4% answered 'bad'. The subjective oral health perception showed a weak quantitative linear relationship of r=0.235 with the number of residual tooth. the subjective oral health perception showed a weak negative linear relationship(p<0.01) of r=-0.225 with the number of missing teeth and r=-0.217 with DMFT(number of decayed missing and filled teeth) index.