Earticle

이 연구는 범죄로 인한 국가의 형벌처분을 모두 이행하고 다시 사회로 복귀한 출소자들이 사회, 특히 직장생활에서 받게 되는 인식을 살펴보기 위함이다. 이를 위해 Giorgi의 현상학적 연구방법에 기초하였고, 출소자라는 특수한 신분을 고려하여 법무보호복지공단과 민간단체의 도움을 받아 최종 5명이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 자료수집은 연구 참여자들의 ‘생애’, ‘주제와 관련된 경험’, ‘그 해당 경험에 대한 의미’로 구성하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 출소자들은 어색한 사회와 절박한 현실에서 취업으로 등 떠밀림을 경험하고 있었다. 둘째, 취업 중에 있으면서도 불구하고 여전히 자신의 불안한 삶으로 힘들어하고 있었으며, 전과자라는 사실이 밝혀지는 것에 대해서 극도의 불안감을 느끼고 있었고 다시 범죄를 저지르는 것에 대해서도 여전히 양가감정을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 무관심한 직장동료에 대해서 자신의 전과자 경력과 관련이 있다고 간주하고 과도하게 의식하고 경계하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 취업후도 여전히 자신의 전과자 경력이 밝혀지는 것에 대해서 염려하는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 연구 참여자들은 출소자라는 신분은 결코 유쾌한 신분은 아니며 국가유공자도 아닌데 출소자라고 정부에서 특별한 혜택을 받는 것에 대해서 불편하다고 하면서도 특히, 전자발찌(Electronic Tagging)에 대해서는 민감하게 반응하였다. 여섯째, 연구 참여자들 중 일부는 나중에 언제라도 다시 교정시설로 갈 수 있다는 생각에 자기 자신에 대해서 두려워하고 있었으며, 나쁜 행위의 주인공이 될 수 있다는 것을 항상 자신에게 주지시킨다고 하였다.

The present study is to explore perceptions and prejudices on released prisoners in work place which they finish some responsibility by crime sentence of court. The study bases on the phenomenological methodology. Korean Rehabilitation Agency and social service group support to find five research participants for this study. A data collection focuses on the ‘life’, ‘experience relating to prejudice’, and ‘meaning of the experience’. Present study highlights three key findings. First, released prisoner had been forced to find some jobs by the pressures of economic situation and awkward community. Second, even they have some jobs for joining good citizens in community, the fact that they were criminals made them to have an anxious state of mind. Sometimes, the feeling support that they are involved in illegal behaves such as crime. Third, released prisoners tend to be on strick watch indifferent colleagues. Because the indifferences of them are from the previous offending careers. Forth, the study highlights that released prisoners still hesitate that their histories share with others, even they are involved in full-time jobs. Fifth, a criminal status is not good social standing and a government does not need to provides some special supports for surviving in society. However, a government need to abolish an electronic tagging for successful living of released prisoners in community. Finally, some of released prisoners tend to consider that they are afraid of the idea which they can repeat an offense.

이 연구는 언어사회화 이론에 근거해 명상 공동체의 정체성을 형성하는 언어 사용의 특징을 고 찰하고 이를 토대로 융합 교육의 관점에서 실천적인 함의를 도출하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상 은 위빠사나 Mindfulness, MBSR(Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction), The Power of Now, 홍익학당 사례들에서 명상 지도자와 수행자가 사용하는 언어이다. 이 사례들의 명상 수행에 사용되는 언어를 발췌 또는 전사하고(transcribing) 내용분석(content analysis)을 통해 핵심개념들을 주제별로 분류한 후 그 특징을 대표하는 언어 표현들을 탐구하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 호흡과 통찰 명상에서 반복적으로 드러나는 언어의 특징은 자각의 언어로 알아차림을 유도하는 지각동사와 인지동사를 통한 지시화행 (directives), 자신에게 말하는 내적 언어(inner speech), 마음 작용에 이름 붙여 주기(labelling), 및 침묵 (silence)이다. 둘째, 호흡과 통찰 명상의 최종 단계는 형체가 없는 체험의 언어(experiential language) 로써 맥락적 지표성(indexicality)의 개념을 통해 그 경지가 가리키는 ‘알아차리는 자(I Am)’의 의미에 대해 고찰하였다. 이와 같은 명상 수행 언어 분석 결과를 바탕으로 무엇을 성취하는가 ‘doing’에서 존재를 있는 그대로 알아차리는 ‘being’으로 교육에 대한 태도의 전환이 요구되었다. 아는 것에서 알 아차림으로, 즉 지식 중심의 교육에서 존재 중심 교육으로 방향을 전환하는 것이다. 그 결과 있는 그대로 느끼고 알아차리기, 본성에 연결하기, 타인과 조화롭게 살아가기가 교육의 근본 목표였다.

This research aims to explore linguistic features of language use during meditation practice as a means of constructing meditation community identity based upon language socialization theory. The subject of this study pertains to language used in Vipassana Mindfulness, MBSR(Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, The Power of Now, and Hongik Academy. Linguistic expressions and noticeable features in theses cases were excerpted or transcribed to conduct the content analysis of key concepts. The findings indicate that first, the repetitive patterns of linguistic features of mediation language are directive speech acts with affective and cognitive verbs, inner speech, labelling of mind activities, and silence. Second, the state of no self at the last stage of breathing and mindfulness meditations requires no language named experiential language pointing to awakening, which is examined through indexicality meaning the contents of what linguitic expressions refer to can be understood only in a particular shared context. As a result, the implications are discussed for changes in the attitudes of educators and toward the meanings of life and educational transformation to value the importance of being aware of things as they are, the experience of the nature of being as presence, and the necessity of living in harmony with others.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly used in language-learning services, yet it remains unclear whether learners evaluate identical educational explanations differently when they are labelled as AI-generated. This study examined the effect of AI labelling on the perceived quality of Korean language explanations by integrating Technology Acceptance Model constructs with source evaluation. A quantitative A/B survey was conducted with 270 Korean language learners, randomly assigned to an AI-labelled condition or a no-label control condition. Participants evaluated identical Korean language explanations using measures of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived quality. Reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, MANOVA, hierarchical regression, and robustness checks were conducted. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness positively predicted perceived quality. The AI label did not directly reduce perceived quality, but it weakened the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived quality. Language proficiency was not a significant moderator.

이 연구에서는 구강관리용품 중에서 치약과 칫솔의 표시․광고 제도에 관한 문제점을 파악하고 개선안을 제시함으로써 구강관리용품 사업의 발전을 도모함과 동시에 소비자에게 건전한 정보를 제공함으로써 국민의 구강건강증진과 더불어 합리적 선택을 유도하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 현재 치약과 칫솔의 표시 및 광고는 약사법과 표시광고의 공정화에 관한 법률 등 해당 법률에 근거해서 어느 정도 잘 이루어지고 있는 상황이지만, 소비자의 관점에서 볼 때, 아직도 미비한 부분들이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제시한 정책대안들은 다음과 같다. 1)치약의 마모력 표기를 통한 소비자의 선택권을 함양할 필요가 있다. 2)구강관리용품에 대한 행정부의 전담부서 확립이 체계화되어야 한다. 3)해당 법률의 구체화 및 체계화를 통해 구강관리용품의 무분별한 생산규제와 표시광고 제도에 대한 합리화가 이루어져야 한다. 4)구강관리용품에 대한 인증제도가 확립되어야 한다.

Dental disease is a matter of dental hygiene, which is multifaceted and involves proper care of teeth, gums and regular dental visits. Today, many people find a new meaning in whole health and are concerned about overall oral hygiene. Therefore, dentifrice and toothbrush of various kinds and design among oral care products is on the market. The purpose of this study is search for the best method and to present policy alternatives for labelling and advertising system of oral care products. Judging from this, development of oral care products industry and oral care health of the people will be greatly improved in the quality. The results of study and policy alternatives are as follows. First, abrasiveness labeling of dentifrice must be point out specifically, so that consumers will be solve a choice problem easily. Second, it is necessary to systematize the total mechanism of the relevant government ministries for oral care products. Third, it must be rationalize of labelling and advertising system and product-regulations of oral care products through the embodiment and systematization of related laws. Fourth, it must be establish the authentication system of oral care products.

The purpose of this study is to understand the problem of Labeling System and to present its reform measure through overall arrangement of the dissertation studied so far in regard to Genetically Modified Organic and through research and analysis regarding Genetically Modified Organic Labeling in real market. The preceeding studies have been carried out regarding recognition of Genetically Modified Organic perceived risk and request for labelling subject for consumer. The fact is indicative system has been hardly operated in real market. To reform these problems, first, the government should pursue the unification and synthetic management of food safety management system to manage systematically food safety management regarding Genetically Modified Organic concerning security and health of a people. Second, companies should indicate right mark for consumer to buy the best ideal product, reflecting the fact that the weight of Genetically Modified Organic is increasing in real market. They should recognize that it’s the solution able to enhance their competitive power to offer consumer effective information. Third, consumer should demand their right to realize consumer sovereignty with consumer groups as well. And they need to do active seek and their effort for information and raise consumer safety perception to maximize effective acquired information.

The tyre/road noise becomes aggravated due to the rapid increase of motor vehicles. It has a great effect on the dwelling environment. Therefore we investigate the characteristics and sources of the tyre/road noise through grasping the status of the tyre/road noise. Traffic noise results from the collective contribution of the noise produced by individual motor vehicles. The tyre/road noise varies enormously depending upon its type and mode of operation. In this study, we investigate the noise labelling of EU tire.

Background: Since November 2012, some of over-the-counter (OTC) medications have been sold in convenience store without pharmacist' s supervision. We purposed to examine if the product labels of OTCs provide sufficient information that is appropriate for consumers who may have low health literacy. Methods: We compared the difficulty of words that are utilized in pharmaceutical product labels of interest (intervention) with those in the 6th grade textbook (control). Pharmaceutical products of interest were comprised of 13 OTCs which have been sold currently in convenience stores. We grouped words into the 4 levels of difficulty based on the Korean Vocabulary Classification for Education, and statistically tested words frequency in each level between OTCs and control. Results: The 13 OTC labels included lay language (easier or equal to language used in primary school) about 10% less; professional language about 10% more (p < 0.001 in all). Labels for analgesics had the longest and most difficult information, followed by common cold preparations, muscle pain relievers as plaster or cataplasma and digestives. Conclusion: The 13 OTC labels might fail to provide appropriate information for safety use by consumers in terms of the difficulty level of words. The improvement of labels of OTC medications and consumer education strategies are called for safety use of OTC medications sold in convenience stores.

Objective: This paper was aimed to investigate the current labelling trend of tar color additives in infant’s drugs used in Korea and other countries. Method: The current labelling system of the tar color additives in infant's drugs was investigated using inserted papers for drug information of infant’s drugs as well as three drug information internet sites popular in Korea including internet sites of foreign countries of USA, UK, Japan, and China for infant’s drug information. Results: Among 325 drugs registered as syrup form for infant’s drugs (sources, http://www.health.kr), 4 drugs indicated tar color related information on the internet and only 2 drugs indicated tar color additives’ name. And from the investigated results of 76 inserted papers for infant’s drug information, among 31 drugs containing tar dyes, in only 19 drugs the tar color additives’ names were notated. Among 6 drugs which do not contain tar dyes, only 1 drug was notated as ‘Dye-Free’. Conclusion: For advanced labelling system in Korea, we proposed the below guidelines. [1] The name of tar color additives used in infant’s drugs should be notated even in drug information on internet sites. [2] All drug ingredients used in infant’s drugs need to be separately notated as active and inactive species on both internet sites and inserted papers. [3] ‘Dye-Free’ notation should be mandatory for infant’s drugs which do not contain tar color additives in drug information on the internet sites as well as inserted papers.

오늘날 시장에서 기업 간 경쟁이 심화됨에 따라, 개별 기업은 다양한 제품 공급과 적극적인 촉진활동을 하고 있다. 이에 따라 제품과 관련된 정보의 양이 기하급수적으로 증가하였으며 소비자는 오히려 그들의 정보처리 용량의 한계로 합리적인 의사결정을 하는 데에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 즉 기업이 제공하는 폭 넓은 선택권이 소비자들에게 즐거움을 주는 대신 오히려 혼란을 야기하는 원인이 되고 있는 것이다. 이와 같은 현상은 친환경 제품의 구매를 유도하기 위해 도입된 환경라벨링에서도 예외는 아니다. 친환경 제품들의 대거 등장과 함께 무분별하게 사용되어지는 환경라벨링은 소비자 혼란의 또 다른 원인이 되고 있다. 따라서 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란에 대해 좀 더 체계적으로 검토하고 그에 따른 부정적 결과 변수와의 관계를 실증적으로 연구함으로써 해결 방안을 모색해야 할 필요성이 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 아직까지 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란 연구는 이론적 연구에만 머물러 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 환경라벨링의 무분별하고 과다한 사용으로 발생되는 소비자 혼란이 소비자의 부정적 감정에 어떠한 영향을 미치며, 부정적 감정을 매개로 부정적 구전, 불신 등의 소비자의 부정적 반응에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 연구하였다. 또한 소비자의 내적 귀인이 소비자 혼란과 부정적 감정 간의 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지도 함께 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란의 세 하위 차원은 모두 부정적 감정에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 부정적 감정은 부정적 구전과 불신에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란과 부정적 감정 간의 관계에서 유사혼란일 경우에만 소비자 내적 귀인의 조절효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 환경라벨링의 체계적 관리와 그린마케팅 전략을 위한 시사점을 제시한다.

Extensive choices and options of the products provided by the companies can cause serious confusions to the consumers rather than giving them the enjoyments of purchasing. The consumer confusions interrupt the rational purchase processes and lead to the purchase failures. Since the consumer confusions have direct impacts on the economic performances of the companies, the confusion issue has drawn much of the marketer’s attention and has been considered as a critical one. In recent years, as consumers have been particularly concerned about the purchase of environment-friendly products, the confusion issue with regard to eco-labelling began to emerge. Eco-labelling systems having too many ambiguous and similar eco-labels are blamed for creating confusions among the consumers and undermine the credibility of the eco-labelling systems. We proposed the hypotheses that three dimensions of confusions of eco-labelling have impacts on the negative emotion, and then the negative emotion, in turn, has impact on the negative word-of-mouth, distrust. And also, we proposed the hypotheses that consumer’s internal attribution has moderating effects on the relationship between consumer confusions and negative emotion. The results of the structural analyses indicated that three dimensions of confusions had impacts on the negative consequence variable(negative word-of-mouth, distrust) through mediation of negative emotion. Also, the less the consumer’s internal attribution, there seemed to be a positive relationship between similarity confusion and negative emotion. Thus, The purpose of the present study is to examine the consumer confusions of eco-labelling and to provides important implications for the green marketing strategies of companies.

2012년 6월 29일, 세계무역기구(World Trade Organization) 상소기구는 United States - Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements (이하 ‘US - COOL’) 사건에 대한 최종 보고서를 회람하였다. US - COOL 사건에 서 패널과 상소기구의 검토 대상이 된 조치는 절단된 형태의 우육 및 돈육에 대한 미국의 원산지 라벨링 요건으로, 제소당사국인 캐나다와 멕시코는 미국의 조치가 기 술규정으로서 무역에 대한 기술장벽에 관한 협정(Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: 이하 ‘ TBT 협정’) 제2.1조 및 제2.2조와 합치하지 않는다고 주장하였다. 이에 패널은 미국의 원산지 라벨링 조치가 TBT 협정 제2.1조 및 제 2.2조를 위반하였다고 판단하였는데, 상소기구는 패널과는 다른 이 유에서 미국의 조치가 TBT 협정 제2.1조를 위반하였다고 판단하고 제2.2조는 위반하지 않았다고 하 여 패널의 결정을 일부 지지하고 일부 번복하였다. US - COOL 사건은 TBT 협정 제2.1조 및 제2.2조에 대한 심도 있는 분석이 이루어진 최근의 다른 두 사건과 함께 이 조항들의 해석에 중요한 지침을 제시하는 것으로 평가된다. TBT 협정 제2.1조는 기 술규정의 준비, 채택 및 적용에 있어 서의 내국민대우원칙을 명시하고 있으며, 제2.2조는 기술규정이 정당한 목적 수행에 필요한 이상으로 무역 제한적이지 않아야 한다고 규정한다. 본고는 US - COOL 사건에서의 패널 및 상소기구의 결정을 검토하여 TBT 협정 제2.1조와 제2.2조가 어떻게 해석되었는 지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 문제가 된 미국의 조치가 무엇인지를 검토하고, 다음으로 각 조항에 대한 패널과 상소기구의 판단을 확인하였다.

On June 29, 2012, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization circulated its report in United States - Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements (US - COOL), upholding, in part, an earlier panel finding that the United States' country of origin labelling requirements for beef and pork muscle cuts are inconsistent with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). US - COOL, along with the other two recent cases dealing with the TBT Agreement, provides important guidance as to how to interpret Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the findings that have been made by the panel and the Appellate Body in US - COOL, thereby presenting how the national treatment obligation under Article 2.1 and the requirement not to be more trade-restrictive than necessary under Article 2.2 are interpreted. To this end, Part II of the paper outlines the content of the United States' measure at issue. Part III provides an overview of the findings by the panel and the Appellate Body with regard to whether the measure is inconsistent with Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Part IV concludes with a brief reflection on what the case at hand might imply.

Eco-labelling programs contributed to the promotion of international trade of environmentally friendly products. However, it has potential trade implications. From the WTO's point of view, environmental measures relevant to eco-labelling should not discriminate between home produced goods and imported goods. Transparency should be guaranteed in preparation, adoption and application of eco-labelling. Developed countries address that eco-labelling of non-product PPM criteria is included in the provisions of TBT of WTO. However, there are more general afraids that non-product PPM-based eco-labelling can be unfairly discriminately trade measures without transparency Thus, transparency of procedures of eco-labelling, harmonization and mutual recognition of eco-labelling criteria, and technical assistance should be recommended in order to reduce trade-discriminating effects of eco-labelling.

Rose $Bengal-^{131}$ /I, $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I, $H.S.A-^{131}$ /I 등을 효과적으로 합성하기 위해 표지 반응액의 pH, 염의함량, 반응액중의 완충용액의 부피 및 합성장치등에 따르는 표지 반응수율을 검토하였다. Rose $Bengal-^131{ }$I 및 $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I 의 반응수율은 PH 5.6에서, $H.S.A-^{131}$ /I 반응수율은 pH 8.5에서 각각 가장 좋았다. 반응액중에 함유된 염은 $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I의 생성반응을 크게 저해 시켰으며 H.S.A.의 표지수율은 어느 범위안에서 오히려 약간 향상시켰다. Rose $Bengal-^{131}$ /I 나 $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I 를 소규모 합성할 경우는 밀폐된 용기가 효과적이었다. 이상의 결과에 따라 더 높은 표지수율과 좋은 재현성을 얻을 수 있는 반응조건을 확립하였으며 이에 따라 환원제가 함유된 국산 $Na^{131}$ /I를 사용하더라도 Rose $Bengal-^{131}$ /I과 $Hippurn=^{131}$ /I의 표지수율을 높일 수 있었다.

For efficient micro scale syntheses of Rose $Bengal-^{131}I$, $Hippuran-^{131}I$, and $H.S.A.-^{131}I$, the dependence of labelling yields on pH, on salt contents, and on the volume of buffer solution in the reaction mixtures as well as the reaction apparatus were studied. pH of 5.6 was optimum for preparation of both Rose $Bengal-_{131}I$ and Hippuran $-^{13}I$ but pH of 8.5 was optimum for preparation of $H.S.A.-^{131}I$. Salt in the reaction mixtures hindered drastically the formation of $Hippuran-^{131}I$ but it slightly increased the labelling yield of H.S.A.. The compactly closed reaction vessels were effective for preparations of both Rose $Bengal-^{131}I$and $Hippuran-^{131}I$ in small volume. Thereupon, the labelling procedures were modified to bring about higher labelling yields and better reproducibilities. By these newly established procedures, the labelling yields of Rose $Bengal-^{131}I$ and $Hippuran-^{131}I$ could be increased even with the home-produced sodium $iodide-^{131}I$ solution containing reducing agent.

Tetrachloro-p-tetraiodo-R-Fluorescein 및 sodium orthoiodohippurate등 요오드화 합물과 요오드화합물이 아닌 human serum Albumin을 요오드 표지함에 있어서 표지속도와 수율등을 비교 검토하였다. 위의 각각의 화합물들을 여러가지 다른 조건하에 있는 $Na^{131}$ I, 즉, 환원제를 함유한것, 환원제를 함유하지 않으며 거의 순수하게 131 I$^{-}$형으로 있는것, 및 환원제를 함유하지 않으며 상당량이 131 IO$_3$$^{-}$형으로 있는것 등을 써서 표지 반응시켰다. 환원제인 $Na_2$S$_2$O$_3$를 함유한 $Na^{131}$ I를 쓰는 경우는 위의 세가지 화합물들의 표지수율이 10% 내외로 매우 저조하였으며 환원제는 없지만 상당량이 $Na^{131}$ I$^{-}$로 존재하는 $Na^{131}$ I를 쓰는 경우도 50~60%의 낮은 수율이었다. 환원제가 없으며 대부분 $Na^{131}$ I$^{-}$로 존재하는 $Na^{131}$ I를 쓰는 경우에만 70~90%의 높은 표지수율을 보였다. 이들 반응에 관여하는 중간체에 대해서도 토의하였다.

In iodine-131 labelling of iodocompounds such as tetrachloro-P-tetraiodo R-fluorescein, sodium orthoiodohippurate and a non-iodocompound, human serum albumin (HSA), the labelling rates and yields are accurately compared with each other. The reaction systems conducted for each compounds were different conditions: sodium iodide-$^{131}$ I containing reducing agent, sodium iodide-$^{131}$ I free from reducing agent, and sodium iodide-$^{131}$ I free from reducing agent but containing considerable amount of iodide-$^{131}$ I etc. The labelling yields were generally poor; 10% in the case of using sodium iodide-$^{131}$ I containing redoing agent, and 50~60% in the case of using sodium iodide-$^{131}$ I free from reducing agent but containing considerable amount of iodide-$^{131}$ I. However, fair yields were obtained in the case of using sodium iodide-$^{131}$ I free from reducing agent and mostly in the form of iodide-$^{131}$ I. The reaction entities involved in these reactions are also briefly discussed.

The problem of vertex labeling with a condition at distance two in a graph, is a variation of Hale's channel assignment problem, which was first explored by Griggs and Yeh. For positive integer $p{\geq}q$, the ${\lambda}_{p,q}$-number of graph G, denoted ${\lambda}(G;p,q)$, is the smallest span among all integer labellings of V(G) such that vertices at distance two receive labels which differ by at least q and adjacent vertices receive labels which differ by at least p. Van den Heuvel and McGuinness have proved that ${\lambda}(G;p,q){\leq}(4q-2){\Delta}+10p+38q-24$ for any planar graph G with maximum degree ${\Delta}$. In this paper, we studied the upper bound of ${\lambda}_{p,q}$-number of some planar graphs. It is proved that ${\lambda}(G;p,q){\leq}(2q-1){\Delta}+2(2p-1)$ if G is an outerplanar graph and ${\lambda}(G;p,q){\leq}(2q-1){\Delta}+6p-4q-1$ if G is a Halin graph.

In standard Minimalist Theory, the impetus for movement is feature strength. Strong features trigger overt movement, while weak features trigger covert movement. The equally stipulative EPP has also been implicated as a trigger for movement. Acknowledging that feature strength and the EPP are unsatisfying explanations for movement in language (Richards 2010; 2016), I investigate labelling and instability as sources of movement, as developed by Chomsky (2013) and Ott (2015). Ott argues that unlabelled structures are unstable and trigger movement. I investigate this nascent proposal in the context of noun incorporation in Northern Iroquoian languages. I show that noun incorporation is driven by instability caused by lack of a label rather than by Baker’s Morphological Visibility Condition. In addition to clarifying certain aspects of noun incorporation that are problematic for Baker’s analysis, this investigation brings us a step closer to the elimination of feature strength from Universal Grammar.

Starch is a mixture of amylose (AMY) and amylopectin (AMP) which are different in physical properties such as molar mass (M), rms radius ($R_g$) and hydrodynamic diameter ($d_H$). The rheological and functional properties of starch are influenced by various factors including the molecular size, molar mass distribution (MD) and the concentration ratio of AMY and AMP. It is also important to analyze proteinaceous material in starch as they affect the flavor and texture of food to which starch is added. In this study, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) was employed for separation and quantitation of AMY and AMP in starches (Amaranth, potato, taros and quinoa). AF4 was coupled with a multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and a refractive index (RI) detector for determination of the absolute M, MD and molecular structure. It was found that AMP has the M and $R_g$ ranging $3.7{\times}10^7{\sim}6.5{\times}10^8g/mol$ and 84 ~ 250 nm, respectively. Also the existence of branch was confirmed in higher M. In addition, proteinaceous material in starch was analyzed by AF4 coupled with a fluorescence detector (FS) after fluorescence-labeling. AF4-FS with fluorescence-labelling showed a potential for investigation on existence of proteinaceous material and the interaction between proteinaceous material and polysaccharide in starch.

The baculovirus/Sf9 cell expression can be employed as a powerful system for producing large amounts of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter, GLUT1 heterologously In order to exploit the system further, it is necessary to develop a convenient method for demonstrating that the transporter expressed in insect cells is biologically active. To achieve this, we have expressed the human CLUT1 in insect cells and photolabelled the expressed protein with [$^3$H] cytochalasin B, a potent inhibitor of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter. Subsequently, the labelled proteins were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membranes labelled with [$^3$H] cytochalasln B in the presence of L-Glucose yielded a single sharp peak of labelling of apparent $M_r$ 45,000 on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. The mobility of this peak corresponded exactly to that of the band detected by anti-glucose transporter antibodies on Western blots of membranes prepared from insect cells infected with recombinant virus. In addition, the sharpness of the radioactive peak provides further evidence for the conclusion that the expressed protein is much less heavily and heterogeneously glycosylated than its erythrocyte counterpart. No peak of labelling was seen with the membranes prepared from non-infected Sf9 cells. Furthermore, the incorporation of label into this peak was completely inhibited by the presence of 500 mM-D-Glucose during tile photolabelling procedure, showing the stereoselectivity of the labelling. These evidences clearly show that human glucose transporter expressed in insect cells exhibits native-like biological activity, and that photolabelling with [$^3$H] cytochalasin B can be a convenient means for analysing the biological activity of the transport protein expressed in insect cells.