Earticle

본 연구에서는 5~6학년군에서 지도되고 있는 높이의 정의 지도에 대한 문제점을 분석하고 개선 방안을 탐색해 보았다. 주요 문제점으로는 높이라는 한 가지 용어가 서로 다른 평면도형이나 입체도형에서 다른 설명으로 제시됨으로써 학생들의 이해 가 쉽지 않다는 점과 입체도형의 높이의 정의 중에는 학생들의 선수 학습만으로는 이해하기 어려운 부분도 있다는 점, 그리고 수학적 정의의 준거라는 관점에서도 충 족시키지 못하는 부분이 있다는 점을 들 수 있다. 이를 개선하기 위한 방안으로 평 면도형에서는 한 점에서 마주보는 변에 수직으로 내린 선분의 길이라는 일관된 정 의 고려, 입체도형의 높이에 대한 외연적 정의 고려, 교육과정의 용어로 높이 외에 각각의 도형의 높이까지 용어로 지정하는 방안에 대한 고려가 필요함을 논하였다.

This study examined how fifth and sixth-grade primary mathematics textbooks described the definition of height and suggested implications for improving them. The study found that the definitions of height were presented differently across two-dimensional and three-dimensional figures, making it difficult for students to understand their meaning. Additionally, some definitions of height for solid figures were not based on students' pre-learned knowledge, which further hindered their comprehension. Moreover, the definitions of height presented in current mathematics textbooks did not meet the criterion of a mathematical definition. To enhance mathematics textbooks, we should consider the following: a) using coherent definitions of height in two-dimensional figures (such as the length of the perpendicular line segment from a point to the base), b) using extensional definitions of height in three-dimensional figures, and c) add the height of individual figures (e.g., the height of parallelogram, the height of prism, etc.) to the terms in mathematics curriculum.

목적 : 본 연구는 8주간 복합운동프로그램이 초등학생의 신장, 체성분, 체력에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 경기도에 소재한 성남종합사회복지관의 복합운동프로그램에 지원한 남녀 초등 3 ∼ 6학년 학생 11명(남자 =6명, 여자=5명)을 대상자로 선정하여 8주 동안 주 2회 50분씩 복합운동프로그램(국민체조, 특허스트레칭, 음악 줄넘기, 탄력밴드운동, 마무리운동)을 적용하였다. 운동 전․후의 신장, 체성분을 알아보기 위하여 Inbody 520, 체력 의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 Primus RS, Commander Power TrackⅡ, 윗몸일으키기, 체전굴을 사용하여 측정하였 으며, 8주 후 재측정을 실시하였다. 결과 : 8주간 복합운동프로그램 적용 후 대상자는 실험 전보다 실험 후 신장, 체성분, 하지근력, 근지구력의 측정값은 유의한 차이를 보였다. 그러나 상지근력과 유연성은 향상되었지만 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 초등학생의 키성장, 체성분과 체력 향상에 복합운동프로그램이 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구에서 대조군과 다양한 환경적 요인들을 고려한다면 보다 나은 객관적인 결과를 얻을 것으로 생각된다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks complex exercise program on height, body composition, and physical fitness in elementary school children. Method : The experimental group had 11 children (male=6, female=5) who belong to Seong-Nam Community Welfare Center in Gyeonggi-Do. All children received 50 minutes of complex exercise program 2 times a week for total of 8 weeks. In-body 520 were measured initially to serve as baseline data for height, and body composition. To determine the impact on physical fitness, Primus RS·Power TrackⅡ commander·Sit-up ·Trunk forward flexion measurement was also done. Repeat measurements of In-body520·Primus RS·Power TrackⅡ Commander·Sit-up·Trunk forward flexion were done after 8 weeks. Results : There was significant increase in height, skeletal muscle mass, body fat percentage, lower limbs strength, and muscular endurance after the complex exercise program. There was, however, no significant difference in upper limbs strength, and flexibility after the program. Conclusions : These results indicate that the complex exercise program used in this study was very effective in producing significant benefits in height, body composition, and physical fitness in elementary school children. There would be better objective results if the control group and various environmental factors are considered in the future research.

This study was carried out to provide the effect of the site factor on the growth of Japanese larch(Larix kaempferi), which is one of major coniferous species in Korea. In 2013, in order to find out the growth of Japanese larch, permanent plot established in Eastern, Northern and Southern Region of Korea. The permanent plot investigation was repeated every three years, starting with the first investigation when the site was installed, and the fourth investigation is in progress as of 2022. The investigation was performed to measure tree factor (age of tree, DBH(diameter breast height), total height, clear height, number of tree) and site factor(slope, aspect, elevation). In order to provide the effect of the site factor on the growth of the species, one-way ANOVA was performed by site factor. The slope was classified and analyzed into six categories (slope<15°, 15°slope<20°, 20°slope<25°, 25°slope<30°, 30° slope<40°, 40°slope) and the aspect was classified and analyzed into eight categories (north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, northwest). The Elevation was classified and analyzed into six categories (Elevation<200m, 200mElevation<400m, 400mElevation<600m, 600mElevation<800, 800mElevation<1000m, 1000mElevation). As a result to one-way variance of analysis, the DBH was not significantly dfferent according to elevation, aspect and slope(p>0.05). Also, the height was not significantly different according to slope and aspect(p>0.05), whereas the height was significantly different according to elevation (p<0.05).

This study was conducted to introduce the concept and major finding of long term monitoring focusing on major coniferous tree species. Permanent monitoring plots were installed in 38 sites of Pinus densiflora(Pd), 45 sites of Pinus koraiensis(Pk) and 45 sites of Larix kaempferi(Lk) from 2012~2015. Each plot consists of three square plots; non-thinning plot (20 m × 20 m), light thinning plot (25 m × 25 m) and heavy thinning plot (30 m × 30 m). From low intensity thinning and high intensity thinning plots were planned to be removed 20% and 40% of total basal area respectively. Thinning intensity was shown to have an effect on the DBH increment of Pd and Pk species. The DBH increments for 3 years were non-thinning < light thinning < heavy thinning in order. ANOVA analysis also showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.001) in DBH increments among thinning intensities. The growth patterns of major coniferous trees species (Pinus densiflora (Pd), Pinus. koraiensis (Pk) and Larix kaempferi (Lk)) in South Korea were analyzed and compared numerically and using stem analysis. The result showed that the mean DBH growths of Pk and Lk showed no difference as the trees age, while the one of Pd was lower than those of Pk and Lk. The mean height and volume growths were found to be Lk>Pk>Pd. Five theoretical growth functions, Logistic, Korf, Gompertz, Charpman-Richard and Weibull functions were applied to the growth data on dbh, height, basal area and volume of individual trees. The results showed that Korf function fitted the DBH, height basal and volume of Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi best and expressed the growths very well. Meanwhile Chapman-Richard function fitted the growth of Pinus densiflora best.

옥외에 노출된 유기질 문화재는 생물학적 피해에 취약한 환경에 놓여있다. 그중 목조문화재의 경우, 생태계의 먹이사슬 단계 중 분해자 역할인 흰개미에 의한 피해 위험에 놓여있다. 이러한 흰개미 피해 방지를 위한 군체제거처리법은 일개미간 영 양교환을 하는 흰개미의 생태적 특성을 이용하여 군체 전체를 제거하는 방법이다. 현재 국내에 도입된 군체제거시스템은 센트리콘시스템이 있으며, HGM의 경우 셀 룰로오스 유인체가 흰개미에 의해 가해되면 침하되는 구조로 이루어져 가해여부를 육안으로 쉽게 확인할 수 있는 형태이다. 그러나 현장에 설치한 HGM 모니터링 당 시 흰개미가 아닌 다른 요인으로 인해 HGM 유인체가 침하된 것이 확인되었다. 이 에 따라 본 연구에서는 유인체의 침하 원인을 규명하기 위해 다양한 열화 조건에 따 른 유인체의 높이 및 형태, 중량, 색도, 미세조직 변화를 평가하였다. 평가 결과 유인 체 가해 여부 판단의 기준이 되는 높이는 미생물, 수분, 산성도 조건 순으로 감소하 였다. 따라서 미생물이 유인체 손상에 가장 큰 영향을 준 것으로 판단되며 유인체의 형태학적 변화와 환경에 대한 주기적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Greenhouse gas and global warming cause global climate change and they have implications for the abundance of termite in the world. In Korea the temperature and humidity are getting higher during the summer so the cultural heritage items made of wood are likely to be influenced immediately. Wood is an organic matter composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In particular, cellulose is a favorite food for the termite, which leads to growth in the termite population. To control termites, there are four methods : fumigation, soil treatment, wood preservation and termite bating systems. Bating is a foraging method where termites consume the bait and share it with their nestmates, resulting in a gradual decline in termite numbers. Korea use the Sentricon System(dowagroscience Co. Ltd., USA) and HGM(HGM, HGM Co.Ltd., KOR) baiting system. However, HGM has an advantage : whether the bait is invaded or not can be identified with the naked eye. After installing and monitoring HGM, there was a subsidence in the bait of HGM but it was not invaded by termites. Three other factors could effect this subsidence : the effects of water, acidity and microorganisms. The method to identify whether a bating system has been invaded or not is to check its height and shape change. In my experiments, the amount of height and shape change decreased in the following order : microorganisms, water, and acidity. To sum up, the main cause of bait subsidence was the effect of microorganisms. Therefore the change of bait needs to be monitored periodically and additional research needs to be done about form changes of the bait to protect a baiting system.

Purpose : It lies in identifying how much obesity does affect stroke. Method : The research has been conducted on weight, height, gender and age of 281 patients out of people hospitalized for stroke inclinic and hospitals located in Seoul, Kyungi and Chungbuk Province. Result : This dissertation as compared to previous obesity-related ones showed that risk factor for obesity is rather lower than other factors. Conclusion : Although obesity as a risk factor for stroke had been considered very important, it is reported that in recent years other factors rather than obesity itself increases the risk for stroke.

The purpose of this research was to figure out the stand structure and growth characteristic with relation to DBH, height, and volume in sixteen Pinus koraiensis plantations of Gangwon province region. Age class was diversely distributed from age class II (16 yr) to age class VIII (77 yr), and, in terms of site index, sixteen regions were superior: nine regions ‘high’, seven regions ‘middle’. The distribution of DBH by sites appeared a bell-shaped curve, and the number of trees was the most in diameter section of 18-22 cm. The dispersion of DBH was various with age and widest ranging from 18 cm to 58 cm in age class VII-VIII. The distribution of height was also a bell-shaped curve with the smaller deviation than the distribution of DBH, and most of trees were in height section of 14-18 m. The correlation of DBH and height was high (r=0.75), and the volume bigger than 1.0 m3 was presented from DBH 35 cm, height 20 m.

이 연구는 현재와 같은 평면도형의 넓이 지도가 효과적인 방법인가를 알아보려는 것이다. 지금까지 학교에서 평면도형의 넓이를 지도할 때는 학생들이 실측하는 활동이 없다. 도형의 필요한 곳에 수치 정보가 주어져 있고 필요한 보조선이 그어져 있다. 이런 상황에서 학생들이 넓이를 구하는 과제에서 실제로 하는 것은 주어진 수치를 공식에 대입하여 계산하는 것 뿐이다. 이 연구는 그렇게 학습한 학생들은 올바른 넓이 측정 능력을 획득하지 못했다는 점을 밝히고, 어떤 방향으로 도형 넓이 지도가 개선되어야 할 것인지를 제안하고 있다.

This study is to determine if teaching of measuring the area of plane figures in elementary school is successful. While they teach to measure the area of figures in elementary school, students don't measure the segment of the figure directly until now. The figures are presented with auxiliary line and numerical information. When students measure the area of such figure, they do only substitute the number and calculate it. This study found that such teaching is not successful and propose the new teaching method of measuring the plane figures.

In this paper we analyze various mathematical theorems and problems related with a perpendicular of triangle, classify the these as followings: perpendicular's properties related with its length, triangle's area, and triangle's angle. We suggest proof process of these properties in detail, and discuss didactical meaning of the proof and property.

The paper presents the river height prediction model using real-world historical sensor data such as rainfall, cumulative rainfall, and river water heights. The study evaluates using a Support Vector Regression, a Long Short-Term Memory, and a combination of a Long Short-Term Memory as the feature extraction and a support vector regression. Through experiments, various future predictions are tested, including a few hours or a day. As expected, RNN achieved the lowest error, but it could not capture rapid changes in river height levels. In comparison, the LSTM-SVR can better represent rapid transient changes in the data by using nonlinear kernels.

Background The squat is not only used for training purposes in many sports, but also for rehabilitation after knee surgery, such as cruciate ligament repair surgery. However, when the squatting posture becomes unstable during the exercise or the body alignment changes, it can cause injury to the back or knees. Purpose This study examined the change in height of the medial longitudinal plantar arch according to the distance between the knees while performing squats. Study design Pre/post?test design. Methods The subject maintained a squat against a wall, with the hips and knees at 90 degrees. The distance between the knees was the independent variable: two-, three, and four-thirds of the pelvic width. We measured the navicular drop in the three squatting stances. Results The navicular drop differed significantly among the three conditions. Conclusions Changing the distance between the knees while squatting affects the medial longitudinal plantar arch. Clinicians should educate their patients on the correct squat position.

Objective To see how people think about their own feet, and evaluate whether there are correlations among self-awareness of the participants and clinical examination findings.Methods Adult twins and their families who participated in the Healthy Twin study from May 2008 to April 2010 were recruited. Participants were asked whether they thought their feet were normal, flat, or cavus. The lateral talometatarsal angles were measured on foot X-rays to determine the foot arch height. Using the podoscopic footprints taken with the podobaroscope, the Staheli arch index was also measured. Kappa statistics were used to calculate degree of agreement among the three measurement methods.Results Self-awareness and radiographic findings were significantly different (Pearson chi-square test, p=0.000) and only slightly agreed (kappa measure of agreement=0.136, p=0.000). Self-awareness and podoscopy results revealed a significant difference (Pearson chi-square test, p=0.000), with only slight agreement (kappa measure of agreement=0.072, p=0.000).Conclusion There is significant disagreement between patients’ perception of their feet and actual test results. Many people may have an incorrect assumption about their own foot conditions that may be reflected in improper management. Dissemination of accurate information about foot disorders by foot clinicians would be helpful.

Height growth models for Pinus thunbergii in Jeju Island were developed in this study using four widely used nonlinear growth models; Exponential, Modified Logistic, Chapman-Richards, and Weibull. All functions were found to be significant at the 1% level. Chapman-Richards model for height-DBH allometry and Weibull model for height-age allometry was chosen as the best model on the all validation. All the model curves showed the similar pattern. Additionally, there was no abnormal pattern when the previous studies were compared. Therefore, these models are highly expected to be used to estimate the tree height using DBH or age for Pinus thunbergii especially in Jeju Island.

This paper examined different 2-parameter and 3-parmeter nonlinear models for height-diameter prediction that incorporated different stands variable for the development of robust generalised height-diameter models. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting 54 sample plots (20 m by 20 m) for six different age series (6, 9, 13, 15, 17 and 21 years old) plantation. Diameter at breast height (D), total height (h) and merchantable height (hm) for individual trees with D≥10 cm were measured. The Nonlinear model forms were fitted by ordinary nonlinear least square (ONLS) regression to select the base model without random parameters. Stands variables where then incorporated as random components for mixed-effects modelling using Gauss-Newton algorithm for nonlinear (weighted) least-squares. The best models were adjured using Standard error of estimate (SEE), Root means square (RMSE) and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and validated by Z-Score values and residual plot. The overall best height-diameter prediction equation for 2-parameter and 3-parameter estimate was Meyer function and Logistic models respectively. All the parameters of the models predicted at p＜0.05 are significant justifying the use of this model for future predictions in the study area expect for Prodan model. The nonlinear mixed effects yield model developed are efficient and biologically logical in predicting yield of teak in the study area, therefore enabling forest managers to optimise harvest planning, plantation regeneration and management in Area J4 of Omo Forest Reserve.

목적: 본 연구는 미용사를 대상으로 남성 헤어 커트에서 상고형 커트의 싱글링 높이와 형태에 관해 조사하고 분석하여 남자 헤어 커 트의 기초 자료를 마련하고자 한다. 방법: 미용인을 대상으로 설문을 진행하였다. SPSS 25.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 자료를 분 석하였으며, 빈도분석, 독립표본 t-test 및 교차분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 남성 헤어 커트에서 상고형 커트의 싱글링의 높이는 낮은 상고형 커트 3-4 cm, 중간 상고형 커트 6 cm, 높은 상고형 커트는 8 cm가 적당하다는 연구결과가 조사되었다. 결론: 연구를 통해 남성 헤어 커트에서 상고형 커트의 싱글링 높이와 형태에 관해 조사하고 분석하여 남자 커트에 필요한 기초자료를 마하련였다.

Purpose: This study aimed to collect foundational data on men’s haircuts by investigating singlingheight and dimensions in high-rise haircuts. Methods: The survey was conducted for the hairdressers. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0, incorporating three-sample t-tests and related analyses, including correspondence analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the singlings heights for men’s haircuts were 3–4, 6, and 8 cm for low-height, medium-height, and high-height styles, respectively. Conclusion: This study expsinglingshingling height and shape in men’s high-rise haircuts, providing essential data required for men’s hairstyling.

目的: 本研究旨在通过调查高层发型的单一高度和尺寸来收集男性发型的基础数据。方法: 对美发师进行调查。 使用SPSS 25.0对数据进行分析，结合三样本t 检验和相关分析，包括对应分析。结果: 调查结果显示，男性理发 时，适合的singling高度分别为低发型(3-4 cm)、中发型(6 cm)和高发型(8 cm) 。结论: 本研究揭示了男士sanggo 发型中的singling高度和形状，为男士发型设计提供了必要的数据。

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for the estimation of tree height is gaining recognition. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of tree height estimation of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. using digital surface model (DSM) generated from UAV-acquired imageries. Images were taken with the TrimbleⓇ UX5 equipped with Sony 5100. The generated DSM, together with the digital elevation model (DEM) generated from a digital map of the study areas, were used in the estimation of tree height. Field measurements were conducted in order to generate a regression model and carry out accuracy assessment. The obtained coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for P. densiflora (R2=0.71; RMSE=1.00 m) and P. koraiensis (R2=0.64; RMSE=0.85 m) are comparable to the results of similar studies. The results of the paired two-tailed t-test show that the two tree height estimation methods are not significantly different (p-value=0.04 and 0.10, alpha level=0.01), which means that tree height estimation using UAV imagery could be used as an alternative to field measurement.

This study was conducted to estimate the best-fit nonlinear height-DBH growth models for Larix kaempferi in Gangwon and North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. Exponential, Modified Logistic, Chapman-Richards, and Weibull function were used for estimating height-DBH models. To evaluate the selected models, R2, RMSE, MD, MAD, and residual plots were performed in each model. Also, the coefficients and patterns in models of the previous studies were compared with those in this study. The result showed that Weibull equation was found to be the best-fit model with R2=0.9837, RMSE=2.6133, MD=0.0089, and MAD=2.0896. All model parameters in our study had similar values to those in the previous models except for asymptotic parameter a. Our research result showed that Gangwon and North Gyeongsang province were superior to other provinces with regard to height growth for Larix kaempferi.

In this study, the strength property is investigated through structural and vibration analysis on the lead screw of height drive module for automotive power seat. The positions of applied loads are lowest, middle and highest on the model of lead screw in cases of 1, 2 and 3. Natural frequencies are examined about three kinds of models and critical frequencies are also checked by harmonic responses. Maximum deformations are shown as 0.033mm, 0.026mm and 0.551mm respectively in models of 1, 2 and 3. In case 3 at highest position, this strength becomes weakest by comparing with cases 2 and 3. By use of this analysis result, it is possible to design the model effectively applied at automotive safe driving.

최근 들어 산업현장 뿐만 아니라 농어촌에도 자동화가 가속화되면서 작업자의 안정성과 편리성을 높이기 위한 다양한 방안이 제시되고 있지만 여전히 농업현장에서 대부분의 작업들이 부적절한 자세로 수행할 수밖에 없는 경우가 자주 발생한다. 본 연구는 쪼그려 앉는 작업자세가 요구되는 각종 농작업에 있어서 적합한 높이의 작업용 좌대를 제공함으로써 부적절한 작업자세를 개선하여 노동 강도를 경감시킴과 동시에 작업능률 향상과 요통 등 근골격계질환을 감소시켜 작업자의 건강과 안전을 증진시키는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위하여 농작업에서 행해지는 쪼그려 앉는 여러 자세에 있어서 재배작물의 높이에 따라 적절한 작업용 좌대의 높이를 실험을 통하여 규명하였다. 연구결과 쪼그려 앉아 작업을 수행해야 하는 유사한 작업이라도 작업위치에 따라 쪼그려 앉는 작업용 좌대의 적합한 높이는 달라져야 한다는 것을 발견하였다. 즉 작업위치가 5cm 이하이면 작업용 좌대 높이는 10cm가 적절하며 작업위치가 20cm이면 15cm, 작업위치가 40cm이면 20cm가 적절함을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 농작업에 적용한다면 작업조건이 향상되어 편안하고 안전한 자세로 작업을 할 수 있기 때문에 허리, 어깨, 다리 등의 근골격계 질환을 감소시킬 수 있으며 인력작업에 따른 무리한 힘의 소모를 감소시켜 노동력 절감은 물론 생산성 향상을 가져올 수 있다고 판단된다.