Earticle

This study aims to compare the duration of phonologically homophonous words in Thai that are used as a content word in one context, and as a function word in another. It is premature to assume that function words in Thai will be reduced as in other languages, considering that most function words in Thai have been originated from the homophonous content word through grammaticalization. Therefore, this study investigated whether the four most frequent Thai monosyllabic function words are produced with a shortened duration as compared to the corresponding content words. Sentence utterances including target words are produced by eight native Bangkok Thai speakers. Syllable rime duration of each word is measured and compared. Overall results show that the rime of function words is significantly shorter than that of content words. It is also confirmed that words located at the end of an utterance are remarkably lengthened regardless of the word type.

Auto-generated captions on YouTube have proven useful in helping viewers better understand the words being spoken. However, at times they fail to contain accurate captions. In these cases, they lead to confusion. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze errors in the auto-generated captions of 20 commencement speeches on YouTube. These speeches were presented over a period of 12 years by speakers from different walks of life. The researchers selected ten male and ten female icons. Only the first 10 minutes of the speeches were utilized for this investigation. All the captioned errors were collected and analyzed. Upon completion of the analysis, it was discovered that the frequency of errors in each speech ranged between 10 and 46 cases, with an average of one error occurring about every 26 seconds. Among the different error categories, nouns record the highest number with 144 cases (31.3%). The second is verbs with 93 cases (20.2%), then prepositions with 37 cases (8.1%). Among the four subcategories, namely omission, addition, substitution, and word order, substitution recorded the highest amount of errors with 357 cases (77.6%). Furthermore, the errors were classified into two major groups. The first, involving function words, appeared in 169 cases (36.7%). The second, involving content words, appeared in 291 cases (63.3%). The results of this research suggest that a continuous development of the voice recognition software that automatically generates captions is necessary for more efficient and accurate data that will help viewers and listeners better comprehend the video contents.

이 글에서는 여러 가지 기능을 담당하는 칭칭이소리의 사설을 분석한 뒤 호남지역 산아지타령과의 비교를 통해 이 소리의 생성과 기능 분화 양상에 대해 살펴보았다. 우리나라 동부지역을 중심으로 논매는 소리, 장원질소리, 가창유희요로 불리는 칭칭이소리는 경북 남부지역 장원질소리에서 생성되었다. 논매는 일을 모두 마치고 집으로 돌아갈 때 부르는 장원질소리는 노동요보다는 유희요에 가깝다. 이러한 장원질소리의 복합적 성격으로 인해 경북지역 노동요와 경북을 포함한 경남, 강원지역의 유희요로 분화될 수 있었다. 강원지역의 여성가창자들이 가창유희요로 부르는 칭칭이소리는 전체 칭칭이소리 중 사설 구성이 가장 뛰어나다. 그들은 기존 소리에 자신이 직접 겪은 일 등을 넣어 부르면서도 자신의 감정에 몰입하지 않았다. 이유는 이 노래가 흥겨운 분위기 속에서 여러 사람들이 돌아가며 노래하기 때문이었다. 남녀 가창자별 사설 구성의 차이는 상여소리를 차용하는 것에서도 나타나는데, 남성가창자는 장원질소리에서 이동이라는 행위의 유사성에 기반하여, 여성 가창자는 다 놀고 헤어질 때 이별이라는 의미의 유사성에 의해 칭칭이소리 바탕에 상여소리를 차용하였다. 본 논의를 바탕으로 앞으로 강원과 영남지역, 그리고 영남과 호남지역 민요 교류의 양상을 보다 명확히 이해할 수 있다. 민요의 지역간 흐름을 이해하기 위해서는 전국적으로 분포하기 보다는 그 지역에만 존재하는 자료들을 대상으로 삼는 것이 효과적이다. 예컨대 칭칭이소리는 영남지역에서 강원지역으로의 영향이 포착되는 반면, 여성 구연민요 중의 하나인 다복녀민요는 강원지역에서 영남지역으로의 영향이 감지된다. 어떤 과정을 통해 인접지역으로 교류되고 그 요인이 무엇인지 해명해야 한다

In this paper analyzed the words of the Chingchingisori(칭칭이소리). Through the comparison with Sanajitaryung(산아지타령) in Honam province, bring into relief the distinctive feature of this song. When weed a rice paddy, entertain and finish working in field Chingchingisori wes sung. This song is created Jangwonjilsori(장원질소리) in Gyeongsangbuk-do south area. After weed a rice paddy coming back home Jangwonjilsori sung. This song closer labor than play. Because this songs have complex character, from this song differentiated labor song in Gyeongsangbuk-do and amusement song in East area. Chingchingisori which sung by female singer in Gangwon Province is superior to words organization. Although they sing their own experiences did not get herself absorbed in the song. Because they song by round in exciting circumstances continue singing long time. The Male and Female singer of the Chingchingisori owe a funeral bier song. Male singer song funeral bier song by an acting similarity. But Female singer song by the meaning similarity. Through this discussion we can debate the folk song interchange between Gangwon province and yungsang provibce.

통증이 있는 경우, 위협이 되는 자극에 주의를 과도하게 지속하거나 회피하는 것은 통증을 만성화시키는 데 취약성 요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 이 연구는 주의편향 유형이 만성통증 환자의 일일 통증강도와 일상기능의 관계를 차별적으로 조절하는지에 대해 알아보고자 했다. 이에 대전 소재 한의원에서 만성통증 환자 41명을 모집했다. 연구 참여자는 설문지 작성 후, 아이트래커(eye-tracker)를 통해 주의개입-주의이탈 과제를 수행했고, 이후 14일 동안 매일 통증일지를 작성했다. 수집된 데이터를 HLM(Hierarchical Linear Modeling) 통계 프로그램으로 다층분석한 결과, 일일 통증강도와 일일 활동회피, 일일 집중곤란 간 주의편향의 조절효과가 유의했다. 구체적으로, 지속 주의과정에서 통증관련 단어를 느리게 응시하거나 빠르게 이탈할 때, 일일 통증강도가 높을수록 일상에서 활동을 더 많이 회피했다. 또한 통증관련 단어를 중립단어보다 오래 응시할 때, 일일 통증강도가 높을수록 일상에서 집중을 더 어려워했다. 반면, 초기 주의과정에서는 주의편향이 일일 통증강도와 일일 활동회피, 일일 집중곤란 간의 관계를 조절하지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과는 만성통증 환자의 주의편향과 일일 통증강도, 그리고 일상기능 간의 관계를 보여주며, 만성통증의 예방 및 관리 개입에 대한 방향성을 시사한다.

Attentional bias is a selective attention to specific information in the environment and can be classified into two types: engagement and disengagement. It has been reported that these two types of attentional bias impact the development and maintenance of chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the type of attentional bias in patients with chronic pain has a differential impact on their daily function. We recruited 33 patients with chronic pain in the Oriental medical clinic. The subjects completed a questionnaire and then performed an engagement-disengagement task involving pain-related and neutral word pairs and eye tracker. They completed the online diary for 14 days from the day following the task. The data were analyzed by the HLM statistical program. The results of the analysis showed that when the subjects’ engagement with pain-related words was slow, the greater the intensity of pain, the greater the avoidance of daily activities. Also, when the subjects’ disengagement from pain-related words was rapid, the greater the intensity of pain, the greater the avoidance of daily activities. Additionally, when the subjects’ attentional maintenance in pain-related words was longer than in the neutral words, the greater the intensity of pain, the greater the distractibility of daily activities. This study revealed that the type of attentional bias in chronic pain patients has different impacts on their daily function. These findings suggest that patients with chronic pain who slowly engage with or quickly disengage from pain-related words may have difficulties in different areas of their daily function.

This thesis aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the various ways Du Fu, revered as the “Poet-Sage” in the history of Chinese poetry, utilized function words in his seven-character poems and the aesthetic achievements thereof. Whereas previous research has largely been limited to exploring macro-level characteristics of Du Fu's poetry, such as its “deep, vigorous, and ever-shifting” style , this paper focuses on the micro-level linguistic element of function words, investigating how they operate as a concrete mechanism to shape Du Fu's unique poetic style. This paper clarifies that function words not only play the role of the “poetic eye” that captures the spirit of the poetry, but are also a core element in forming his poetry's characteristic modulated cadence and in creating a profound artistic mood through the “fusion of the abstract and the concrete”. Furthermore, by analyzing his linguistic experiments?such as the flexible use of word classes that breaks the boundary between content words and function words, the introduction of prose logic known as “writing poetry as prose”, and the bold adoption of contemporary colloquialisms ?this paper elucidates how Du Fu pushed the expressive possibilities of seven-character regulated verse to their absolute limit.In conclusion, this thesis reveals that the greatness of Du Fu lies not only in his grand thematic consciousness but also in his perfect mastery over the subtle linguistic element of function words, through which he freely shaped the structure, emotion, and rhythm of his poetry. Future studies are encouraged to further synthesize humanistic appreciation and linguistic inquiry to reveal fresh layers of meaning in classical literature. This approach ensures that Du Fu’s poetic legacy remains vibrant and relevant, flourishing through its continuous engagement with the readers of today.

否定式偏正短語는 현대중국어에서 아주 특수한 구문형식이다. 그러나 이에 관한 연구는 줄곧 학계의 주목을 받지 못했고 연구도 미흡하여 교육현장에서 유관 문제에 대한 합리적인 해석을 할 수 없다. 본고에서는 풍부한 언어사실에 대한 고찰을 바탕으로 否定式偏正短語의 유형과 기능에 대해 상세히 서술함으로써 다음과 같은 결 론을 내릴 수 있다. 첫째. 否定式偏正短語의 구문형식은 현대중국어에서 대량으로 존재하지만 모든 否定式動詞結構가 偏正短語 구문형식을 가질 수 있는 것은 아니다. 둘째. 否定式偏正短語는 肯定式偏正短語의 유형보다 적다. 셋째. 否定式偏正短語 조합에 있어서의 국한성은 다음과 같은 세 가지 방면에서 표현된다. 語義類型이 제한적 이고, 否定式 구조형식이 제한적이며, “的”에 대한 의존성이 강하다. 넷째, 否定式偏正短語는 문장에서 주로 주어, 목적어와 전치사목적어, 時間類否定式偏正短語, 문장의 수식어 등에 해당되며 각 유형마다 서로 다른 특징을 나타낸다. 다섯째. 否定式偏正短語에 대한 연구가 충분히 이루어져 그 연구 성과가 중국어 문법교재에 반영되고 중국어 교육 현장에서 활용된다면 중국어 교육수준 제고에 도움이 될 것이다.

A modifier-head phrase in which the negative verb structure modifies qualified words is a very characteristic structure in Contemporary Chinese. But it has not been given due attention and academic research, so that we could not provide a reasonable explanation for the teaching problems associated with it. This paper makes a detailed analysis of this type of phrase on the basis of scrutinizing many language-facts, and draws the following conclusions：a. There are a lot of modifier-head phrases in which the negative verb structure modifies qualified words in Contemporary Chinese, but not all of the negative verb structure can be used in that way;b. The semantic type of the negative modifier-head phrase is less than the affirmative modifier-head phrase. c. That type of phrase has three limitations on the combination: semantic types are limited; forms of negative structure are limited; and the phrase has a stronger dependence on “DE”. d. That type of phrase mainly acts as subject, object and prepositional object in the sentence, and the time class of them also acts as modifiers of a sentence. In addition, different categories can show different syntactic features. e. In Chinese grammar textbooks and grammar teaching, we should make an objective description of that type of phrase to improve Chinese teaching effectiveness and also to become a better guide language practice.

Based on extensive studies of the value of function words in language use, this research examined the relationship between native like frequency of function words and L2 writing quality. Through a keyword analysis of Korean students' L2 English writing corpus, this study identified ten function words that showed a distinctive frequency in a learner corpus in comparison to a native speaker corpus. In particular, this study examined the use of function words, which showed native like frequency in advanced L2 writing, hinting at the potential of function words as indicators of overall writing quality. The findings of this study suggested that the use of first person pronouns (I, my), conjunctive adverbs (so, because, but, as), the proverb do, articles (the, a/an), and the preposition of showed native like frequency in more advanced L2 writing. Qualitative examination of the function words revealed that basic level writing showed a stronger degree of writer visibility and a higher dependency on a limited range of lexical devices to deliver causal and contrastive semantics. It is hoped that this study invites more academic and instructional attention to the use of function words in L2 writing pedagogy and provokes further investigation of L2 learners’ use of function words.

내용어의 분절음의 길이가 기능어의 분절음 길이보다 길다는 사실은 Umeda (1975) 이후 널리 알려져 있지만 그러한 길이 차이가 발화 속도가 달라졌을 경우에도 동일하게 유지되는지에 대한 연구는 아직까지 이루어지지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 모음과 모음사이의 환경에서 나타나는 어두 자음 (V#CV)의 길이가 발화 속도 변화에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지를 단어의 종류별로 나누어 비교해보았다. 폐쇄음의 경우 폐쇄구간과 VOT로 나누어 각각의 길이를 측정하였으며 공명음을 포함한 모든 자음의 길이를 측정하였다. 이렇게 얻은 길이를 통해 자음 집단별로 얻은 평균값을 3가지 발화 속도간 비교하고, 단어의 종류에 따라서는 어떤 차이가 있는지 역시 살펴보았다. 기존의 연구 결과인 분절음 길이가 내용어에서 보다 기능어에서 더 길게 나타난다는 사실은 발화 속도가 느려지거나 빨라졌을 때 역시 그대로 유지되었으나 매우 느리게 발화할 경우 기능어에서 나타나는 공명음의 길이가 내용어보다 더 길게 나타났다. 이는 화자가 발화 속도를 느리게 하려는 의도로 모든 단어들을 천천히 말하면서 기능어 또한 과도하게 길게 발음하게 되었기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 보이며, 이런 현상이 특정 화자에 국한되는 것인지 혹은 모든 화자들이 발화 속도를 느리게 할 경우 자연스럽게 기능어의 공명음들의 길이가 이처럼 길어지는 것인지는 화자별 분석을 통해 밝혀야 할 것이며, 또한 발화 속도가 빠른 사람들의 집단과 발화 속도가 느린 사람들의 집단간 비교를 통해서 확인해 보고자 한다. 발화 속도가 느려질수록 길이가 변하는 정도는 기능어에서나 내용어에서 모두 공명음의 경우가 장애음보다 크게 나타났다. 발화 속도에 가장 영향을 적게 받는 자음 집단은 기존 연구에서와 동일하게 유성 폐쇄음으로 나타났다. 현재 모음의 길이에 대한 고찰을 통해 자음 집단들과 모음 집단들이 발화 속도의 변화에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 비교 연구 중에 있다. 본 논문에서 사용된 데이터는 자동으로 세그멘테이션한 후 수정을 가하여 다량의 데이터를 통일된 기준에 따라 빠르게 분석할 수 있었고, 분절음의 길이 또한 다양한 환경에서 각 분절음의 길이를 얻을 수 있는 프로그램을 이용하여 자동적으로 길이를 측정하였다. 변인을 달리하여 여러 환경에서의 길이를 자동적으로 얻을 수 있으므로, 이렇게 얻어진 길이는 실질적인 음성 시스템 연구에서 다양하게 사용할 수 있다.

Previous research has reported a predominance of function words (FWs) in English. However, second language writing (L2) research mainly focuses on the proportions of low-frequency content words (CWs) as an indicator of writing development and learner proficiency. The present study explored the proportion of FWs as a first step toward understanding the features of vocabulary used in English writing by Korean university students. The students wrote English essays on the same topic in the first week and the last week of the semester to see whether the proportion of FWs shows a significant difference as students’ English writing develops with writing practice over a semester, and then it was analyzed again to examine differences according to learner proficiency. Learner proficiency was measured by cloze test scores to see if student responses to FW cloze items are related to the proportion of FWs in Korean university students’ English writing. The percentages of FWs in student writing were obtained by running VocabProfile. The study results showed a significant decrease in FW percentages over a semester. In addition, learner proficiency did not lead to statistical differences in the proportions of FWs in student writing. The results will be discussed in more detail.

This paper investigates whether there is a temporaldifference in function word pronunciation of Korean EFLlearners as compared to that of native speakers. A new measure,named RCFsyl, is proposed to take the effect of speech ratenormalization. Two experiments are conducted: first, proficiencybalanced hand-labeled data are examined to check the differenceamong the four different speaker groups. Then, automaticmeasurement on a large set of data is attempted to show thatthe new measure fits practical application. Results confirm thatfunction words are more prolonged as speakers’ proficiencylowered. The proposed measure is found to be useful forcapturing temporal characteristics of words.

This study aimed to investigate the relation between pitch accent placement and word classes such as content and function words. Korean English learners were asked to participate in listen-and-repeat practice between pretest and posttest to examine learning effects on pitch accent realization. Korean English learners put pitch accents on much more function words in pretest utterances than native English speakers. However, the use of pitch accents on functions words decreased statistically significantly in posttest utterances. In addition, Korean English learners tended to put pitch accents on the first words of intermediate phrases more often than native English speakers regardless of information status such as new, given, contrastive information. Finally, the use of L* in Koreans English utterances increased after the practice in some of Korean English learners. It can be argued that Korean English learners benefitted from the listen-and-repeat practice in pitch accent realization.

This paper investigates how Korean EFL learners, whose L1 does not reduce function words, reduce vowels in the production of English function words in comparison to native speakers of English. Specifically, the degree of reduction of function words was investigated in terms of their subclasses, that is stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) function words in comparison to content words. To this end, 54 speakers (20 Korean male, 20 Korean female, 7 American male, and 7 American female) were recorded and measured in terms of acoustic features, F0, duration, and intensity in the reading of a passage with 11 sentences. The results revealed that both American and Korean speakers produce stressed function words that are significantly longer in duration than unstressed function words, supporting the argument for the existence of subclasses of function words. Korean female learners tend to overemphasize stressed function words, which results in an insignificant difference in duration between content words and stressed function words, while the reverse pertains in terms of intensity (i.e., stressed function words are greater in intensity than content words). Secondly, vowels in the unstressed function word class were reduced homogeneously by native speakers, but variably in the readings of Korean learners. Finally, modals were reduced more than finite auxiliaries by all the groups, which contradicts the stressability order between morphemes proposed by Anttila (2013). This study provides evidence for the subclass effect on stress realization by Korean EFL learners, as well as native speakers. The findings also have some teaching implications for EFL students.

This paper explores the possibilities of prosodifying function words in English. It is well known that function words can be manifested in their strong and weak forms as a function of accent and position in a sentence. It is also known that weak forms of function words, which are not phrase-final, have a clitic status in prosodic structure, while strong forms of function words in phrase-final position have the status of a prosodic word on their own (Inkelas and Zec 1993, Selkirk 1984, 1996). Thus, the prosodic phrasing of function words has been accounted for by the syntactic structural factor itself. However, given the results that strong forms of function words can be subdivided into phrase-final and accented types (Oh 2010), the prosodic phrasing of function words should be reconsidered with a syntactic and semantic approaches. Briefly reviewing various approaches to phrasing in prosodic phonology, this paper investigates an accent effect on the prosodic phrasing of function words and suggests a future experiment which can reveal how function words are prosodified with their adjacent words.

This paper investigates whether there is a two-way or three-way distinction in the phonetic realization of a function word. Specifically, it is investigated how the English function words 'for', 'in', and 'to' are phonetically realized differently as a function of position in a phrase and phrasal accent. Previous studies (Gimson 1989, Selkirk 1972, 1984, 1996) showed that function words are realized in two forms, strong and weak forms, depending on their context. In strong forms of function words, however, two sub-conditions are mixed: strong forms caused by position in a phrase and strong forms caused by prominence through phrasal accent. Although both the factors play an important role in phonetic realization of function words, the degree of phonetic manifestations in function words could be different depending on the strength of each factor. This experimental study compared five acoustic measurements of duration, F1, F2, intensity, and F0 for the three conditions of each function word: unaccented phrase-medial weak condition, unaccented phrase-final strong condition, and accented phrase-medial strong condition. The results showed that both factors (position in a phrase and phrasal accent) have an influence on the phonetic realization of function words and that the effect of phrasal accent is stronger than that of position in a phrase. To put it another way, it was revealed that a three-way distinction within a function word exists in terms of duration, F2, and F0 measurements: unaccented phrase-medial vs. unaccented phrase-final vs. accented phrase-medial function words.

Recent research on native versus nonnative uses of recurrent multiword sequences typical of academic prose reports that native-English-speaking writers employ a wider range of sequences than do nonnative writers. Few studies have, however, considered sequences with grammatical errors used by nonnatives although such erroneous uses may be prevalent. This study uses comparable native and nonnative corpora of freshman compositions (controlled for writing prompts) to investigate learners’ English article errors in lexical frames and in lexical bundles. This study uses comparable native and nonnative corpora to investigate learners’ English article errors in lexical frames and in lexical bundles. The findings show that native student writers appear to use more types of bundles with frames typically found in academic prose than do nonnative writers when only error-free sequences are counted. However, when potential frames/bundles containing article errors are taken into account, the nonnative writers are found to use a broader range of filler types in the open slots for lexical words than do the natives. The results may be of a great help in understanding English learners’ actual uses of formulaic sequences (including their attempted but misused sequences) in academic prose.

The goal of this study is to characterize the interlanguages of Korean high school students paying special attention to the function words they use. In order to investigate this issue, the present study has constructed three corpora of English writing samples: samples by native English speakers (NES), samples by Korean English speakers at an intermediate level (KES1), and at an advanced level (KES2). Function words were extracted from the three corpora and were analyzed with Wordsmith. As results, the interlanguages of KES1 and KES2 have been characterized in the aspects of lexis, grammar, and style. Lexical patterns are associated with learners’ tendency to grasp for one meaning or one usage of a word. This is exemplified by the underuse of and as. Further, learners’ shortage of lexis repertoire has led to the repetition of the same word, causing overuse of a particular word such as they. In the area of grammar, learners’ general inability to construct certain grammatical structures are related to the underuse of function words such as relativizers. In the matter of style, finally, learners tend to use spoken register in written essays, causing their writing to be informal.

The present investigation was aimed at examining Korean EFL listeners' ability to identify function and content words and how EFL proficiency affected their identification of function and content words. A total of 120 participants, assigned to low and high level groups, performed a listening task and 40 of them took part in a post-task interview. The results showed that Korean EFL listeners performed significantly worse in identifying function words than in identifying content words, which was attributed to their lack of knowledge of English phonology encompassing schwa. Concerning the impact of proficiency, it was found that proficiency significantly influenced Korean EFL listeners' ability to identify function and content words. What was noteworthy was that vocabulary knowledge could serve as a predictor for the identification of function words. In terms of pedagogical implications, the study suggests that more adequate instruction in English phonology in connection with the identification of function and content words should be provided to Korean EFL listeners taking into account proficiency levels.