Earticle

The understanding of discourse needs more dynamic linguistic interactions devoted to the investigation into intended meanings of specific forms of structure. The notion information helps to understand the contextual aspects of discourse, taking into consideration the interactional aspects of grammar. By taking some linguistic structures as examples, the present study aims to investigate in what ways information status is useful in the understanding of the linguistic forms considered here. For this, this study has the following purposes: 1) to explore some linguistic interactions of form and function investigating the several English formal structures, and 2) to see in what way a given structure can be related to a given communicative function or set of functions in terms of information.

본 연구는 워드프로세서를 사용하여 영어텍스트구문을 작성하는 사용자들의 영어작문능력을 개선하는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 컴퓨터와 IT기술의 발달로 영어작문능력 향상을 위한 컴퓨터보조언어학습이 보편적으로 사용되고 있 다. 기존의 프로그램들은 일부 단어의 철자, 접속사의 필요성, 주어-동사의 수일치 등과 같은 몇몇 문법오류사항을 인식 하여 표시해주는 기능이 있다. 그러나 사용자가 작성한 영어문장의 적절성에 대한 소수의 오류사항을 알려주고 있지만 영어문장에서 가장 흔하게 사용되고 있는 명사구성립의 적법성에 대한 오류인식은 하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존 워드프로세서의 문장오류인식 프로세스에 명사구성립인식 기능을 추가하여 더 나은 오류인식기능을 갖추도록 개 선하여 사용자 편의성 및 문장적법성을 향상시키는 방안을 제시한다. 제안 방법은 문장 내에 사용된 명사를 추적하여 해당 명사가 문장요소로 사용되기 위한 최소단위인 명사구성립 여부를 확인하고 그에 따라 오류표기를 하여 사용자가 인식할 수 있도록 해준다. 사용자는 오류사항에 대한 인식을 통해 자신이 작성한 텍스트의 문장 적법성을 확인하고 수정 하면서 문장작성 능력 및 적절한 어법의 사용에 대한 이해도가 증가할 것이라 판단된다.

This study focus on improving the text language proficiency regarding users' written text. In order to tone up accuracy improvement in writing, Computer Assisted Language Learning(CALL) can be primarily used as one of the most efficient tools. This study proposes a English Grammar Checking Application that can improve the accuracy over the current applications. The proposed system is capable of defining the difference between a Noun and a Noun Phrase which is critical in improving grammar accuracy for those who use Englilsh as a foreign language in English writing.

We investigated V-2 constructions in Old English within the theory of Minimalist Program. The derivation of V-2 word order by Phase in OE is triggered by the checking of Agree feature in C against an XP element and the resultant XP movement to the sentence initial position where it performs the grammatical function of focalization. As the external motivation of XP-raising to the CP-spec in a V-2 construction, we propose a focus feature [+F] that owns an uninterpretable EPP-feature of OCC as its subfeature in C. The Agree of feature between the XP that has to move to the CP-spec in narrow syntax and the [+F]-feature in C that must be lexicalized by the tense verb within the phonological component. This syntactic operation is carried out through internal Merge so as to satisfy the C-I system that should manifest discourse-related semantic Property of V-2 constructions. The syntactic evidence that a displaced XP manifests the grammatical function of localization in the CP-spec, not that of topicalization, is proved by the incompatibility with a wh-fronting or a negative inversion in the same sentence. As the [+wh]-feature is checked in the head C of an open sentence, so is the [+F]-feature checked in the head of C of a focalized structure. A representative type of verbs that can occur in V-2 constructions involve unaccusative and passive verbs including some unergatives. This class of verbs has the underlying argument structure in which v, not v* selects defective VP with φ-incomplete as its complement.

This article is an essay which suggests the improving direction of correction function in Han‐gul word processor. In chapter 2, I introduced the classification of errors derive from electric writing from the level of words to full text in the case of both Korean and Foreign students. So, these kinds of errors should be In chapter 3, I examined the precedent researches of correction function in Han‐gul word processor. As a result, almost all articles concentrated in correction of just spelling and word spacing. Therefore, I suggest that the errors of electric writing, especially relating orality in e‐writing, should be corrected in Han‐gul word processor besides the correction of spelling and word spacing.

본문에서는 否定式偏正短語 중 “不” “沒有” “別”가 나타내는 表時功能에 대한 상세한분석을 통하여 아래와 같은 결론을 도출했다. 첫째. “不” “沒有” “別”는 否定式偏正短語에서 그 조합능력이 다를 뿐만 아니라 문장에서 나타내는 相对时功能도 다르다. 둘째, 否定式偏正短語 중에서 “不”는 後時와 同時 사건을 부정하며 주관적 의지를 나타내는 前時의 사건도 부정한다. 셋째, 否定式偏正短語 중에서 “沒有”는 주요하게 서술문에서 前時 사건을 부정하며 부분적으로 同時 사건도 부정한다. 넷째. 否定式偏正短語 중에서 “別”는 勸阻의 의미를 나타내고 주요하게 後時 사건을 부정한다. 다섯째. 중국어 문법 교재와 중국어 교육 현장에서 “不” “沒有” “別”의 否定式偏正短語 에서 나타내는 表時功能에 대한 객관적인 설명이 충분히 이루어진다면 중국어 교육 수준 제고와 언어 활용 지도에 도움이 될 것이다.

This paper makes a detailed analyses of the relative tense function of “Bu”, “Meiyou” and “Bie” in the modifier-head phrase in which the negative verb structure modifies qualified word on the basis of previous studies, and draws the following conclusions： a. “Bu”, “Meiyou” and “Bie” are not only different combinations of capabilities in the modifier-head phrase in which the negative verb structure modifies qualified word , and each has distinctive relative tense function. b. “Bu” of this type of phrase mainly negates the event of post-time and event of simultaneousness, and It can also negate the event of pre-time associated with the subjective wishes. c. “Meiyou” of this type of phrase mainly negates the narrative event of pre-time , and can also negates some event of simultaneousness. d. “Bie” of this type of phrase expresses dissuade significance, mainly negates the event of post-time. e. In Chinese grammar textbooks and grammar teaching, we should make an objective description of the relative tense function of “Bu”, “Meiyou” and “Bie” of this type of phrase to improve Chinese teaching effectiveness and better guide language practice.

This study attempts to investigate rhythmic patterns and structures in function word sequences of English. In the phonetic experiment, we examined five different lengths and three different types of sequences varying with the neighboring word construction. The intervals between two pitch accents in the string of function words were measured in terms of the number of syllables to see the extent to which a rhythmic beat stretches in English. In addition, a priority ordering of pitch accent assignment among function words was explored and compared with the one suggested by Giegerich (1968). Results show that the maximum number of unstressed syllables was varied depending on the length and the types of function word sequences, one to seven, but that the maximum number of lapsed words as opposed to syllables was consistently three. As prosodic prominence is manifested as a pitch accent at the level of utterance in English, it is contented that unaccented words as opposed to unstressed syllable should be counted as the weak counterpart within a rhythmic unit. Moreover, it is suggested that this rhythmic unit construing in the postlexical level should be called ‘accentual foot,’ following Lee & Kang (2009) and that it should be distinctive from ‘foot’ at the lexical level. Similar to the lexical foot that a stressed syllable can be followed by maximally two unstressed ones, the accentual foot is generally composed of one accented word followed by maximally three accented words. The ordering of accented function words is, in general, consistent with that of Giegerich (1968) in that modal verbs are most likely to be accented, and that auxiliaries are the least. What should be noticed in the ordering results was that phrase final pronouns were rarely accented and should deserve to be considered as a separate category because they cause a change in the whole rhythmic pattern of a sentence.

The standard treatment of the English preposition of is syntactic by nature; i.e. of is a dummy case-assigner (Chomsky 1981). Contrary to this idea, of imposes strict semantic restrictions on the preceding and following nominals. For instance, in 'A of B', A can be a part, and B can be a whole (e.g. the legs of the table), but not vice versa (*the table of the legs). In the product-material relationship, however, both the table of wood and the wood of the table are possible English phrases. This paper aims to spell out ontological properties of of from the perspective of language acquisition. To achieve this goal, I analyzed longitudinal data of eight children at age points of 3, 4, 5, and over 9 from the CHILDES (= Child Language Data Exchange System) database (MacWhinney and Snow 1985, 1990). Using the CLAN software, I extracted all utterances of the subject children that include the uses of of, and analyzed the data with reference to pre-defined sense categories of of. Surprisingly, the well-known examples that are cited as evidence for a dummy case assigner are not found at all in the child language data. Rather, English-speaking children use a handful number of fixed expressions that contain of, most of which are part/quantity phrases or simple collocations. Based on this finding, I argue that of is a relational functor that defines a restricted number of semantic relations over a concept network.

Kang, Seung-man. “Why English Relative Clauses are Difficult to Teach and Learn.” Studies on English Language and Literature. 34.4(2008): 237-260. English relative clauses are treated as difficult among Korean EFL learners due to crosslinguistic differences between the two languages. Such crosslinguistic differences are the position of relative clauses, relative pronoun fronting, the existence of a relative pronoun, the morphological form of the relative pronoun, and so on. Evidently, they are important factors that cause the learners a variety of difficulties in their perception of the constructions. In addition to these crosslinguistic differences, I observe that the inability to discern between a relative pronoun and an interrogative pronoun constitutes another major factor that adds to such difficulties. I argue that this results from the lack of knowledge on syntactic and semantic subcategorization and markedness. I accordingly suggest that we should introduce such notions to our formal, explicit, and pedagogical school grammar instruction to enrich the learners’ understanding of English relative clause constructions. (Chungbuk National University)

Objectives: Animacy is an important issue in the research of sentence processing, associated with thematic role assignment, grammatical relations and linear ordering of sentential constituents. Based on the animacy effects reported in previous research, the current study aimed to investigate whether the animacy effects are replicated in processing Korean sentences in which canonicity is manipulated in younger and elderly adults, using event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods: The ERP data from 34 adults (16 young and 18 elderly) were analyzed. Simple transitive sentences composed of 2 noun phrases, an adverb, and a verb were used as experimental stimuli and animacy was manipulated at the grammatical object position in canonical and non-canonical sentences. ERPs were recorded while the participants performed a sentence comprehension task. Results: For young adults, animate objects (NP2) in canonical sentences engendered greater N400 effects than inanimate objects, whereas inanimate objects (NP1) in non-canonical sentences induced greater N400 effects than animate objects. In the elderly group, there were no significant animacy effects for any of the critical words. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that animacy effects on sentence processing are closely related to the linear ordering of arguments based on animacy hierarchy, and when these semantic expectancies are violated, processing costs could be raised. However, it seems that this animacy processing might be less efficient in the aging population.

내용어의 분절음의 길이가 기능어의 분절음 길이보다 길다는 사실은 Umeda (1975) 이후 널리 알려져 있지만 그러한 길이 차이가 발화 속도가 달라졌을 경우에도 동일하게 유지되는지에 대한 연구는 아직까지 이루어지지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 모음과 모음사이의 환경에서 나타나는 어두 자음 (V#CV)의 길이가 발화 속도 변화에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지를 단어의 종류별로 나누어 비교해보았다. 폐쇄음의 경우 폐쇄구간과 VOT로 나누어 각각의 길이를 측정하였으며 공명음을 포함한 모든 자음의 길이를 측정하였다. 이렇게 얻은 길이를 통해 자음 집단별로 얻은 평균값을 3가지 발화 속도간 비교하고, 단어의 종류에 따라서는 어떤 차이가 있는지 역시 살펴보았다. 기존의 연구 결과인 분절음 길이가 내용어에서 보다 기능어에서 더 길게 나타난다는 사실은 발화 속도가 느려지거나 빨라졌을 때 역시 그대로 유지되었으나 매우 느리게 발화할 경우 기능어에서 나타나는 공명음의 길이가 내용어보다 더 길게 나타났다. 이는 화자가 발화 속도를 느리게 하려는 의도로 모든 단어들을 천천히 말하면서 기능어 또한 과도하게 길게 발음하게 되었기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 보이며, 이런 현상이 특정 화자에 국한되는 것인지 혹은 모든 화자들이 발화 속도를 느리게 할 경우 자연스럽게 기능어의 공명음들의 길이가 이처럼 길어지는 것인지는 화자별 분석을 통해 밝혀야 할 것이며, 또한 발화 속도가 빠른 사람들의 집단과 발화 속도가 느린 사람들의 집단간 비교를 통해서 확인해 보고자 한다. 발화 속도가 느려질수록 길이가 변하는 정도는 기능어에서나 내용어에서 모두 공명음의 경우가 장애음보다 크게 나타났다. 발화 속도에 가장 영향을 적게 받는 자음 집단은 기존 연구에서와 동일하게 유성 폐쇄음으로 나타났다. 현재 모음의 길이에 대한 고찰을 통해 자음 집단들과 모음 집단들이 발화 속도의 변화에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 비교 연구 중에 있다. 본 논문에서 사용된 데이터는 자동으로 세그멘테이션한 후 수정을 가하여 다량의 데이터를 통일된 기준에 따라 빠르게 분석할 수 있었고, 분절음의 길이 또한 다양한 환경에서 각 분절음의 길이를 얻을 수 있는 프로그램을 이용하여 자동적으로 길이를 측정하였다. 변인을 달리하여 여러 환경에서의 길이를 자동적으로 얻을 수 있으므로, 이렇게 얻어진 길이는 실질적인 음성 시스템 연구에서 다양하게 사용할 수 있다.

This study investigates the phonetic variation of the English word ‘to’ as a function of its syntactic head status. There are several factors which influence the phonetic realization of segments or words such as position in an utterance, phrasal accent, and word class. However, it has not been investigated how words, specifically function words, are phonetically differently manifested depending on their syntactic head status. Based on the seven-year (2011 to 2017) English listening data of College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT), the effects of syntactic head on the phonetic realization of the English function word ‘to’ were investigated. Five acoustic measurements of duration, F1, F2, intensity, and fundamental frequency (F0) were compared between the lexical head ‘to’ (i.e., preposition ‘to’) and the functional head ‘to’ (i.e., inflection ‘to’). Results show that the phonetic manifestations of the function word ‘to’ are sensitive to its syntactic head status as a lexical or functional head, and that the syntactic head effect is mostly found in terms of duration and F1.

The original graphs cannot be made up, they must have something like them. The meaning of a graph is what it looks like and its implication, which belongs to the content word (which carry semantic content). With the need of grammar, when the meaning of a content word does not indicate the meaning of the sentence, but the relationship between other content words in the sentence, the content word becomes a function word or grammatical word. A Shang bone script for god’s will, god said and someone said is dipected as wei隹 ( “eagle”). The consensus amongst the cycle’s scholars is that the word wei 隹 (only, along) is often seen and used as a function word in ancient Chinese classic books. At first, a script was created to describle the represented object and its symbolic meanings. A word in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is used as a content word in most of the cases, and also used as a function word in a few cases discovered by scholars. Thus the word wei隹(bird pictograph) in the Shang bone texts first should be a content word, is a pictogram of the bird, in which its meanings were expressed iconically as “bird say, angel say, tell angel, talk by the messenger between man and god”. And in the later period of the Oracle bone text the script was added kou 口(oral) to emphasis “say” and became as a new graph wei 唯. The function word wei 隹 (only, along) can be derived from its content meaning “god says”, and the content word wei 隹 (say, tell, allegedly) can be used to read the Oracle bone and the Bronze inscriptions and the classic books in their literal sense and logically, and to give an answer to some puzzling problems in the inscriptions. Through this discussion, we have used many examples of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, in which there are many undeciphered words. The purpose of this paper is to show how to decipher the Oracle bone scripts by using these undeciphered words. The key point is that the meaning of Oracle bone script comes from its shape, not its sound.

Yancheng dialect is one of the typical dialects of Jianghuai Mandarin. In Yancheng dialect there are some marks of perfect, including “le” “te” “go”, and so on; but “le” also has other functions, for example, it can serve as a marker for many types of complements. In addition, the form of perfective in interrogative sentence of Yancheng dialect is different from that of Putonghua.

한글 문서에서 일부 조사와 일부 어미들은 출현 빈도가 높은 반면에 그 외에 조사와 어미는 출현빈도가 낮을 것으로 추측되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실험을 통해서 이러한 사실을 확인하고 한국어 분석 시스템에서 활용하기 위하여 조사와 어미의 상대적 출현 빈도를 조사하였다. 조사의 상대적 출현 빈도를 조사한 결과, 말 뭉치 분야에 따라 약간의 차이가 있으나 일반적으로 빈도수가 높은 9개의 조사가 전체 조사의 70%를 차지하고 상위 20개, 32개, 69개의 조사가 각각 90%, 95%, 99%를 차지하고 있음을 확인하였다. 어말 어미는 빈도수가 높은 10개의 어말 어미가 전체 어말 어미의 70%를 차지하고 상위 33개, 54개, 117개가 각각 90%, 95%, 99%를 차지하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 조사와 어미의 상대적 출현 빈도에 따라 문법형태소 사전을 구성하는 방법을 제안한다. 조사와 어미의 상대적 출현 빈도는 미등록 어 추정이나 형태론적 중의 성을 해결할 때도 활용된다.

It is expected that some Josa/Eomi's are frequently used and others are not in the Korean documents. In this paper. we confirm it through the experiment and show that such information is very useful for Korean language processing. In case of Josa. most frequent 9 Josa's occupied 70% of total Josa's and 20. 32. 69 Josa's occupied 90%. 95%. and 99% respectively. Similarly, most frequent 10 numbers of Eomi's occupied 70% of total Eomi's and 33. 54. 117 Eomi's occupied 90%. 95%. and 99% respectively. We propose a dictionary construction method for Josa/Eomi dictionary that is classified by the frequency information. Furthermore. Josa/Eomi frequency results are very useful for the identification of unregistered morphemes and the disambiguation of lexical ambiguities.

This paper has investigated Korean Learners’ acquisition of each semantic type of ‘Shang’ in the constructions of ‘noun+Shang’ and ‘verb/adjective+Shang’ by learner corpus. The research results suggest that: (1) There is no significant difference in Korean Learners' total acquisition achievements of ‘Shang’ after nouns and ‘Shang’ after verbs or adjectives. (2) In the constructions of ‘noun+Shang’ and ‘verb/Adjective+Shang’, Korean learners' acquisition achievements of each semantic type of ‘Shang’ are different, which are mainly affected by their Chinese proficiency, but the scope of influence is different. (3) The reasons for the differences in Korean Learners' acquisition achievements of the function word ‘Shang’ are mostly shaped by target item complexity, mother tongue influence and input frequency.

이 연구는 현대중국어 베이징방언 연속발화에 출현한 기능어 '個'의 음성적 약화 변이를 탐구하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 유명 TV 드라마에서 발화된 個를 수집하여 음성 코퍼스를 구축하였다. 그리고 음향음성학과 통계학적 방법을 사용하여 약화 유형과 약화 정도에 대해 분석하고, 약화 유형과 언어학적 환경과의 관계 또한 검증하였다. 그 결과, 대부분의 자음은 접근음(51%)으로 약화되거나, 아예 탈락(16%)하는 것으로 드러났다. 이는 個의 접어화 현상과 밀접한 관련을 지니고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 모음은 대개 중앙모음(80%)으로 약화되는 경향을 보였는데, 이는 약화에 대한 언어보편적 경향과 일치하는 부분이었다. 사용 빈도와 형태론적 환경은 약화 현상과 통계적으로 유의미한 관련성을 보이지 않은 것으로 드러났다. (p>.05) 이는 기존의 사용빈도 기반 모형이 個의 약화 현상에서는 적용될 수 없다는 점을 나타낸다. 다만 문장 강세와 발화 속도는 제한적으로 약화와 상당히 낮은 정도의 상관성만을 갖고 있었다. (p<.05) 이론적 측면에서 본고는 강세언어의 성질을 갖는 베이징방언의 운율유형론적 특징과 여타 방언들과의 언어접촉으로 말미암아, 베이징방언 기능어 個의 음성적 약화 현상은 미래에도 지속적으로 가속화될 것으로 내다보았다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the variability in phonetic reduction of the function word “ge” in connected speech from the Beijing dialect of Modern Chinese. Based on the phonetic corpus taken from the famous TV show, the type and the degree of the reduced variety were analyzed using acoustic phonetical and statistical methods. The relationship between linguistic environment and its reduced forms was also examined. The results showed that most of consonants were changed into the approximants (51%) or deleted (16%), which appears to be the result of the cliticization of “ge”. Vowels showed the tendency of being weakened as a schwa (80%), which was consistent with language universal tendencies. Frequency effects and the morphological environments turned out to be statistically not significant in the correlation study (p>.05), unlike other usage-based approaches. Sentence stress and utterance rate, however, showed fairly low level of relevance. (p<.05) Theoretically, the prosodic characteristics of the Beijing dialect as a stress language and language contact with other dialects would be expected to continuously accelerate the phonetic reduction of “ge” in the future.

배경 및 목적: 전보식 문장이 언어발달과정에서 자연스럽게 나타나는 발화형식이긴 하나, 언어적 어려움을 보이는 아동에게 제공하는 언어자극의 형식으로 적합한가에 관한 논의는 꾸준히 제기되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 3세에서 4세 언어발달지연아동을 대상으로 전보식 및 문법완성식의 두 가지 언어촉진방법이 조사 및 연결어미라는 기능어 표현에 유의한 차별적 영향을 미치는지 탐색하고자 하였다. 방법: 4명의 아동을 대상으로 6개의 조사와 4개의 연결어미를 제공하는 문법완성식 언어촉진활동조건과 기능어가 생략된 내용어 중심의 전보식 문장을 제공하는 언어촉진활동 조건의 두 가지를 다양한 스크립트 활동 속에서 진행하였다. 두 조건에서 나타나는 기능어의 산출비율을 비교하기위해 교대중재설계(alternating treatment design, ATD)를 적용하였다. 결과: 전보식 문장을 제공한 조건에 비해 문법적으로 완전한 문장으로 조사와 연결어미를 제공한 조건에서 전반적으로 높은 표현이 비율이 보인 것으로 확인되었다. 연결어미의 경우 조사에 비해 두 조건 간의 차이가 적은 것으로 분석되었다. 논의 및 결론: 아동에 따라 조사와 연결어미 표현의 비율에서 다른 추이를 보였으며, 이는 아동들의 학습잠재력이라는 측면에서 설명이 가능하였다. 종합적으로 언어촉진방식에 따라, 기능어의 종류에 따라, 그리고 아동의 반응성에 따라 표현비유의 증감에 차이를 보였다. 또한 다양한 중재방식의 효과를 탐색하는 후속연구를 제언하였다.

Objectives: Although telegraphic utterance is a natural stage of children’s language development, there is considerable controversy over the use of telegraphic input to young children, especially those with language delay. Therefore, understanding whether telegraphic input is effective is important because many SLPs reported using the input while feeling it was not useful. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with language delay are more likely to respond to input in a grammatically complete condition rather than to input in a telegraphic condition. Methods: Subjects in this study were four children between 3 and 4 years of age with developmental language delay. They participated in a single-case alternating treatment design with 3 baseline phase sessions, 12 treatment phase sessions, and 3 maintenance phase sessions. Alternating orders of the 12 sessions in the treatment phase were randomly assigned splitting into grammatical and telegraphic conditions. Children were repetitively given 6 particles and 4 connective endings in natural and various script play contexts using focused stimulation and expansion methods. Results: Children produced significantly more particles when presented with grammatically complete sentences. No differences between conditions in 2 out of 4 children were found for the rates of connective endings. Conclusion: These findings revealed that children who are ready for immediate change would benefit more from grammatically complete prompts whereas those who are less ready would need more support. Overall, children are likely to respond to a grammatically complete input as an intervention technique. Clinical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

焉은 다양한 용법을 지닌 고대 한어 허사이다. 焉의 품사에 대해서는 두 가지 의견이 대립한다. 하나는 [於＋代詞]가 합쳐진 兼詞로 보는 견해이고, 다른 하나는 焉을 그 자체로 특수한 대명사라고 보는 견해이다. 焉은 갑골문에는 등장하지 않고, 금문, 『尚書』,　『詩經』　시기에 이르러 나타나기 시작하였다. 『左傳』 및 『論語』 시기에 이르러서는 焉의 빈도수가 크게 증가했을 뿐만 아니라, 그 용법 또한 매우 다양해졌다. 본 연구에서는 『左傳』에 나타난 焉과 於의 용례 분석을 토대로 焉이［於＋代詞]의 合音(fusion)을 통해 탄생하였음을 증명하고자 한다.