Earticle

Solar energy is one of the renewable energy resources with the greatest potential and could be the world's largest source of electricity by 2050. Accurate quantitative data of the variation of solar radiation reaching the earth surface, together with relevant meteorological parameters are essential requirements for conducting a wide range of scientific studies. The aim of this study is to estimate global solar radiation using duration of sunshine and other observation data. The sunshine-based model performed well in terms of their coefficient of determination with R2 = 97.21% given by the linear Angstrom-Prescott (1940) model in Changwon. The results indicate that the calculated clearness index and relative duration of sunshine shows excellent data.

본 연구는 초등학교 수학에서의 계산어림활동을 고찰함으로써 계산어림지도를 위 한 개선방향을 모색하고자 2015 개정 초등학교 수학과 교육과정과 그에 따른 수학 교과서 및 교사용지도서에 포함된 계산어림 관련 내용을 살펴보았다. 이를 통해서 전학년군에 걸쳐서 계산어림을 강조할 필요가 있으며, 계산어림의 효과적인 지도를 위해서 계산어림하기, 어림과정설명하기, 어림값과 계산값 비교를 통한 계산결과의 타당성 검증하기 등을 체계적으로 지도하는 것이 필요하며, 연산관련단원에서 계산 어림관련 활동을 좀 더 강화하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to find a future direction for improving computational estimation instruction through examining the contents of computational estimation included in the 2015 revised elementary school mathematics curriculum and elementary school mathematics textbook and teacher's guide. Through this, several suggestions was made as follow. Firs, it is necessary to emphasize the computational estimation across all grade groups. Second, it is necessary to teach the computational estimation strategies systematically. It was found that it is necessary to reinforce the activities related to computational estimation in the computation related units.

In this paper, I researched about proper classification to increase solar generation efficiency with rooftop PV panels. Solar energy efficiency calculation was limited to the individual’s uses. However, Solar energy’s demands are increasing, we need to city level presumption. In this classification, modeling process was based on Busan. To reduce mistakes, this model’s generation data was made by the average of 2019 data. Python was used for the calculation and modeling process. However, I could not find the area of building from its various type. Hence, I supposed that the area of buildings is maximum in its limitation. Therefore, this model can be different in a real situation. Moreover, this research shows that limitation of building to maximize solar generation quantity can not influence much in solar generation quantity. I think it is because Building Acts provides enough sunshine to houses. Presumptions show that the smaller scale of generation was more profitable than the larger one. Furthermore, estimating solar grids is complex. Therefore, I estimated solar grids with less complexity.

Observer design for system with unknown input was carried out. First, Kalman filter was considered to estimate system state with White noise. With the results of Kalman filter design, state observer, controller properties, including controllability and observability, and the Kalman filter structure and algorithm were also studied. Kalman filter algorithm was applied to Position and velocity measurement based on Kalman filter with white noise, and it was constructed and achieved by programming based on Matlab programming. Finally, observer for system with unknown input was constructed with the help of Gershgorin’s disc theorem. With the designed observer, system states was constructed and applied to system with unknown input. By simulation results, estimation performance was verified. In this project, state feedback control theory, observer theory and relevant design procedure, as well as Kalman filter design were understood and used in practical application.

건설공사도급계약과 관련한 분쟁 중 추가ㆍ변경공사로 인한 분쟁의 원인은 당사자 간의 불명확한 합의에 기인하는 경우가 많았다. 추가ㆍ변경공사에서 도급인이 일방적으로 추가ㆍ변경공사를 지시하고, 수급인이 공사대금의 산정에 관하여 합의 없이 이를 수행한 다음, 공사대금을 청구하는 과정에서 분쟁이 발생한 것이다. 이와 관련하여 본 논문에서는 추가ㆍ변경공사를 도급인이 일방적으로 지시할 수 있는지, 수급인은 일방적으로 도급인의 지시를 거부할 수 있는지, 추가ㆍ변경공사가 시행된 경우에는 그 공사대금의 산정은 어떠한 기준에 의해 수행되어야 하는지에 대해 살펴 볼 필요가 있는 바, 원칙적으로 추가ㆍ변경공사는 당사자의 합의에 의하여야 하지만, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 수급인은 도급인의 요청을 거부할 수 없다고 하여야 한다. 그리고 추가ㆍ변경공사계약의 성립이 인정되는 경우 당초 공사도급계약에서 공사대금에 대한 내역 또는 견적을 기준으로 공사대금이 결정된 경우에는 추가ㆍ변경공사대금의 산정에서도 그와 같은 내역 또는 견적을 기준으로 하고, 당초 공사도급계약의 내역 또는 견적을 기준으로 삼기에 부적당하다고 생각하는 경우에는 추가ㆍ변경공사의 합의 당시의 시가를 기준으로 하되, 합의시점을 확정하기 어려운 때에는 추가ㆍ변경공사 완료 당시의 시가를 기준으로 공사대금을 산정하여야 한다.

Any dispute relating to the construction contracts of additional work, a lot of changes due to construction disputes. Because of indefinite agreement between the parties. Employer has instructed contractors to unilaterally add or change work tasks. In the course of this agreement without respect to the calculation of the cost, then the contractor billed the event of a dispute. whether employee unilaterally can dictate Additional work to a contractor or not, instructions on the employee’s additional work, the contractor unilaterally refuse to whether, If additional work was performed in the calculation of its payment should be done by any standard, about whether there is a need to look at. Should, in principle, be made by agreement of the parties, but no further action, unless there are special circumstances, the contractor can not be denied the employee’s request additional work. If additional work or change work on the contract is recognized in the original construction contract payments or payment for a quote based on the determined standards or additional work, or to estimate the cost of the changes, even when such estimates shall additional changes at the time of completion of construction market based on a fair price if additional work or change of work agreed at the time of the original contract or estimates based on improper basis, but difficult to determine the consensus point when payment shall be calculated.

본 연구에서는 2007 초등학교 수학과 교육과정과 2011 초등학교 수학과 교육과정을 비교․분석하였다. 첫째로, 2011 교육과정에서 취급하지 않게 된 학습 내용에 관해 비판적으로 논의했다. 둘째로, 2011 교육과정의 학습 내용에서 찾을 수 있는 두드러진 특징을 찾았다. 차기 교육과정의 개발에 도움이 될 수 있도록, 이러한 결과로부터 얻을 수 있었던 다음의 세 가지를 결론으로 제시하였다. 첫째, 교육과정 개발 절차를 보완할 필요가 있다. 공청회 시안 개발 및 최종 교육과정 개발 과정은 어디에도 드러나 있지 않다. 교육과정의 개발과 연구를 위해서는 이 과정을 잘 정리하여 공개할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 교육과정에서의 진술 방식을 수정․보완하는 것이 필요하다. 의미가 충분히 확립되지 않은 표현이나 모호한 표현은 어느 정도 규정하고 사용하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 학습 내용별 성취 기준의 진술이 일관적일 필요가 있다. 성취 기준 진술의 원칙을 설정하는 것이 필요하다. 넷째, 초등학교 교육과정과 중학교 교육과정 사이의 연계가 잘 이루어지고 있는지 검토하는 것이 필요하다.

In this study, the 2011 elementary school mathematics curriculum was analyzed compared to the 2007 elementary school mathematics curriculum with a focus on changes in specified learning topics. First, the topics which are dealt with in the 2011 curriculum were critically discussed. Second, prominent features which can be found in learning topics in 2011 curriculum were found. The following three conclusions which can be obtained from above analyzed results were presented. First, system for curriculum development is necessary to supplement. The process of draft development for public hearing and final curriculum development is not exposed anywhere. It is necessary to clean up and disclose this process in order to study and develop next curriculum. Second, it is necessary to modify the way of stating in curriculum. it is necessary to specify and use the expressions to some extent the meaning of which are not sufficiently established and the meaning of which are ambiguous. Third, the achievement standards set by 2011 curriculum needs to be consistent. The principles for stating achievement standards are necessary. it is necessary to review the link between elementary and middle school curriculum is well-made​​.

Purpose: This study was designed to reveal how individual-level characteristics and local-government policy factors associated with self-rated health (SRH) among older adults living alone. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2023 Korean Community Health Survey, including 21,677 adults aged 65 years and older who reported living alone. A multilevel regression analysis was conducted using four models: a null model, an individual-level model, a regional-level model, and a full model including cross-level interactions. Fixed and random effects were estimated. Results: The null model showed an intra-class correlation coefficient of 10.9%, indicating that regional-level factors explained a significant portion of the variance in SRH. In the full model, individual-level factors such as older age, being female, lower educational attainment, lower monthly income, current smoking, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with lower SRH. Conversely, current alcohol use and greater physical activity were associated with better SRH. At the regional level, a higher older adults welfare budget and the number of healthcare and leisure welfare facilities were positively associated with better SRH. Cross-level interactions showed that the positive effect of regional welfare budgets was attenuated among older individuals and those with higher monthly income, but was amplified for individuals with a higher degree of physical activity. Conclusion: SRH among older adults living alone is related to individual and regional factors. Regional welfare interventions are essential, but their benefits are context-sensitive and vary depending on individual characteristics like age and physical activity level. Structural, context-sensitive interventions at the community level are essential to improving health equity and well-being in this population.

The current study aimed to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) requirements of broiler chickens based on response surface methodology (RSM). Nine experimental diets were formulated with different SID Ca and P concentrations (2.80 and 5.50, 3.44 and 4.44, 3.44 and 6.56, 5.00 and 7.00, 5.00 and 5.50, 5.00 and 4.00, 6.56 and 4.44, 6.56 and 6.56, and 7.20 and 5.50 g/kg, respectively). A total of 480 10-dayold Ross 308 male broilers were weighed and randomly assigned to nine treatments based on body weight. Each treatment had five replicates, except for the central treatment (5.00 g/ kg Ca and 5.50 g/kg P), which had eight replicates with 10 birds per pen. On day 21, body weight and feed leftovers were recorded to calculate body weight gain (BWG) and the gainto- feed ratio (G:F). Left tibia bones were also collected for compositional analysis and bone mineral density (BMD) assessment. Response surface analysis revealed significant quadratic models for all criteria. The maximum BWG was estimated at 5.13 and 5.74 g/kg for SID Ca and P, respectively. The maximum G:F was observed when 6.41 and 7.00 g/kg of SID Ca and P were used, respectively. Multi-objective optimization analysis demonstrated that 6.02 g/kg of SID Ca and 6.61 g/kg of SID P were required to achieve both optimal BWG and G:F. Furthermore, the ideal SID Ca and P concentrations for optimal tibia ash, tibia Ca, tibia P, and BMD were estimated at 7.20 and 7.00 g/kg, 5.75 and 5.87 g/kg, 7.20 and 7.00 g/kg, and 7.20 and 6.96 g/kg, respectively. Multi-objective optimization indicated that 6.50 and 6.83 g/kg of SID Ca and P, respectively, are required to achieve optimal growth performance and bone mineralization. This study’s findings suggest that RSM is a feasible and effective approach to determining the optimal SID Ca and P requirements of broiler chickens, as it efficiently evaluates multiple factors while considering several response criteria.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease that has a significant impact on the cattle and buffalo agricultural industries. The use of live attenuated LSD virus (LSDV) vaccines (LAVs) is the most efficient method of disease prevention. However, it is well recognized that LAVs might result in viral mutation that could enhance viral infectivity or virulence. The goal of this research was to monitor the changes in genetic characteristics of LSDV in cattle after vaccination in Thailand. Five LSDV DNA samples from five different regions of Thailand including North, Northeast, West, Central, and South were selected. All samples came from non-vaccinated animals that developed LSD clinical signs after vaccination with the LAVs in each area. The samples were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the p32 gene and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genomes were compared to LSDV / Thailand / Yasothon / 2021, a recombinant LSDV strain discovered during the early stage of the outbreak in Northeast Thailand. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), amino acid changes, and affected proteins were analyzed. The study discovered that following immunization in the area, LSDVs from Chiang Mai (North), Khon Kaen (Northeast), and Nakhon Pathom (Central) differed from the Yasothon isolate. Open reading frame (ORF) 032 Poly (A) polymerase large subunit, ORF094 virion core protein, and ORF133 DNA ligase-like protein, as well as virulence and host range genes; ORF144 Kelchlike protein and ORF148 Ankyrin-like protein had mutations, while the genomic sequences of Prachuap Khiri Khan (West) and Trang (South) isolates are 100% identical to the Yasothon virus. Mutations occurred in LSDV genomes from the North, Northeast, and Central regions following immunization. As a result, viral genetics should be examined on an annual basis for effective diagnosis and control of the disease.

This study estimated the heritabilities (h2) and genetic and phenotypic correlations between reproductive traits, including calving interval (CI), age at first calving (AFC), gestation length (GL), number of artificial inseminations per conception (NAIPC), and carcass traits, including carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF), and marbling score (MS) in Korean Hanwoo cows. In addition, the accuracy of genomic predictions of breeding values was evaluated by applying the genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and the weighted GBLUP (WGBLUP) method. The phenotypic data for reproductive and carcass traits were collected from 1,544 Hanwoo cows, and all animals were genotyped using Illumina Bovine 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. The genetic parameters were estimated using a multi-trait animal model using the MTG2 program. The estimated h2 for CI, AFC, GL, NAIPC, CWT, EMA, BF, and MS were 0.10, 0.13, 0.17, 0.11, 0.37, 0.35, 0.27, and 0.45, respectively, according to the GBLUP model. The GBLUP accuracy estimates ranged from 0.51 to 0.74, while the WGBLUP accuracy estimates for the traits under study ranged from 0.51 to 0.79. Strong and favorable genetic correlations were observed between GL and NAIPC (0.61), CWT and EMA (0.60), NAIPC and CWT (0.49), AFC and CWT (0.48), CI and GL (0.36), BF and MS (0.35), NAIPC and EMA (0.35), CI and BF (0.30), EMA and MS (0.28), CI and AFC (0.26), AFC and EMA (0.24), and AFC and BF (0.21). The present study identified low to moderate positive genetic correlations between reproductive and CWT traits, suggesting that a heavier body weight may lead to a longer CI, AFC, GL, and NAIPC. The moderately positive genetic correlation between CWT and AFC, and NAIPC, with a phenotypic correlation of nearly zero, suggesting that the genotype-environment interactions are more likely to be responsible for the phenotypic manifestation of these traits. As a result, the inclusion of these traits by breeders as selection criteria may present a good opportunity for developing a selection index to increase the response to the selection and identification of candidate animals, which can result in significantly increased profitability of production systems.

In this paper, we propose a method to estimate the mean square error (MSE) of the estimated channel for ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) 3.0 systems. When combining the channel MSE and noise variance, we can better estimate the a priori LLR (log likelihood ratio) for the sum?product algorithm. The experimental results show that doing so yields better BER (bit error rate) performance in the 0 dB echo channel. The improvement in the 2-D channel estimation is about 0.2 dB. In the 1-D estimation case, the proposed approach is essential to decode codewords.

Reduction of the under-5 mortality rate is a target of the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate under-5 child mortality rates in 52 low-migration countries using population data. The study utilized population data from the US Census Bureau from 1990 to 2015. The method involved first estimating mortality rates for countries with negligible net migration and then applying these rates to countries with matching mortality profiles, where it is reasonable to assume that migration is negligible for children under the age of 5 years. The highest child mortality was concentrated in the African region, followed by Asia and the Western region. However, steady progress in child mortality trends was concentrated in low-income countries. This simple method demonstrated that child mortality has significantly improved in high-income countries, followed by middle- and low-income countries. To reduce the under-5 mortality rates even further in these 52 countries, there is a need to accelerate equitable plans and policies related to child health to promote children's longevity and survival.

The objective of this study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for growth curve parameters in Guilan sheep. Studied traits were parameters of Brody growth model which included A (asymptotic mature weight), B (initial animal weight) and K (maturation rate). The data set and pedigree information used in this study were obtained from the Agricultural Organization of Guilan province (Rasht, Iran) and comprised 8647 growth curve records of lambs from birth to 240 days of age during 1994 to 2014. Marginal posterior distributions of parameters and variance components were estimated using TM program. The Gibbs sampler was run 300000 rounds and the first 60000 rounds were discarded as a burn-in period. Posterior mean estimates of direct heritabilities for A, B and K were 0.39, 0.23 and 0.039, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between growth curve parameters were 0.57, 0.03 and ?0.01 between A-B, A-K and B-K, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic trends for A, B and K were positive and their corresponding values were 0.014 ± 0.003 (P < 0.001), 0.0012 ± 0.0009 (P > 0.05) and 0.000002 ± 0.0001 (P > 0.05), respectively. Residual correlations between growth curve parameters varied form ?0.52 (between A-K) to 0.48 (between A-B). Also, phenotypic correlations between growth curve parameters varied form ?0.49 (between A-K) to 0.47 (between A-B). The results of this study indicated that improvement of growth curve parameters of Guilan sheep seems feasible in selection programs. It is worthwhile to develop a selection strategy to obtain an appropriate shape of growth curve through changing genetically the parameters of growth model.

This study was conducted to estimate the effective population size using SNPs data of 240 Jeju horses that hadraced at the Jeju racing park. Of the total 61,746 genotyped autosomal SNPs, 17,320 (28.1%) SNPs (missinggenotype rate of >10%, minor allele frequency of <0.05 and Hardy?Weinberg equilibrium test P-value of <10?6)were excluded after quality control processes. SNPs on the X and Y chromosomes and genotyped individuals withmissing genotype rate over 10% were also excluded, and finally, 44,426 (71.9%) SNPs were selected and used forthe analysis. The measures of the LD, square of correlation coefficient (r2) between SNP pairs, were calculated foreach allele and the effective population size was determined based on r2 measures. The polymorphism informationcontents (PIC) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were 0.27 and 0.34, respectively. In LD, the most rapid decline wasobserved over the first 1 Mb. But r2 decreased more slowly with increasing distance and was constant after 2 Mb ofdistance and the decline was almost linear with log-transformed distance. The average r2 between adjacent SNPpairs ranged from 0.20 to 0.31 in each chromosome and whole average was 0.26, while the whole average r2between all SNP pairs was 0.02. We observed an initial pattern of decreasing Ne and estimated values were closerto 41 at 1 ~ 5 generations ago. The effective population size (41 heads) estimated in this study seems to be largeconsidering Jeju horse’s population size (about 2,000 heads), but it should be interpreted with caution because ofthe technical limitations of the methods and sample size.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean preschoolers' obesity-related factors through an ecological approach and to identify Korean preschoolers' obesity-related factors and the different effects of ecological variables on body mass index and its quantiles through an ecological approach. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. Through convenience sampling, 241 cases were collected from three kindergartens and seven nurseries in the Seoul metropolitan area and Kyunggi Province in April 2013 using self-administered questionnaires from preschoolers' mothers and homeroom teachers. Results: Results of ordinary least square regression analysis show that mother's sedentary behavior (p < .001), sedentary behavior parenting (p = .039), healthy eating parenting (p = .027), physical activity related social capital (p = .029) were significant factors of preschoolers' body mass index. While in the 5% body mass index distribution group, gender (p = .031), preference for physical activity (p = .015), mother's sedentary behavior parenting (p = .032), healthy eating parenting (p = .005), and teacher's sedentary behavior (p = .037) showed significant influences. In the 25% group, the effects of gender and preference for physical activity were no longer significant. In the 75% and 95% group, only mother's sedentary behavior showed a statistically significant influence (p < .001, p = .012 respectively). Conclusion: Efforts to lower the obesity rate of preschoolers should focus on their environment, especially on the sedentary behavior of mothers, as mothers are the main nurturers of this age group.

Solvent extraction experiments of Mn(II) by Cyanex 301 has been done from chloride solutions. The effect of variables, such as the initial pH and the concentration of Mn and extractant, on the extraction of Mn was investigated. The solvent extraction reaction was identified by applying a slope analysis method to the extraction data. In order to estimate the equilibrium constant for this solvent extraction reaction, the activity coefficients of aqueous species as well as the complex formation reactions between Mn and chloride ion were considered. Bromley equation was employed to calculate the activity coefficients. It was possible to predict the distribution coefficients of Mn from initial extraction data by employing the equilibrium constant. There was a good agreement between the experimentally measured distribution coefficients of Mn(II) and those predicted in this study.

Daily milk yields on test days were estimated using morning or afternoon partial milk yields collected by official agencies and the accuracy of the estimates was determined. Test-day data for milk yields consisted of 3,156,734 records of AM/PM partial milking measurements of 255,437 milking Holstein cows from 3,708 farms collected from December 2008 to April 2013. A linear regression model(LRM) was applied to estimate daily milk yields using alternate AM/PM milk yield records within lactation stages, milking intervals, and parities on every daily milk yield. The alternate statistical approach was a non-linear hierarchical model(NHM) in which Brody’s growth function was implemented by reflecting an animal’s physiological milk production cycle. When compared with LRM, daily milk yields predicted by the NHM were assumed to be functionally related to day in milk(or lactation) stage, milking intervals, and partial milk yields. Since the results were in terms of accuracies based on comparisons of different statistical models, accuracies of estimates of daily milk yields by NHM were close to those determined by the LRM. The average of these accuracies was 0.94 for AM partial milk yields and 0.93 for PM partial milk yields for first calving cows. However, the accuracies of AM/PM milk yield estimations from cows under a calving stage higher than the first parity were 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Correlations between the estimated daily milk yields and the actual daily milk yields ranged from 0.96~ 0.98. These accuracies were lower for unbalanced AM/PM milking intervals and the first calving cows. Overall, prediction of daily milk yields by NHM would be more appropriate than by LRM due to its flexibility under different milk yield-related circumstances, which provides an idea of the functional relationship between milking intervals and days in milk with daily milk yields from statistical viewpoints. (Key words : AM/PM milk yields, Prediction of daily milk yields, Milking intervals, Brody’s function, Accuracy)

This study was conducted to determine genetic correlations among carcass traits measured by ultrasound and real carcass measurements and to estimate indirect selection responses for real carcass traits based on ultrasound measurements in Hanwoo cows. To accomplish this, 22,080 ultrasound measurement records from 17,926 cows collected from 2001 to 2012 and 11,907 carcass records obtained from fattened cattle from 2008 to 2012 were used. Genetic parameters were estimated based on eye muscle area(EMA), backfat thickness(BF) and marbling score(MS) measured by ultrasound-scanning of live cows and using the official technique on chilled bovine half-carcasses after slaughtering. Heritability and genetic correlation for carcass traits were estimated using a mixed model equation that consisted of environmental effects as fixed parameters and additive genetic effects and residual effects as random parameters, assuming that traits were different between ultrasound and carcass measurements. This statistical method was applied to the average information restricted maximum likelihood method. The heritability of EMA, BF and MS measured by ultrasound were 0.33, 0.61 and 0.46, respectively, while the heritability estimates of the corresponding traits based on carcass measurements were 0.29, 0.40 and 0.38, respectively and the genetic correlation between ultrasound and carcass traits for EMA, BF and MS were 0.41, 0.78 and 0.67, respectively. The genetic correlation between ultrasound and carcass traits was highly positive. Additionally, the selection response for marbling score was estimated to be 0.42 per generation if the cows were selected based on the ultrasound scan marbling score with an assumed selection intensity of 0.8. Overall, these results indicate that the ultrasound scan technique would be applicable to judging cow selection for genetically improved meat quality.

This study was conducted to estimate the growth curve parameters for the body weight(BW) and body length(BL) of miniature pigs in Korea. Growth curve parameters were estimated through a nonlinear regression model using Gompertz, Logistic, and von Bertalanffy methods. A total of 25 piglets were measured monthly from birth up to 15 months of age to estimate both body weight and length. Results showed that the estimated average values for the body weight(body length) were 31.83kg(58.77cm) for the mature weight(A), 3.06(1.74) for the growth ratio(β), and 0.28(0.52) for the maturing rate(κ). Average inflection points showing maximum growth rate estimated each month for body weight were 3.97 kg and 11.70 cm, while for the body length were 1.06kg and 21.61cm. Moreover, the estimated maturation rates of the body weight and length for the group of Sire 1 were 0.22 and 0.40 respectively, whereas for the group of Sire 2 these values were 0.34 and 0.39. On the other hand, for the groups of Dam 1, Dam 2, and Dam 3, maturation rates for their body weights were 0.26, 0.28 and 0.33 respectively, while for their body lengths these values were 0.43, 0.37, and 0.38, respectively. The study also indicated a negative relationship between the values of mature weight and maturity rate for the body weight will result to a higher inflection point which is in contrast for the body length where results show that a positive relationship between the values of mature length and the maturity rate will result to a higher inflection point. Furthermore, the growth performance of miniature pig varies across stages but using these estimated growth curve parameters could improve the genetic traits of miniature pig.

This experiment was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters and breeding values of the economic traits measured from the cows(aged 15 months or older) using ultrasound and to use them as the information for the selection of stock animals at the farm level. The means and standard deviations of longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score were 54.11cm^2± 9.06, 3.57mm±2.45 and 2.65±2.88, respectively. While the linear regression coefficients of longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score for age(in months) were all positive(0.3532, 0.0868 and 0.0833), the quadratic regression coefficients of them for age(in months) were all negative(－0.0023, －0.0005 and －0.0006), and as the body condition score increased longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score increased collectively. The heritability estimates for the longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score were 0.39, 0.48 and 0.13, respectively and the estimated annual genetic gains for the longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score were 0.00334cm^2, －0.0073mm and 0.0043 score, respectively, which were not significantly different from zero.