Earticle

본 연구는 2017년 기준 10개 국내 손해 보험 산업의 효율성을 방사적 모형과 비방사적 모형을 이용하 여 효율성을 살펴보고, 효율성 향상을 위해 효율성 분해와 회귀분석 등 실증분석을 통해 구조조정 및 정책적 방안을 제시하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 보험 산업의 효율성은 20%이상의 비효율성이 존재함을 보여주고 있으며, 그 원인은 규모의 비효율성이 큰 원인으로 나타났다. 둘째, 효율성 분해 방법을 통해 살펴보면 혼합 효율성의 비효율성이 크게 나타나 투입요소 비율의 개선이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 회귀분석 결과 인건비 비율과 순사업비율은 모든 효율성에서 부(-)의 관계를 보여주고 있고, 운용자산비율은 규모효율성을 제외한 다른 모든 효율성에 대해 정(+)의 관계를 보여준다. 경과손해율은 CCR기술효율성과 규모효율성을 제외한 다른 효율성에서 부(-)의 관계를 보여주고 있다. 넷째, 투입요소 별 비효율성을 살펴보면 임직원과 순사업비의 2가지 투입요소 모두 비효율적으로 나타났는데 이것은 국내 손해 보험회사들이 2가지 투입요소에 대해 효율적 관리를 하지 못하고 있음을 나타내며 이로 인해 비용의 낭비가 과다함을 보여주고 있다. 다섯째, 가상 효율성 값을 이용하여 최적 투입량과 산출량 을 살펴본 결과 효율적인 손해 보험사가 되기 위해서는 임직원과 순사업비 관련해서 삼성, 농협사를 제외한 모든 손해 보험사가 모두 비효율적으로 관리하고 있음을 알 수 있으며 대폭 축소해야 할 것으로 나타났다. 특히 순사업비와 관련 메리츠사는 41.33% 감축해야 하는 것으로 나타났고, 임직원은 롯데가 66.34% 감축해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 산출요소로 수입보험료는 롯데, 흥국사만 증대가 요구 되며, 운용자산은 메리츠, 한화, 현대, KB, 동부사만 증대시켜야하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 비효율성 감축을 위한 정책적 시사점으로 적정규모 유지, 순사업비 절감, 자산운용 투자처 개발, 차별화 및 특화전략을 제시하였다.

This study examines the efficiency of non-life insurance industry by using the radial model and non-radial model and suggested structural adjustment and policy measures through efficiency analysis such as efficiency decomposition and regression analysis. The empirical testing results, First, the efficiency of the non-life insurance industry showed that there was more than 20% inefficiency, which was caused by the inefficiency of the scale. Second, through efficiency decomposition, it was showed that the inefficiency of mixing efficiency was required to be improved . Third, regression analysis showed that the labor costs ratio and the net business ratio showed a negative (-) relationship with all efficiency, and invested insurance asset ratio shows a positive (+) relationship with all other efficiencies except scale efficiency.The earned-incurred loss ratio showed negative (-) relationship with other efficiencies except for CCR technology efficiency and scale efficiency. Fourth, both input factors of employees and net business expenses were ineffeciency. This indicates that domestic non-life insurers are not able to efficiently manage the two input factors, resulting in excessive waste of expenses. Fifthly, we have examined the optimal input and output value using the virtual efficiency value. As a result, it can be seen that all non-life insurers excluding Samsung and Nonghyup were ineffectively managed. Meritz should cut 41.33% of its net business expense, while Lotte executives and employees should reduced 66.34%. Finally, the policy for the inefficiency reduction suggested to maintain optimal size, reduce net business costs, develop investment asset management, differentiate and specialized strategy.

The Korean life insurance industry has undergone profound changes, such as the beginning of the variable insurance in July 2001 and the bancassurance enforcement in August 2003. However, little empirical research has analyzed data that includes the bancassurance of life insurance companies operating in Korea. In response to this lack of research, this paper applies DEA (data envelopment analysis) models to measure and decompose their efficiency. We discovered that life insurance companies operating in Korea are a little different in their composition ratio of inputs and outputs, due to the increased variety of distribution channels and new products. We provided efficiency scores, return to scale, and reference frequencies. We also decomposed CCR, BCC, and SBM efficiency into scale efficiency and MIX efficiency. So, we try to investigate whether the sources of inefficiency were caused by the inefficient operation of DMU, disadvantageous conditions, the difference of the composition ratio in inputs and outputs with reference sets, or any combination of the above. Most companies in the sample display had either constant or decreasing returns to scale. The efficiency rankings were less consistent among models and efficient DMUs. In response to this problem, we used the super-efficiency model to rank them and then compared the rankings of the DMUs among the various models. It was also concluded that the availability of panel data, rather than cross-sectional data, would greatly improve the validity of the efficiency estimates.

본 연구는 우리나라 새마을금고를 대상으로 13개 지역별로 나누어 새마을금고의 효율적 관리방안을 Radial 모형인 DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC 모형과 Non-radial SBM-CCR 모형을 이용하여 효율성을 측정 하고, Radial 모형과 Non-radial 모형의 효율성을 비교하였다. 그리고 MIX 효율성과 Profiling 방법을 이용하여 효율성 분해 및 비효율성의 원인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 대부분지역이 규모의 수익효과에서 규모의 수익체증을 나타내고 있어 규모의 증대가 효율성을 증대시키는 것으로 나타났다. Non-radial SBM-CCR 측정결과 비방사적 모형의 효율성 지수 값이 모두 방사적 효율성 지수값보다 낮게 나타났 으나, 크러스컬-월리스(Kruskal-Wallis)검증 결과 방사적 모형과 비방사적 모형간의 효율성 차이는 없 는 것으로 나타났다. 새마을금고의 효율성 분해를 통한 비효율성 원인을 분석해보면 전체 기술효율성은 SBM 0.857, CCR 기술효율성이 0.882로 기술비효율성이 SBM이 14.3%, CCR이 11.8% 존재하는 것 으로 나타났으며 그 원인은 주로 규모의 비효율성에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다. Profiling 방법에 의한 투입요소에 대한 부분효율성을 분석결과 3가지 투입요소 모두 비효율적으로 나타났다. 그리고 비효율 성 감축을 위한 경쟁력 강화방안으로 규모의 경제 달성, 대출증대, 골드-클린뱅크, 차별화 전략, 금융 전문가 양성 등을 제시하였다.

This paper try to analyze efficiency of Community Credit Cooperatives by using DEA models (DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC, and SBM-CCR) and Profiling. To measure the efficiency, we used the data for 2012, targeting for the 13 region’s community credit cooperative. The empirical results are as follows: first, CCR efficiency of Community Credit Cooperatives was 0.882 and SBM-CCR efficiency of Community Credit Cooperatives was 0.857. Secondly, we used Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing the DEA score of radial model and non-radial model. The result of test made no difference. Third, the policy implications are appropriateness of scale, management economy of scale, increase loan, gold-clean bank, differentiation policy, financial expert training. Even though this study is not satisfactory and insufficient, the results of this study will be helpful to further studies in this field.

본 연구의 목적은 한국에 상장된 증권사를 대상으로 2010~2014년간 비용접근 생산용량에 기초한 단기비용효율을 측정하고 이를 분해하고자 함이다. 본 연구의 초점은 비용절감을 위하여 증권회사들이 주어진 고정시설을 최대한 활용하여 비용을 최소화하고 있는지를 확인하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 산출량이 고정된 경우뿐만 아니라 산출량이 변화하는 경우에 최소단기평균비용과 실제평균비용을 이용한 단기비용효율을 측정한 후에 비용비효율의 원인을 비용부분과 산출량 부분으로 분해한다. 실증결과에 의하면 첫째, 산출량이 변화할 경우, 최소단기평균비용이 산출량이 고정된 경우보다 낮았다. 둘째, 산출량이 변화할 경우, 단기비용효율이 역시 더 낮게 나타났다. 특히 산출량이 변화할 경우, 전체 단기비용효율(GSEF)을 분해한 결과에 기초하면 비용으로 인한 비효율보다도 적정하지 못한 산출량으로 인한 비효율이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 단기생산용량 이용률(SCU)의 평균이 모두 1이하로 나타나서 대부분의 증권사들이 단기평균비용이 체감하는 영역에서 운영되고 있어서 유휴시설을 충분히 활용하고 있지 못하는 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of the paper is to measure the efficiency of short-run cost efficiency and its decomposition based on capacity for 2010~2014 focusing on Korean listed securities companies by cost frontier approach. The main point of the paper is to confirm whether these securities companies minimize or not their costs exploiting given fixed input fully to reduce their costs. We decompose short-run cost efficiency into cost-driven inefficiency and output-driven inefficiency after measuring it using minimum short-run average cost over actual average cost for output-fixed and output-changed cases. Empirical results are summarized as follow. First, minimum short-run average cost was lower in the output-changed case than in the output-fixed case. Second, short-run cost efficiency was also lower in the former than the latter. Especially, we confirmed that as average SCU, which composes global short-run cost efficiency(GSEF) with SEF in output-changed case, showed under 1(one), most of the securities companies had been operated in the diminishing returns area of short-run average cost. Based on these empirical results, policy implications could be suggested as follows. First, Korean securities companies were on the state of excess capacities in the short-run period and quite inappropriate capital stocks in the long-run period. In the future, Korean securities companies need to carefully manage the wasteful factors of capital stocks as well as to improve productivities in order to their economic performance. As most of Korean securities companies showed inefficient SEF deviated from efficient point 1, actul production point was also gotten out of cost minimization point of production. Of course so far Korean securities companies tried to restrucure but still it menas that the structuring adjustment is under state far from cost minimization. As there exist so many small and medium sizes of securities companies in Korea, Continuous efforts to aim scale economy and reduce management cost are required through merging companies. Third, Cutting down the cost inefficiency in terms of capacity, we should not only reduce the gap part between the minimum cost and frontier cost of average cost curves, but also use surplus equipments and scale economy additionally. Therefore, in the future, Korean securities companies need to diversify and specialize from the current business field of commission sale to such fields as assets management and fund sales.

본 연구는 2009∼2011년까지 3년간 우리나라 신용협동조합을 대상으로 14개 지역별 및 공동유대별로 지역, 직장, 단체로 나누어 방사적 모형인 DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC모형과 비방사적 SBM모형을 이용하여 효율성을 분석하고 방사적 모형과 비방사적 모형의 효율성을 통계적으로 비교검정 하였으며, 효율성 분해를 통해 비효율성 원인을 살펴보았다. 방사적모형의 분석결과 2009년부터 2011년 동안 지역신협은 평균 효율성이 0.919로 나타났으며, 직장신협의 경우 평균 효율성이 0.802, 단체신협은 평균 효율성이 0.739로 나타났다. 비방사적 SBM모형으로 공동유대별 CCR효율성을 측정한 결과 분석기간 동안 평균 효율성은 지역, 직장, 단체 모두 방사적 모형에 비해 효율성 지수가 상대적으로 낮게 나타났는데, 그 이유는 비방사적 모형이 투입과 산출의 여분(slack)요소를 반영해 보다 엄격하게 효율성을 측정하기 때문이다. 방사적 모형과 비방사적 모형 간의 효율성 차이에 대한 통계적 검정결과 지역, 직장, 단체신협 모두에서 차이가 있었으며 통계적으로 유의적인 것으로 나타났다. 비효율성 원인을 분석하기 위해 효율성 분해기법을 사용하였는데 2011년 기준 혼합효율성이 1이면서 SBM, CCR효율성이 1인 지역으로 서울, 부산, 울산, 대구, 대전지역으로 나타났고 이들 지역들은 경영 효율성, 적정규모, 투입물들간의 적정한 혼합비율 등 고려 시 효율적으로 운영한 지역들이라고 해석할 수 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency comparision and efficiency decomposition of the credit union by using radial DEA-CCR model and non-radial SBM model. The SBM model is a non-radial model and deals with input excesses and output shortfalls(slacks). To measure the efficiency, We used the data for three years from 2009 to 2011, targeting for the 14 region credit union with employee crdeit union and regional credit union, group credit union. The empirical results show the following findings. First, we provide CCR, BCC, SBM efficiency scores and decompose SBM efficiency into BCC, SE and MIX efficiency. The result shows that regional credit union is the highest score among others. secound, we use rank-sum-test(Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney) for comparing the DEA score of radial model and non-radial model. The result shows that we reject the null hypothesis at the significance level 5 %. Even though this study is not satisfactory and insufficiency, the results of this study will be helpful to further studies in this field.

Fashion is no longer just meeting the basic needs of human life, but it is becoming an important medium for expressing individuality, identity, and taste of individuals, and even for expressing a country's culture. Despite the economic downturn, people's interest in fashion and the fashion industry has not diminished, and in many ways it is expanding. According to the data released by the Korea Federation of Textile Industries, the size of the domestic fashion market was 43.187 trillion won in 2016, 42.47 trillion won in 2017, 43.2181 trillion won in 2018, and 41.64 trillion won in 2019. This amount is more than 40 trillion won, including 2018 which is the largest year compared to the past 20 years. The types that make up the fashion industry also vary in casual, sports clothes, suits, and baby clothes, and for the fashion industry to continue to diversify and develop the kinds that meet the needs of the times, it must be accompanied by steady efforts of domestic fashion companies. In the long run, in order for the government to create the necessary policies related to the fashion industry or seek ways of innovation in the company itself, it must be preceded by analyzing the cost inefficiency of the company and identifying the detailed causes of inefficiency. In addition, the analysis of inefficiency should be preceded by the major companies leading the fashion industry, and efforts to improve the efficiency of the major companies can be actively used as examples of small companies. Therefore, this study analyzed the efficiency of 19 KOSPI and KOSDAQ listed companies, which represent the Korean fashion industry. It was targeted for four years from 2016 to 2019, and aims to measure the directional cost efficiency using the directional distance function using the Data Environment Analysis (DEA). It also analyzes the association between measured cost efficiency and value added, and further decomposes the measured cost efficiency into technology efficiency and allocation efficiency. As a result of measuring cost efficiency, the overall average cost efficiency of 19 entities over the period 2016–1919 was 0.540, with significant cost inefficiency for each entity. Looking at the overall average by year, 2016 was 0.577 and 2017 and 2018 seemed to improve gradually as a result of 0.513, 0.514, respectively, but cost efficiency rose again to 0.556 in 2019, still requiring steady efforts to narrow the gap and the figure of cost inefficiency of companies. In addition, this study analyzed the association with the average cost-effectiveness of 2016-2019 by ranking 19 companies in the order of high average added value for the four years of 2016-2019. As a result, high added value does not necessarily mean good cost efficiency. It can be seen that companies with very high added value are also operating with very low efficiency apart from added value. As a result, companies need to focus not only on increasing value added, but on improving inefficiency, which is prevalent in companies that can be seen as visible side effects. In this work, we analyze the causes of this inefficiency improvement and decompose the measured cost efficiency into technology efficiency and allocation efficiency using directional functions to present implications. As a result, it has been shown that the main cause of inefficiency lies in technology inefficiency. As a result of this study, measures should be actively sought to reduce inefficiency prevalent in fashion companies, such as innovation in organizational culture, efficient input of resources, and effective government policies.

최근 금융시장은 핀테크(Fintech)의 확산과 IT를 기반으로 한 비금융업자의 진출이 활발해짐에 따라 빠르게 변 화하고 있다. 이는 기존 은행 산업에 영향을 줌으로써 금융 산업에 기회를 주는 반면 동시에 위기를 초래하고 있다. 다른 한편으로 높은 금리와 경기침체가 지속되면서 상호금융권 연체율이 상승되어 부실사태에 따른 뱅크런을 우려 하는 목소리가 커지고 있다. 이처럼 어려운 환경속에서 신협이 지역금융으로서 경쟁력을 제고하고 지속 가능 성장 을 하기 위한 방안 모색이 매우 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 신협의 지역조합 611개와 수협의 회원조합 77개를 대 상으로 2012년부터 2021년 까지 10년간 신용사업의 자료를 이용하여 생산함수와 이윤함수를 적용하여 메타기술효 율과 메타이윤효율을 측정하고 이윤효율을 4개의 요소로 분해함으로써 이윤기술격차를 주도하는 세부 요소를 확인 하는 것이다. 본 연구의 이론적 모델의 관점에서 모수적 쌍곡선 거리함수를 이용하여 기술효율, 메타기술효율을 측 정하여 기술격차를 도출하고, 이윤효율과 메타이윤효율을 각각 측정하여 이윤을 네 가지 요소로 정의하고 분해한다 는 점에서 선행연구와 상이하다. 실증결과에 의하면 첫째, 메타기술효율은 수협이 메타프런티어를 선도하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 신협과 수협 의 조합 간 효율의 큰 차이로 메타이윤효율의 평균은 ‘0’에 가깝게 나타났고, 수협이 메타프런티어를 선도하는 것으 로 나타났다. 셋째, 메타이윤효율 분해 결과 신협은 기술전환(TT: technology transformation)의 개선이 필요하고, 수협은 할당전환(AT: allocation transformation)의 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 실증결과에 기초할 때, 어려운 금융환경에서 신협과 수협은 타 금융과의 경쟁에서 지속성장 하기 위해서 서민금 융의 설립목적에 부합하는 상품으로 서민금융 본래 목적인 지역밀착 금융으로의 지속성장이 필요하다. 더불어 대출 자산에 편중되어 있는 쏠림현상을 개선함으로써 자산운용의 균형을 맞춰나감과 동시에 비이자수익 증대를 통한 수 익구조 다변화가 필요할 것이다. 신협관계형 금융으로 이를 기반으로 신협중앙회와 핀테크업체, 개별조합이 공동으 로 새로운 대안적인 모델을 만들고 고령층 증가에 따른 자산운용상품을 개발함으로써 비용 절감과 이윤향상의 효율 성을 도모해 나가야 할 것임을 시사하고 있다.

Recently, the financial market has changed rapidly due to the spread of Fintech and the active entry of non-financial companies based on IT. This is creating a crisis while giving opportu1)nities to the financial industry by affecting the existing banking industry. On the other hand, as high interest rates and economic recession continue, the delinquency rate of the mutual financial sector has risen, raising concerns about bank runs due to insolvency. In such a difficult environment, it is very necessary to find ways for credit unions to enhance their competitiveness as local finance and to achieve sustainable growth. The purpose of this study is to measure meta-technology efficiency and meta-profit efficiency using data from credit businesses for 2012-2021(10 years), and to identify detailed factors that lead the profit technology gap by decomposing profit efficiency into four factors. From the perspective of the theoretical model of this study, it differs from previous studies in that it measures technology efficiency and meta-technology efficiency using parametric hyperbolic distance functions to derive technology gaps, and defines and decomposes profits into four inner factors by measuring profit efficiency and meta-profit efficiency, respectively. According to the empirical results, first, it was found that Suhyup leads the meta-frontier in meta-technology efficiency. Second, due to the large difference in efficiency between the combination of the Credit Union and the Suhyup, the average of the meta-profit efficiency was close to zero, and the Suhyup was found to lead the meta-frontier. Third, as a result of the decomposition of meta-profit efficiency, it was found that the Credit Union cooperative needs to improve technology transformation (TT), and the Suhyup needs to improve allocation transformation (AT). Based on the empirical results, in a difficult financial environment, credit unions and Suhyup are products that meet the purpose of establishing low-income finance in order to sustain growth in competition with other finances, and sustain growth to regional finance, the original purpose of low-income finance, is necessary. In addition, it will be necessary to balance asset management by improving the concentration of loan assets and to diversify the profit structure by increasing non-interest income. This suggests that the Korea Credit Cooperative Federation, fintech companies, and individual unions should jointly create new alternative models and develop asset management products due to the increase in the elderly, thereby reducing costs and improving profits.

본 연구의 목적은 39개 코스피·코스닥에 상장되어 있는 자동차 부품 제조기업의 비용과 이윤효율을 방향거 리함수를 이용하여 측정하고 각각 기술효율과 할당효율로 분해하여 보고자 함이다. 39개 기업의 방향비용효율 은 평균 0.63으로서 코스닥 기업이 0.631, 코스피 기업이 0.643으로 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 비용효율을 내부적 으로 분해한 결과, 비효율은 기술비효율에 있으므로 자동차 부품 제조기업의 생산 활동과 관리 프로세스에 더 많은 개선이 필요해 보인다. 방향이윤효율의 평균은 3.407이고 코스닥과 코스피 기업에 따른 차이는 크지 않 다. 방향효율을 분해해 보면, 비용효율과는 반대로 할당비효율이 더 큰 요인으로 나타난다. 이는 이윤을 극대 화할 경우 최대이윤점으로 이동은 산출물가격 뿐만 아니라 저렴한 투입요소 가격에 자원을 배정하는 최적화 가 이루어지지 못한다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 기업들이 비용보다는 이윤관점에서 초점을 두고 투입요소의 적 정할당에 보다 노력할 필요가 있음을 보여주고 있다. 즉, 비용관점의 할당효율의 제고는 비용을 최소화하는데 에 초점이 맞춰있어서 이윤최대화에는 적합하지 못하다. 따라서 향후 이윤을 중심으로 자원이 배분되고 할당 효율도 제고하는 노력이 필요하다. 또한, 두 모형으로 측정한 결과를 종합해 보면 공통적으로 자동차 부품 제 조기업은 측정한 모든 모형에서 높은 비효율의 값과 기업 간의 편차를 보였다. 더불어 매출 규모와 효율성의 상관관계를 분석해 본 결과, 두 모형 모두 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기업의 규모와 상관없이 자동차 부품 제조기업은 전반적인 비효율 개선이 필요하다. 각 기업의 요소 가격에 따른 최적의 배분은 항상 고정된 것이 아니기에, 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 성과와 대비시킨 최적의 할당을 고려한 안정적인 기업 운영 을 해나가야 할 것이다.

The automobile industry is Korea’s representative industry and is regarded as the nation’s key industry leading the national economy. The automobile industry, which has a greater economic ripple effect than other industries, affects almost all industries such as steel, electronics, machinery, and electricity, and contributes a lot to job creation and national interest. Korea’s automobile industry ranks 7th in the world, and the domestic market size was 126.77 trillion won in 2015, 135.49 trillion won in 2016, 136.03 trillion won in 2017, 135.81 trillion won in 2018, and 137.89 trillion won in 2019. In addition, the sales of the automobile industry were 201.02 trillion won in 2015, 189.90 trillion won in 2016, 186.29 trillion won in 2017, 182.21 trillion won in 2018, and 189.09 trillion won in 2019. As such, this study aims to measure cost and profit efficiency in 2019 and 2020 using the directional distance function of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for 39 companies listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ among automobile parts manufacturers, a major key industry in the country. In addition, the cause of inefficiency is also analyzed by decomposing the measured efficiency values into technology efficiency and allocation efficiency. This study is meaningful in that efficiency can be analyzed in various ways in two models, and the cause of inefficiency can be found beyond efficiency measurement through decomposition. According to the measurement results, most of the auto parts manufacturers showed high inefficiency in all models, and there was also a large variation between companies. This can be said to be the result of not having properly equipped the process of manpower and facilities in line with the flow of the rapidly changing automobile market. In addition, as a result of decomposing the values to analyze the causes of inefficiencies, when the output was given and the direction was given by focusing only on cost minimization to minimize all inputs, it was found that the cause of cost inefficiency was more attributable to technology inefficiency. However, when the direction of maximizing profits in the short term and minimizing only the inputs that can be adjusted in the short term is given, the allocation inefficiency is relatively high. Ultimately, it can be said that the improvement of technology inefficiency and allocation inefficiency is necessary at the same time. In addition, the correlation between sales size and efficiency was found to be low, so it was possible to derive the result that the company does not necessarily operate efficiently just because the sales size is large. The auto parts manufacturing industry has been a labor-intensive industry since the past and has contributed greatly to revitalizing the local economy. However, as there has been a recent shift to smart factories and automation, large factor costs are being spent, and the demand for labor is gradually changing to a pattern in which high-quality manpower is required. Accordingly, companies should compare the achievement using labor and the achievement using cutting-edge equipment, and check the price of each element frequently. Even if a machine is put in, there may also be a situation in which a large number of manpower to manage and handle the machine may be required, so a flexible replacement between inputs considering the price of the input is required. Efforts should also be made to explore ways to innovate the production activity system that can achieve the maximum level of production technology.

본 연구의 목적은 방향거리함수의 모형으로 코스닥·코스피 상장기업 57개사를 대상으로 하여 이윤효율을 기술효 율과 할당효율로 분해하여 보고, 나아가 분해한 할당효율을 규모효과와 혼합효과로 보다 세분화하여 분해하여 봄으 로써 이윤비효율의 구체적인 원인을 분석해보고자 함이다. 특히, 기술효율을 측정함에 있어 4가지 방향성을 두어 기 업이 도달할 수 있는 기술이윤을 각 모형별로 살펴보았다. 측정 결과, 57개의 자동차 부품 기업 전체의 평균 이윤 비효율은 3.027로 측정되었으며, 방향성 측정에서는 기술비효율 개선을 위해서는 기업이 현재의 운영 상태에서 투 입 자원을 감소시키기 보다는 주어진 투입 자원을 활용하여 산출물을 증가시키는 방향으로 효율을 개선할 필요성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 할당비효율의 분해 결과에서도 할당비효율의 원인이 규모효과에 상당부분 기인하는 것 으로 볼 때 다수의 기업이 규모효과가 있는 것으로 파악되어 자동차 부품제조기업은 할당효율의 규모효과 개선으로 규모이윤을 증대시킬 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the specific causes of profit inefficiency by decomposing profit efficiency into technology efficiency and allocation efficiency for 57 KOSDAQ and KOSPI listed companies as a model of directional distance function. In particular, in measuring technology efficiency, four directions were placed to examine the technology profits that companies can reach for each model. As a result of the measurement, the average profit efficiency of all 57 auto parts companies was 3.027, and in order to improve the technology efficiency, companies need to improve efficiency in the direction of increasing output using given input resources rather than reducing input resources in the current operating state. In addition, in the results of decomposition of allocation inefficiency, the cause of allocation inefficiency is largely due to the scale effect, and it is found that many companies have a scale effect, so auto parts manufacturers need to increase scale profits by improving the scale effect of allocation efficiency.

In this paper, we analyze the efficiency of a domain decomposition method for the two-dimensional telegraph equations. We formulate the theoretical spectral radius of the iteration matrix generated by the domain decomposition method, because the rate of convergence of an iterative algorithm depends on the spectral radius of the iteration matrix. The theoretical spectral radius is confirmed by the experimental one using MATLAB. Speedup and operation ratio of the domain decomposition method are also compared as the two measurements of the efficiency of the method. Numerical results support the high efficiency of the domain decomposition method.

최근 증권산업은 자본통합법의 시행을 앞두고 경쟁력을 강화하기 위해 다면적인 노력을 하고 있으며 이를 위해서는 효율성의 분석이 필수적이다. 본 연구는 DEA 모형을 이용하여 한국 증권산업의 효율성을 분석하고 비효율성의 원인을 찾기 위해 효율성을 분해하였다. 또한 3단계 분석방법을 도입하여 각 증권사들의 수익성과 시장성 그리고 전체 효율성을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 DEA 모형 중 비교적 새로운 기법인 SBM(Slacks-based measure) 모형을 도입하여 효율성을 분해하였고 Super-efficiency 모형을 도입하여 증권사들의 순위를 측정하였다.

The Korean securities industry is an important role in Korean financial industry. However, little empirical research has analyzed. In response to this lack of research, this paper applies DEA models to measure and decompose efficiency of securites companies. We provided efficiency scores, return to scale of Korean securities companies and decomposed CCR, BCC, and SBM efficiency into scale efficiency and MIX efficiency. So, we try to investigate whether the sources of inefficiency were caused by the inefficient operation of DMU itself or by the disadvantageous conditions under which the DMU is operating itself or the difference of the composition ratio in inputs and outputs with reference sets itself or any combination of the above. On the other hand, the efficiency rankings were less consistent among models and efficient DMUs. In response to this problem, we used the super-efficiency model to rank them and then compared the rankings of the DMUs among the various models. It was also concluded that the availability of panel data, rather than cross-sectional data, would greatly improve the validity of the efficiency estimates.

중국은 최근에 놀라운 경제 성장속도로 세계의 관심을 집중시켜왔다. 그러나 중국의 경제 발전불균형과 빈부격차의 문제가 심해서 성별 경제수준차이가 극심하다. 자원 과다 낭비, 자원 비효율적인 배분, 비용의 과다 발생등의 문제를 겪고 있다. 중국은 노동시장이 풍부하지만 지역적으로 노동을비효율적으로 배치하고 자본스톡, 에너지 등 투입요소의 불균형적인 할당으로 인한 비용이 추가로 발생하는 등 비용 비효율이 발생되고 있다. 본 연구는 방향거리함수를 이용하여 중국 30개 성(省)별 비용효율을 측정하고 이를 기술효율과 할당효율로 분해를 시도한다. 이를 통하여 비용비효율의 주된 두 요소를 파악하고 개선이 필요한 비효율 수준을 확인한다.

Recently, China’s marvelous economic growth has absorbed attention from the world. However, the gaps of economic development by provinces has been serious due to the critical disparity of economic growth and rich-poor gap. So, Chinese provinces has suffered such problems like over-waste of resources, inefficient allocation of resources, and outbreak of excessive cost. Although Chinese labor forces have been adequate, cost inefficiencies have occurred because not only labor forces but also capital stock and energy have been unreasonably allocated, which brought to additional cost. The purpose of this paper is to estimate cost efficiency of 30 Chinese poeticizes, and to decompose it into technical efficiency and allocation efficiency using direction distance function. We are going to grasp the two factors of cost inefficiency and confirm their levels to be improved.

본 논문에서는 열탄점소성 손상과 접촉 문제의 효율적인 해석을 위하여 적응성 영역/경계 분할법을 제안하였다. 적응성 영역/경계 분할법은 시간 증분 또는 반복 기법 단계에서 열탄점소성 손상과 같은 재료 비선형성을 감안하여 부영역을 재설정하며, 접촉에 따른 경계 비선형성은 경계면을 통하여 부영역으로부터 독립적으로 분할한다. 분할된 각각의 부영역과 경계면을 기준으로 유한요소 정식화를 수행하며, 공유면 및 접촉 공유면의 연속 구속 조건을 처리하기 위하여 벌칙 함수 기법을 적용하였다. 결과적으로 재료 및 경계 비선형성은 일부 부영역과 접촉 경계면에서 계산되는 유한요소 행렬에 국한된다. 수치 실험을 통하여 적응성 해석 알고리듬의 기본적인 특성과 효율성 향상에 대하여 분석하였다.

에너지 안보 및 국제적인 환경규제에 대응하는 수단으로서 에너지다소비 산업인 제조업의 에너지소비 효율성이 강조되어 왔으나 최근 급격한 전력소비 증가에 대한 우려가 높다. 따라서 제조업의 전력효율성을 지속적으로 모니터링하고 평가하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 15년간 제조업의 전력소비 변화에 대해 업종별‧요인별 기여량을 분석하였다. 또한 경제적 전력효율과 기술적 전력효율을 구분하고 효율개선에 의한 전력감축량과 전력효율지표를 도출하였다. 전 업종에서 전력화효과는 전력소비 증가 요인이며 경제적 효율 보다 기술적 효율 악화가 더욱 심했다. 특히 전력다소비 업종인 1차금속과 석유화학은 전력효율이 크게 악화되어 제조업 평균 전력효율지표보다 높은 수준을 보였다. 단기적인 요금 지원정책보다 효율개선을 촉진할 수 있는 투자 지원정책을 통해 제조업의 국제 경쟁력을 갖추는 것이 바람직해 보인다.

The energy efficiency of manufacturing is one of the keys to response to energy security and international environmental regulations. Drastic increase in electricity consumption is especially concerned with electrification of manufacturing industry. Therefore it is emphasized the electricity efficiency of manufactures to be monitored and evaluated. This paper analyzes the electricity consumption of Korean manufacturing during 2000 to 2014, based on Index Decomposition method. The economic and technical efficiency are considered to establish the electricity savings and the electricity performance index. Through all manufacturing sectors, electrification factor is one of positive effect on electricity consumption, and technical efficiency is always lower than economic efficiency. Primary Metal and Petroleum?Coal Products Manufacturing are the inefficient sectors on electricity so that they have the lowest electricity performance index among others.

본 연구에서는 $N_2O$를 제거하기 위한 $N_2O$ 분해 촉매와 반응특성에 대한 연구를 수행하고자 한다. 다양한 지지체에 Rh를 활성금속으로 촉매를 제조하여 실험을 수행하였으며, $CeO_2$를 지지체로 하는 $Rh/CeO_2$ 촉매에서 가장 우수한 $N_2O$ 분해활성을 나타내었다. 특히 일정한 소성조건($500^{\circ}C$-4 hr)에서 $Rh/CeO_2$ 촉매를 제조하였을 때 가장 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 촉매의 특성이 $N_2O$ 분해 반응에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 $H_2-TPR$ 및 XPS 분석을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 촉매의 redox 특성증진과 $Ce^{3+}$의 비율이 증가함에 따른 촉매의 산소전달능력의 증진이 $N_2O$ 분해반응에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, $N_2O$와 NO가 동시에 발생하는 조건에서 $N_2O$ 분해 반응특성과, $N_2O$와 NO를 동시에 처리 가능한 공정에 대하여 연구하고자 한다.

In this work, the $N_2O$ decomposition catalyst and reaction characteristics to control the $N_2O$ removal were described. Experiments were carried out by using Rh as an active metal catalyst on various supports and the $Rh/CeO_2$ catalyst with $CeO_2$ support showed the best activity for the $N_2O$ decomposition when it was prepared under the constant heat treatment condition ($500^{\circ}C$-4 hr). $H_2-TPR$ and XPS analyzes were performed to confirm the effect of the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst on $N_2O$ decomposition. As a result, it was found that the increase of the oxygen transfer capacity of the catalyst due to the increase of both the redox property and $Ce^{3+}$ amount affected the decomposition reaction of $N_2O$. In addition, the future work will include a treatment process capable of decomposition $N_2O$ and NO under the condition that $N_2O$ and NO are simultaneously generated and its characteristics of $N_2O$ decomposition reaction.

2-D flow fields are studied by using a shared memory parallel computer with a parallel flow analysis program which uses domain decomposition method and MPI library for data exchange at overlapped interface. Especially, effects of directional domain decomposition on parallel efficiency are studied for 2-D Lid-Driven cavity flow and flow through square cavity. It is known from the present study that domain decomposition along the main flow direction gives better parallel efficiency in 1-D partitioning than along the other direction. 2-D partitioning, however, is less sensitive to flow directions and gives good parallel efficiency for most of the cases considered.

Electron beam technology has recently attracted attention as one of the powerful air pollution controlmethods. In this study, methyl mercaptan decomposition by electron beam in a continuous gas flow system wasstudied. To this, the effect of gas flowrate, which is one of important operating variables in the continuous gas flowelectron beam process, on methyl mercaptan treatment efficiency was studied. In particular, the treatment efficiencyand the reaction kinetics of methyl mercaptan decomposition were compared when calculated based on the absorbeddose and when calculated based on the current intensity of electron beam. When based on the electron beam absorbeddose, the treatment efficiency and 1st-order reaction constant increased as the gas flowrate was increased, contraryto the trends in general chemical reactions. However, when based on the current intensity, the treatment efficiencyand 1st-order reaction constant increased as the gas flowrate was decreased, which can be theoretically explained. This is due to the fact that the current intensity increased as the gas flowrate was increased, resulting in improved theelectron beam treatment efficiency. In conclusion, it is necessary to consider not only the absorbed dose but also thecurrent intensity of electron beam in order to explain the results of reaction efficiencies and kinetics in the continuousflow electron beam gas treatment process.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 증권회사에 있어서 장기평균비용에 기초한 전체장기비용효율(GLEF: global long-run cost efficiency)을 측정하고 이를 내부적으로 장기비용효율(LEF: long-run cost efficiency)과 장기생산용량 이용률(LCU: long-run capacity utilization)로 분해하고자 함이다. 본 연구는 증권회사의 비효율의 한 요인으로 장기생산용량(long-run capacity)이 적절하게 이용되지 못하는 경우에 초점을 둔다. 이에 기준하면 한국증권회사들이 적정하게 자본시설을 이용하고 있는지 그리고 규모경제의 상태를 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 산출량고정모형과 변화모형을 통하여 장기비용효율을 측정하고 또한 GLEF의 분해를 통하여 비용과 산출량의 비효율의 정도를 확인한다. 특히 대부분의 증권사들이 LCU의 평균이 1이하로 나타나서 규모경제의 영역에 위치하고 있다. 즉, 고정투입물과 산출물을 증가시키면 산출물 단위당 비용은 더 떨어질 수 있는 여지가 있다.

The paper aims to measure global long-run cost efficiency (GLEF) based on long-run avereage cost curve and decompose it into long-run cost efficiency(LEF) and long-run capacity utilization(LCU) in Korean listed securities companies. The main point of the paper focuses on the case that long-run capacity do not manage properly, which is one of factor to occur inefficiency in securities companies. Based on this, we can confirm the moderate level of capital stock and the state of scale economy in Korean securities companies. We measure long-run cost efficiencies by output-fixed and changed models and verify cost-driven and output-driven inefficiencies by the decomposition of GLEF. Especially, as the average LCU for most of Korean securities companies showed less than one(1), it is considered that the securities companies took their position within the area of scale economy. That is, augmenting fixed input and output, there is possibilities they may drop cost per output.

본 연구는 LMDI 방법론을 활용하여 산업부문 및 제조업 전력소비 변화의 요인을 분석하였다. 산업부문의 경우, 전체적으로 생산활동의 확대(생산효과)와 전력다소비업종으로의 산업구조 변화(구조효과)에 의해 전력소비가 증가하였으나, 미미하지만 전력소비효율이 향상(집약도효과)되는 효과도 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 제조업의 경우에는 생산활동 확대로 인한 전력소비 증가요인이 전체 산업부문과 비교하여 상대적으로 크게 발생한 반면, 조립금속업 중심으로의 제조업 구조변화로 인해 전력소비가 감소하는 구조효과가 발생하였다. 한편, 집약도효과는 제조업에서 오히려 전력소비를 증가시킨 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 집약도효과는 전력을 포함하는 최종에너지 전체의 경우와 비교해서도 상대적으로 크게 발생한 것으로 분석되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 제조업에서의 전력소비 절감 및 효율향상을 위한 노력이 부족했음을 보여주는데, 특히 조립금속업종을 제외한 대부분의 제조업종에서 전력소비효율 향상을 위한 노력이 부족했다는 것이 업종별 집약도효과 분석을 통해 나타났다.

This paper analysed the cause of the change of electricity and final energy consumption in industrial and manufacturing sectors by utilizing LMDI decomposition methodology. For industrial sector, the increase of power consumption was led by the expansion of production activities (activity effect) and the structural change toward power-intensive industries (structure effect). For manufacturing sector, however, the production effect in power consumption was larger than the case of industrial sector. On the other hand, the structure effect led the fall of power consumption, largely caused by the structural change towards fabricated metal industry. Meanwhile the intensity effect contributed to the increased of power consumption. These results indicate that efforts for saving and efficiency improvement in power consumption were insufficient in manufacturing sector.