Earticle

A mokkan is a wooden slip on which characters are inscribed after it has been trimmed. In ancient times, Koreans communicated with others by leaving notes or their thoughts on such mokkan (wooden slips). Contrary to China where slips are divided into zhujian (竹簡, bamboo slips) and mudu (木牘, wooden slips), bamboo slips were very rare in Korea. Unlike Chinese wooden slips (mudu), Korean mokkan are rectangular in shape. The shape of Korean wooden slips is in fact more in keeping with that of Japanese wooden slips. However, while multi-sided wooden slips (mokkan) have been discovered in Korea, none have been unearthed in Japan. This was designed to heighten convenience when studying scriptures or preparing documents. The characteristics of Korean wooden slips can be attributed to the traditional method of communication that existed even before the introduction of Chinese characters and revolved around inscribing etchings and signs on wood. The mokkan culture of ancient Korea was as such a combination of the conventional communication method using pieces of wood and the Chinese character system. Approximately 700 mokkan have been discovered to date. These were used as scriptures, documents, tags, rituals, memos, and for practice purposes. In keeping with this wide range of uses, various types of Korean mokkan were produced. Although the mokkan discovered to date were produced solely within the borders of Lelang Commandery of the Han dynasty, Paekche, and Silla, the possibility of mokkan produced in Koguryŏ, Kaya, and Parhae being discovered in the future cannot be ruled out altogether. Interest in ancient Korean mokkan has increased and a significant number of studies have also accumulated. There are differing opinions regarding the wooden slips (mokkan) found at Sŏngsan Fortress in Haman, and more specifically in terms of the word noin (奴人) recorded on the mokkan and the tax burden of nobi (奴婢). Meanwhile, mokkan discovered in Pogam-ri, Naju, shed some light on the nature of the ruling system of Paekche in local areas during the early seventh century. The human-shaped slip found in the reservoir complex at Hwawang Fortress in Ch’angnyŏng, was used to conduct a ritual ceremony for the dragon king (yongwang). However, different opinions have emerged as to whether the purpose of the ritual ceremony was to pray for rain or to cure diseases. Rather than being compiled by later generations, Korean ancient mokkan are historical materials that were prepared by people who lived during the actual period being depicted. Furthermore, the contents of these mokkan help to shed some light on the state of affairs at the time and the intentions of the composer. A more profound understanding of ancient society in Korea can be secured when more materials are accumulated and classified by type and purposes of use, an endeavor that will be made possible by an increase in the discovery of mokkan, and interdisciplinary studies in related fields are developed and implemented.

이 연구의 목적은 협력교사와 체육 교사교육자의 공동 노력을 통한 초등체육 교육실습 개선 과정을 기술하는 것이었다. 개별적인 면담, 참여관찰, 영상자료 및 관련 문서에 대한 자료 수집이 이루어졌다. 수집된 자료는 Strauss과 Corbin(1998)이 제안한 개방코딩, 축코딩 및 선택코딩을 통하여 분석되었다. 패러다임 모형을 사용한 주개념의 분석을 통해 대부분의 교생들은 수업지식을 표현하는 과정에서 교과내용지식, 학생지식, 긍정적 학습 환경 조성 및 지도법의 적용 능력과 같은 내용교수지식이 부족하였기에 교육실습에서 어려움을 겪었다는 것을 밝혀내었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 일부 교생들은 학생들에게 초등체육을 가르치는 데 있어서 성공적이었다. 교생들은 상호소통, 반성적 사고 및 매체 활용을 통하여 수업 개선 노력을 하였다. 체육교과 수업 발표를 통해서 일부 교생들은 수업 자신감을 상실하기도 하고 일부 교생들은 수업 성공을 체험하였다.

The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of student teaching with the collaborative approach of elementary school cooperating teacher and an elementary physical education teacher educator. Data were collected through individual interviews and focus group interviews, participant observations, video files, and documents related student teaching. The data were analyzed by open coding, axial coding, and selective coding suggested by Strauss and Corbin (1998). The analysis of the main concepts using paradigm models revealed that some student teachers were suffering difficulties in student teaching experience because they were lacked in subject content knowledge, knowledge of students, positive learning environment, and application of teaching methods. However, some student teachers were successful in completing theirs duties of teaching physical education to students. One of the difficulties of some student teachers had been suffered was lack of pedagogical content knowledge. The student teachers, while being influence by such intervening conditions as physical education teacher program and personal backgrounds, adopted such interaction strategies as self-reflection, mutual communication, and utilization of teaching resources. The action/reaction strategies induced changes of teaching perspectives and representations of pedagogical knowledge. The student teachers expanded pedagogical content knowledge by developing various teaching strategies.

한국의 근대와 현대, 한마디로 지난 100년간의 역사는 매우 파란만장한 굴곡을 겪은 시기였고, 민의 생활 현장인 지역으로 눈을 돌려보더라도 그 변화상은 매우 컸다. 본격적 인 지방자치시대를 맞이하여 자기 지역의 정체성 찾기가 주요 과제로 등장하였고, 그 변 화상을 증명하고 대외적으로 홍보할 각종 문화정책과 역사상 복원에 많은 관심이 쏟아지 고 있다. 역사학계를 비롯하여 인문학 전 분야에 걸쳐 그간 중앙사와 중앙문화 중심의 연구가 진행되었다면 이제는 본격적으로 지역사와 지역문화에도 눈길을 돌려야 할 것이다. 그동안 근현대 지역자료는 학문 내적 혹은 외적인 이유로 연구자들의 관심 밖의 대상 이었을 뿐만 아니라 지역자료에 대한 수집에도 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 그러나 2000년대를 전후로 하여 국가 연구기관을 비롯하여 많은 연구자들이 지역자료에 대한 수집의 필요성을 공감하는 추세이다. 본 연구는 이러한 시대적인 흐름 속에서 근현대 지역 자료에 대한 수집 방안에 초점을 맞추었다. 학계에 보고된 지역 자료 현황이나 연구사 정리가 아니라 필자가 20년 동안 현장에서 느끼고 체험한 수많은 시행착오 속에서 조그만 대안을 모색한 것이다. 구체적인 근현대 지역자료 수집 방안으로는 첫째, ‘지역’을 보는 관점(시각 점검), 둘째, 사회적 관계망 파악(조사대상 지역의 밑그림 그리기), 셋째, 조사대상 선정(어느 장소, 누구를 만나서), 넷째, 단계별 현장조사 방법론(무슨 절차를 걸쳐서), 다섯째, 유의사항(어떻게 수집할 것인가) 등이다.

There have been tremendous changes in the locality of the people’s everyday life for the last one century which was a turbulent modern and contemporary period in Korea. When local self-govenment revived in the 1990’s, it became a major task to recover the local identity and there has been an increasing concern for cultural policy and historical reconstruction to illustrate those changes in the locality as well. Now it is time to pay attention to local history and local culture whereas historians and researchers in humanities were concerned with a history and culture of metropole. Local materials of modern and contemporary history have not only been out of most historians’ sight, but also have been difficult to obtain. But many researchers and government sponsored research institutes began to recognize the necessity of collecting the local materials since 2000. This article focuses on the methods to collect the local materials in this historical trend. It does not try to review the previous researches and recent state of local history collection but seeks alternative ways for collecting the local materials through trials and errors the author encountered in the field for 20 years. The ways in which the author suggests for collecting them are discussed in terms of five issues. First, the author will examine the perspective to look at the locality. Second, it will be discussed how to understand the social network which is the sketching of the locality. Third, how to choose the local people, where and from whom, and fourth, the process of doing field work will be explained and lastly, the author will summarize the major points in collecting the local materials.

In this paper, we propose a document classification model using Web documents as a part of the training corpus in order to resolve the imbalance of the training corpus size per category. For the purpose of retrieving the Web documents closely related to each category, the proposed document classification model calculates the matching score between word features and each category, and generates a Web search query by combining the higher-ranked word features and the category title. Then, the proposed document classification model sends each combined query to the open application programming interface of the Web search engine, and receives the snippet results retrieved from the Web search engine. Finally, the proposed document classification model adds these snippet results as Web documents to the training corpus. Experimental results show that the method that considers the balance of the training corpus size per category exhibits better performance in some categories with small training sets.

To achieve lightweight selective disclosure for protecting privacy of document holders, we propose an XML format for documents that can hide arbitrary elements using a cryptographic hash function and salts, which allows to be partially digitally signed and efficiently verified, as well as a JSON format that can be converted to such XML. The documents can be efficiently proven to exist by representing multiple such structures as a Merkle tree and storing its root in blockchain. We show that our proposal has advantages over known methods that represent the document itself as a Merkle tree and partially hide it.

Ontology is known to be one of the most important technologies in achieving semantic web. It is critical as it represents the knowledge in a machine readable state. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has been contributing to the development of ontology for the last several years. However, the recommendation of W3C left out HTML despite the massive amount of information it contains. Also, it is difficult and time consuming to keep up with all the technologies especially in the case of constructing ontology. Thus, we propose a module and methods that reuse HTML documents, extract necessary information from HTML tags and mapping it to OWL 2. We will be combining two kinds of approaches which will be the structural refinement for making an ontology skeleton and linguistic approach for adding detailed information onto the skeleton.

Ranking thousands of web documents so that they are matched in response to a user query is really a challenging task. For this purpose, search engines use different ranking mechanisms on apparently related resultant web documents to decide the order in which documents should be displayed. Existing ranking mechanisms decide on the order of a web page based on the amount and popularity of the links pointed to and emerging from it. Sometime search engines result in placing less relevant documents in the top positions in response to a user query. There is a strong need to improve the ranking strategy. In this paper, a novel ranking mechanism is being proposed to rank the web documents that consider both the HTML structure of a page and the contextual senses of keywords that are present within it and its back-links. The approach has been tested on data sets of URLs and on their back-links in relation to different topics. The experimental result shows that the overall search results, in response to user queries, are improved. The ordering of the links that have been obtained is compared with the ordering that has been done by using the page rank score. The results obtained thereafter shows that the proposed mechanism contextually puts more related web pages in the top order, as compared to the page rank score.

This paper aims to extract an ObjectProperty-UsageMethod relation, in particular the HerbalMedicinalProperty-UsageMethod relation of the herb-plant object, as a semantic relation between two related sets, a herbal-medicinal-property concept set and a usage-method concept set from several web documents. This HerbalMedicinalProperty-UsageMethod relation benefits people by providing an alternative treatment/solution knowledge to health problems. The research includes three main problems: how to determine EDU (where EDU is an elementary discourse unit or a simple sentence/clause) with a medicinal-property/usage-method concept; how to determine the usage-method boundary; and how to determine the HerbalMedicinalProperty-UsageMethod relation between the two related sets. We propose using N-Word-Co on the verb phrase with the medicinal-property/usage-method concept to solve the first and second problems where the N-Word-Co size is determined by the learning of maximum entropy, support vector machine, and naïve Bayes. We also apply naïve Bayes to solve the third problem of determining the HerbalMedicinalProperty-UsageMethod relation with N-Word-Co elements as features. The research results can provide high precision in the HerbalMedicinalProperty-UsageMethod relation extraction.

In this paper, we classified the objectionable texts into four rates according to their harmfulness and proposed the hierarchical text rating system for objectionable documents. Since the documents in the same category have similarities in used words, expressions and structure of the document, the text rating system, which uses a single classification model, has low accuracy. To solve this problem, we separate objectionable documents into several subsets by using their properties, and then classify the subsets hierarchically. The proposed system consists of three layers. In each layer, we select features using the chi-square statistics, and then the weight of the features, which is calculated by using the TF-IDF weighting scheme, is used as an input of the non-linear SVM classifier. By means of a hierarchical scheme using the different features and the different number of features in each layer, we can characterize the objectionability of documents more effectively and expect to improve the performance of the rating system. We compared the performance of the proposed system and performance of several text rating systems and experimental results show that the proposed system can archive an excellent classification performance.

Scanners play an important role in digitally reproducing the color and imaging of original documents used in public offices; however, the current system lacks a standard for digitized documents created by scanners, complicating efforts to create a digitized system. In particular, macrography cannot guarantee the accuracy and reliability of digitalized color documents, pictures, and photographs created by scanners. To this end, we develop a standardized evaluation tool and test target to certify digitalized documents created by a scanner in the domestic environment. In this study, we enhance the accuracy and reliability of scanned data to create an advanced standard evaluation tool for scanners. Moreover, to produce a scanner certification standard, we overcome existing problems related to the growing market. We anticipate that this new standard will see a high degree of application in the current environment.

This paper proposes an approach for visualizing research trends using theme maps and extra information. The proposed algorithm includes the following steps. First, text mining is used to construct a vector space of keywords. Second, correspondence analysis is employed to reduce high-dimensionality and to express relationships between documents and keywords. Third, kernel density estimation is applied in order to generate three-dimensional data that can show the concentration of the set of documents. Fourth, a cartographical concept is adapted for visualizing research trends. Finally, relative vitalization information is provided for more accurate research trend analysis. The algorithm of the proposed approach is tested using papers about Traditional Korean Medicine.

Many previous research studies on extractive text summarization consider a subset of words in a document as keywords and use a sentence ranking function that ranks sentences based on their similarities with the list of extracted keywords. But the use of key concepts in automatic text summarization task has received less attention in literature on summarization. The proposed work uses key concepts identified from a document for creating a summary of the document. We view single-word or multi-word keyphrases of a document as the important concepts that a document elaborates on. Our work is based on the hypothesis that an extract is an elaboration of the important concepts to some permissible extent and it is controlled by the given summary length restriction. In other words, our method of text summarization chooses a subset of sentences from a document that maximizes the important concepts in the final summary. To allow diverse information in the summary, for each important concept, we select one sentence that is the best possible elaboration of the concept. Accordingly, the most important concept will contribute first to the summary, then to the second best concept, and so on. To prove the effectiveness of our proposed summarization method, we have compared it to some state-of-the art summarization systems and the results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing systems to which it is compared.

The library provides its services to satisfy the user's approach. Naturally, the development of library services may determine by considering the satisfaction of users. It traces users' perceptions regarding subject access highlighting problems in the retrieval of Bengali documents by subject. This study has designed to assess users' attitudes towards the retrievals of Bengali documents in OPAC through subject headings. For a collection of data, a representative sample has drawn from a large and heterogeneous population consisting of users in university libraries of West Bengal using a stratified sampling technique. Subsequently, under each of the universities, users' community was stratified into students, research scholars, and faculty members. Under each stratum, the sample selected on a random basis. The users met personally to collect relevant data, while they came to the library and went on to search OPAC. A structured schedule, prepared for the purpose, was presented before library users and consequently, interviews and interpretations recorded systematically. In this manner, several factors have identified concerning subject searching and retrieval performance for Bengali documents. This study explores the access using subject headings in multilingual information retrieval systems. Moreover, the suitability of subject headings for retrieval of Bengali resources has ascertained from the users' point of view. The findings demand standard principles and rules for the construction of Bengali subject headings to maintain uniformity and consistency.

Saliency prediction models are typically trained on natural images, focusing on features such as shape and color. However, predicting saliency in images with text is challenging because the human brain processes text differently than it processes visual objects. To address this research gap, we fine-tuned a saliency model to improve the accuracy of images containing text, specifically, movie posters. Our fine-tuned model?based on GSGNet and TranSalNet?outperformed the original models in predicting the saliency map for movie posters. The experimental results indicate that text elements exhibit patterns that can be learned for better saliency prediction.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze how government policies shape the governance of scientific journals in Indonesia through regulatory frameworks, quality assurance instruments, publication ethics, and digital systems that structure national journal management. Methods: A thematic analysis was employed to examine policy documents, including laws and regulations, administrative policies, ethical codes, and operational guidelines governing scientific journals. Documents were systematically analyzed using a coding process to identify regulatory objectives, governance mechanisms, quality assurance instruments, publication ethics arrangements, and modes of policy implementation through digital systems. Results: Scientific journals in Indonesia have been institutionalized as instruments of public governance rather than solely as platforms for academic communication. Journal governance is characterized by standardized accreditation, performance-based evaluation, integrated quality assurance, and administratively enforced publication ethics. Digital systems play a central role in translating regulatory standards into routine, data-driven practices, thereby enabling continuous monitoring, verification, and auditability. Conclusion: Government policies have strengthened accountability, transparency, and systemic integration in Indonesian scientific publishing. At the same time, the consolidation of standards-based governance and digital oversight presents challenges in maintaining an appropriate balance between administrative compliance and the substantive epistemic quality of scientific publications.

In order to protect secret digital documents against vulnerabilities while communicating, steganography algorithms are applied. It protects a digital file from unauthorized access by hiding the entire content. Pixel-value-difference being a method from spatial domain steganography utilizes the difference gap between neighbor pixels to fulfill the same. The proposed approach is a block-wise embedding process where blocks of variable size are chosen from the cover image, therefore, a stream of secret digital contents is hidden. Least significant bit (LSB) substitution method is applied as an adaptive mechanism and optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP) is used to minimize the error rate. The proposed application succeeds to maintain good hiding capacity and better signal-to-noise ratio when compared against other existing methods. Any means of digital communication specially e-Governance applications could be highly benefited from this approach.

본 연구는 개설은행에 제시된 서류가 신용장조건과 불일치하다고 판단한 개설은행이 UCP 600 제16조(c)(iii)에 따라 지급거절을 통지하면서 제16조(c)(iii)ⓐⓑⓒ에 근거하여 불일치서류 상태 를 통지하고 서류를 반송하지 않은 국내외 판례를 분석하여, 개설은행이 불일치서류에 대하여 지급거절 통지를 하고 합리적인 기간 내에 서류반송을 하지 않았다면 이를 개설은행의 통지의 무 위반으로 해석할 수 있는지를 검토하였다. 은행이 서류를 반송하겠다는 의사를 밝혔으나 반송하지 않거나, 부당한 지연 후에 반송하는 경우, 수익자는 신용장이 만료되기 전에 서류를 처리할 기회를 잃어버리거나 준수 서류를 다 시 제시할 기회를 상실할 수 있고, 상당한 지연으로 인해 물품의 보관 비용 등 문제가 발생할 수 있기 때문에 신속한 서류반송을 국내외 판례들과 ICC 은행위원회가 주문하고 있다. 또한 은행이 이러한 통지에 근거하여 행동하지 않은 경우, UCP 600 제16조 (f)항의 배제 조항이 적 용될 가능성이 높으며, 이에 따라 제시가 불일치했음에도 불구하고 은행이 대금지급을 해야 하는 상황에 놓이게 될 수 있으므로 은행의 주의가 필요하다. 은행의 불일치서류에 대해 반송 또는 보관기간과 관련한 명확한 UCP 규정이 부재한 상황이 고, 법원에서는 국제은행 실무자들의 관행 상 제3은행영업일 안에 이루어져야 한다고 판단하 고 있으나, 국제거래를 고려할 때 각 은행이 처한 상황이 다를 수 있기 때문에 이러한 상황을 고려하여 합리적인 서류 반송기간을 UCP 규정에 포함시키는 것이 필요하다. 또한 불일치서류 에 대한 개설의뢰인의 권리포기 또한 UCP 상에 명시적 규정이 부재하므로 이에 대한 보완도 요구된다. 이와 더불어 은행의 서류심사기준인 국제표준은행관행(ISBP)의 보완도 요구된다.

Purpose : This study verifies that in case of that the issuing bank, which determines that the documents presented are discrepant with the terms of L/C, notifies the refusal of payment based on Article 16(c)(iii) of the UCP 600 and then didn’t return the discrepant documents to the presenter, whether the failure to return the documents can be interpreted as a violation of the issuing bank's notification obligation, and what is the appropriate period for documents return. Research design, data, methodology : This study analyzes two cases(Supreme Court 2018DU47714 and Fortis Bank and Stemco UK Limited v. Indian Overseas Bank[2010] EWCA Civ 58). Results : The domestic precedent did not consider the return of documents at all in determining the right payment against the discrepant documents under L/C, but the foreign precedent judged that the delay in the return of the discrepant documents was considered a violation of the bank's notification obligation. Conclusions : After the discrepancy notice based on one of the four items in Article 16(c)(iii) of the UCP 600, if the issuing bank does not return discrepant documents or returns them after an unfair delay, the beneficiary may lose the opportunity to present compliance documents again before the L/C expires, and problems such as storage costs or demurrage costs might be occured. After hold notice or return notice against discrepancies on the basis of the Article 16, the bank’s follow-up action is a return the original and copy of the documents to to the presenter immediately as mentioned by the precedents and the ICC Bank Committee. If the bank does not act on the basis of these notices, Article 16(f) of UCP 600 is likely to apply, and the bank could be placed on pay despite the discrepancy in the presentation, so bank should be careful.

This study was performed to investigate the current regulatory guidances of safety and efficacy evaluation for the approval of stereoisomeric drugs in Korea and US. According to the regulatory guidelines in major countries (EU, Canada, US), the important categories for the development of stereoisomeric drugs are classified as 1) development of a single enantiomer as a new active substances 2) development of a racemate as a new active substance 3) development of a new single enantiomer from an approved racemate. For this study, domestic regulatory documents for current guidelines of stereoisomeric drugs were investigated. Also four typical stereoisomeric drugs for three categories were chosen to investigate the new drug submission documents of KFDA and FDA for the safety and efficacy evaluation of stereoisomeric drugs. It is expected that these comparative results between KFDA and FDA will be useful for the safety and efficacy for the regulatory approval of stereoisomeric drugs in Korea.