Earticle

The purpose of this study is to understand the diverse lifestyles of Korean older adults by analyzing the consumption pattern of older households and its determinants. The 9th wave of the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS) data was used for analysis. The twenty consumption items provided by the dataset was reduced to thirteen according to the consumption purpose inherent in the item. K-means cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression was employed to categorize the consumption pattern of older households and to analyze the determinants. The results are as follows. The consumption pattern of Korean older adults was clustered into six distinctive groups named Breadwinner, Leisure-time pursuer, Friendly outgoes, Daily-life survivor, Illness sufferer and Shelter seeker. Breadwinner, Leisure-time pursuer and Friendly outgoes were lifestyles that earn and spend more compared to the other three. Nevertheless, they differed according to the family size, indicating that the parenting burden might have direct influence on the lifestyle of Korean older adults. Older adults without parenting burden and with high level of education and economic capacity were likely to show Friendly outgoes lifestyle. On the other hand, Daily-life survivor, Illness sufferer and Shelter seeker showed lower level of spending, indicating that for those lacking in economic capacity, urgent needs such as medical need or housing need dominates the lifestyle. The results call for adequate custom policies that best fit the needs of older adults.

An explanatory survey was conducted to assess preference and consumption pattern of horticultural species, their sources,location-wise planting preferences and diversity of these speci es in the rural homestead forest of the offshore island of Bangladesh. Assessment was done through multistage random sampling. Based on homestead size respondents were categorized into small (＜0.05 ha), medium (0.05-0.25 ha) and large (＞0.25 ha) and twenty from each category were selected randomly for the study. The study revealed that most of the farmer (75.5%) preferred to plant fruit tree species for future plantation followed by timber species (62.2%). But fruit-bearing plants were being gradually replaced by some exotic timber species such as Swietenia mahagoni, Acacia auriculiformis, Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus spp., etc. Diversity and abundance of fruit species was found higher in almost all homestead. A total of 41 horticultural species were identified and seven horticultural species among them were recognized as the most preferred ones in the study area. Consumption pattern was chiefly to meet the nutritional demand and to gain a quick monetary benefit. Average annual income from horticultural species was 7,183.33 Taka (US$102).

The consumption of various medical cares is affected not only by income and price but also by the number of household members. This study aims at examining how the number of household members affects the consumption pattern of medical care in Japan. The major findings of this study are summarized as follows; The elasticities of household members on the medical care consumption are estimated to be -2.4 in the 20-years groups in case of total medical care expenditure, 4.1 in the 50-years groups of medical care items, -3.1 in the 40-years groups of medical supplies and equipments, and -5.6 in the 60-years groups and -2.7 in the 50-years groups of medical services.

주 5일 근무제 및 주 52시간 근무시간 정책으로 집에서 시간을 보내는 이른바 ‘홈족(Home족)’이 늘면서, 카페 수준의 음료를 집에서 직접 만들어 즐기는 홈바리스타에 대한 관심도 높아지고 있다. 홈바리스타는 커피를 마시기 위해 직접 생두 및 원두 구입하고, 로스팅·추출·서비스 까지 일련의 과정을 거치게 된다. 대부분의 홈바리스타들은 스스로 커피원두를 구입하고, 여러 가지 방법으로 커피원두에서 커피를 추출하여, 자신의 취향에 맞는 커피를 즐기고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 최근 급증하고 있는 홈바리스타의 문화 형태에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 연구 방법은 질적 연구방법과 양적 연구방법을 혼합하여 수행하였다. 질적 연구방법은 델파이기법을 사용하여 커피관련 전문가들과의 일대일 면접을 통하여 설문지의 측정항목들을 작성하였으며, 양적 연구방법은 델파이기법에 의해 작성된 설문지를 홈바리스타들에게 배부, 수집, 분석하여 수행하였다. 본 연구의 홈바리스타들에 대한 커피원두 문화형태에 대한 다각도의 분석을 통하여 커피관련 업체들이 커피원두 및 커피관련 제품에 대한 판매 전략을 수립 할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구의 제한점으로는 홈바리스타들의 문화 형태를 커피 산지별로 좀더 세분화하여 연구할 필요가 있다. 또한 양적연구 분야에서 홈바리스타들에 대한 설문지 수집에 한계가 있어, 좀 더 심층적인 연구가 이루어지지 못하였다.

With the rise of so-called “home people” who spend time at home under the five-day workweek and the 52-hour workweek policy, interest in home baristas who make and enjoy cafe-level drinks at home is also rising. The home barista will buy his own beans and beans for a cup of coffee and go through a series of courses ranging from roasting, extraction and service. Most home baristas buy coffee beans themselves, extract coffee from coffee beans in many ways, and enjoy coffee that suits their taste. The purpose of this study is to explore the cultural forms of the recent surge in the number of home baristas. The research method was carried out by mixing qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research methods used Delphiigi method to prepare the items of the questionnaire through one-on-one interviews with coffee-related experts, and quantitative research methods were distributed, collected, and analyzed to the home baristas. Through various analysis of coffee beans culture for home baristas in this study, coffee companies will be able to establish sales strategies for coffee beans and coffee related products. As a limitation of this study, we need to study the cultural forms of the home baristas in more detail by coffee plantations. Further, in the field of quantitative research, the collection of questionnaires on home varistas was limited, so no more in-depth research was conducted.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of cultural consumption pattern in Japan seen through hallyu, or 'Korean Wave'. For the study of hallyu as a subject matter, our research perspectives are threefold: first, hallyu is considered as a phenomenon of cultural appropriation of other culture; second, the anthropological approach should be exclusively exploited; third, distinctive behavior and thought of Japanese hallyu fan are the objectives of our study. Japanese hallyu began with the popularity of Korean television drama, Gyeoul Yeonga or Winter Sonata, and it witnessed the change of Japanese tastes for mass cultures from the Western orientation to the diverse expedition. For this study we collected data through various research methods focusing on primary sources; interviews with Japanese through internet homepages and direct meeting and distributing questionnaires through internet. The main argument of this study consists of two points. First, hallyu should be understood in light of Japanese cultural context. Our analysis has shown that the consumption pattern of Korean mass culture by Japanese is distinctively a new form but well expected under the rubric of Japanese cultural pattern. Second, many of Japanese consumers of hallyu try to re-establish their identities by enhancing old values and worldviews, interpersonal relationship based on mutual commitment and love which are thought to be already gone in the contemporary society. The ultimate goal of this study is to make Koreans understand Japanese people and culture that consume hallyu in a unique way from Korean's point of view but a predictable one seen through Japanese eyes.

In Korea, As greenhouse gas reduction obligation and energy saving arise with rapid climate change, high oil price and energy depletion, Energy Target Management System is being enforced since 2010. And the building part of the system is considered important part. Kyungpook National University was selected as object of the system. As a part of the system, University is changing building’s cooling control system from individual control to central control. So, I would like to find plan to heighten energy efficiency and occupants satisfaction with comparison energy consumption of before and after of the system, research of indoor thermal environment, survey about satisfaction of occupants

보석의 소비는 일상생활의 중요한 부분으로 자리 잡아왔고 그에 따라 보석 관련 선행연구들은 보석 구매 행태와 관련된 인구 통계적 요인별 차이를 분석해 왔다. 그러나 대부분의 선행연구들은 사람들이 보석을 왜 소유하고 소비하고 있는가를 이해하는데 관심을 기울이지 않았다. 이런 상황에서 본 연구는 소비자들의 보석소비에 대한 심리적 동기와 경험을 이해하기 위한 탐색적인 연구를 시도하였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 에스노그라피를 연구방법의 기본 원리로 채택하고, 면접과 관찰이라는 자료수집방법을 이용해 심층적인 자료를 수집한 다음, 소비자 관점에서 보석 소비시 느끼는 다양한 경험을 심층적으로 분석해 보았다. 본 연구는 27명을 대상으로 심층면접을 진행했고 19명을 대상으로 동행구매 관찰을 진행했다. 그 결과 본 연구는 보석 소비와 관련된 흥미로운 주제로 세가지를 선정하였다. 소비자들은 보석을 사용하면서 실용적 가치(자산 가치, 생활의 필수품), 쾌락적 가치(꾸미는 즐거움, 패션의 완성, 나의 분신) 및 상징적 가치(부와 지위의 상징, 특별한 의미의 전달과 저장, 개성의 표현, 주술적 의미) 등과 같은 다양한 가치를 인식하고 있고, 이러한 보석에 대한 가치인식은 생애주기별로 변화되고 있었다. 또한, 보석 구매상황에서 소비자들의 독특한 패턴도 발견되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 세가지 주제를 심층적으로 논의하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 연구결과를 요약하고 연구결과가 제시하는 관리적 시사점들을 논의하였으며, 본 연구가 갖는 연구의 한계점과 그에 따른 후속 연구방향을 제시하였다.

The consumption of jewelry has become an important part of daily lives and prior researches on jewelry consumption have focused on differences in purchase and usage patterns by demographic variables such as sex, age and so on. However, remarkably little attention has been devoted to the problems of understanding why consumers possessing and consuming jewelry. Thus we attempted exploratory research to understand psychological motivations and experiences about consumers’s jewelry consumption. For this purpose, this study decided to employe ethnography as a guiding principle, collected in-depth data employing interviews and observations as a data collection method, and analyzed various aspects of perceptions and experiences while consuming jewelry from consumers’ perspective. We conducted in-depth interviews and participant observations with 27 and 22 informants. As a result, we developed three major themes about jewelry consumptions. We found that consumers perceive various types of values such as utilitarian, hedonic and symbolic values and those values those value perceptions have been changes by personal life stages. In addition, unique patterns at purchase situations have been recognized. We provided in-depth description along with these three major themes. Lastly, this study summarized research results, discussed managerial implications for managers, clarified study limitations from data collection methods and suggested future research directions.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between golf practice range customers’ brand personality and brand preference and consumption pattern. In order to provide basic information for improvement to domestic golf product company, this research came to the following conclusions by analyzing data from 420 customers drawn from 5 golf practice ranges in “G” city and “D” city by applying frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, structural equation modeling(SEM) with AMOS 7.0 and SPSS Windows 15.0. First, golf product brand personality has influence on consumption pattern. second, golf product brand preference has influence on consumption pattern. Third, golf product brand preference has influence on brand personality. To improve customers’ consumption pattern, golf product company should develop brand personality and brand preference with strategies for promoting.

The contents of caffeine in caffeine containing products in Korea, i.e., coffee. tea, cocoa and cola, and the individual pattern of consumption of caffeine containing beverages were studied to know the pattern of caffeine consumption. The correlation in between the amount of caffeine consumption and the obesity were also investigated. In results, the average contents of caffeine in the instant coffee was . The amount of caffeine in coffee were in the vending machine coffee, and in the coffee shop coffee. Average daily caffeine consumption per person was investigated to be 128mg with the wide range of 26mg-341mg. There was no correlation in the amount of daily caffeine consumption and the obesity.

A comparative study on modern recognition of Lee Sang and Mu Shiying Liu, Jing-Zi Lee Sang and Mu Shiying were very active writers who worked on writing in Korea and China in 1930's. Seoul and Shanghai in 1930's where Lee Sang and Mu Shiying worked were epitomes of modern times created by imperialistic capitalism. Their criticism on colonialism in their works is often replaced with criticism on capitalism. This article aims to comparatively study their modern recognition and their perspective on ‘modern times’ by analyzing their major works. For Lee Sang and Mu Shiying, modern cities are the objects of curiosities and those of anxiety and fear at the same time. Lee Sang distances himself from those modern cities and grasps the logic of capitalism from the perspective of an observer. For Mu Shiying, Shanghai where the tradition and the modern times are mingled is a deformed city. Lee Sang and Mu Shiying express their senses of anxiety about the modern consumption pattern. The main character of Lee Sang's novel shows his aversion to modern times by expressing his fear for fetism of capitalism that continuously arouses our desires for material things in the monetary order. On the contrary, Mu Shiying obsesses about modern ‘time’ through modern consumption and acutely feels the fatigue and sense of impotence coming after such experience. At the same time, those two writers focus on the human relations of modern times through metafictional writing. While Lee Sang expressed the collapse of faith in humans relations, Mu Shiying expressed severance of communication in the human relations of modern times. Basically, while Lee Sang's perspective is ‘looking down’ from above and ‘looking in’ from outside by grasping the fictitious lives of colonialistic modern times, that of Mu Shiying is ‘exposing’ from inside to outside through a variety of direct experiences in the modern cities.

The study was conducted on 270 female college students at H-University located in Seoul, South Korea. Their average age was 22. Out of 270, 96(35.6%) majored in food and nutrition. Two hundred thirty students(85.2%) lived with their parents. On the body mass index (BMI) test, 196(72.6%) were normal weight. Inveterate coffee drinkers accounted for a high percentage, regardless of major and weight. Students who lived with their parents showed a higher intake of coffee. In relation to breakfast, students who had it 3 to 4 times a week accounted for the highest percentage(30.4%, 82), a high proportion of whom were inveterate coffee drinkers. In the case of inveterate coffee drinkers’ daily coffee intake, a high percentage of the respondents drank 2 cups of coffee a day. For a cup of coffee, a high percentage of them paid 4,000 to 5,000 won (Korean currency). Most respondents drank coffee between 10 a.m. and the noon in coffee houses. With regard to the reason of drinking coffee, most students answered, ‘it tastes good.’ About food they eat with coffee, many students mentioned nothing or confectionery. In relation to the types of coffee, many preferred instant coffee or coffee with milk. In choosing coffee, they tended to regard taste as the most important factor. Respondents who had breakfast 3 to 4 times a week drank coffee in the coffee house on campus in many cases. Students who had not drunk coffee preferred other drinks.

Research on modification and replacement of conventional AC distribution system to DC distribution system has been widely conducted. When DC system is applied, it is possible to improve energy transferring efficiency because most of the home appliances are electric loads which require DC input voltage. Furthermore, compatibility with renewable energy sources and secondary batteries should be improved as they are DC based power sources. To design energy efficient DC system, it is important to understand the load characteristics of the electric devices. In this paper, the electric appliances are classified to 3 types: motor, heating, and electric loads and their typical power consumptions are shown. Load patterns of load which can be used in analyzing the designed system are modeled according the statistics. Feasibility of the developed load patterns are verified by applying it in distribution system design tool.

A total of sixty 67 week-old Manina White strain laying hens were individually housed in cages to investigate feed consumption pattern during the day in relation to time of oviposition. Hourly feed intake and time of oviposition were recorded for each bird for seven days. Mean hourly feed intake of all hens showed a smaller peak at 10:00-12:00 and a larger peak at 17:00-19:00. There were no significant differences in amount of daily feed consumption and hourly eating pattern between egg-laying days and non-laying days. However, hens consumed about 10 g more feed (p<0.01) on egg-forming days (the day before oviposition) than on non-eggforming days. Hourly feed intake decreased prior to oviposition, but increased immediately during the time of oviposition. The peak consumption during the evening hours (17:00-19:00) was consistent regardless of the time of oviposition.

This study was conducted to quantify the impact of building space configuration on the heating and cooling energy consumption of buildings. Employing the eQuest simulation tool, a series of parametric simulations was performed to calculate the energy consumption of diverse buildings’ floor areas, space volumes, and numbers of floors. A typical two-story single-family residential building in the two climate zones - the cold and hot/humid regions - in the U.S. was modeled using the simulation tool. The analysis of the simulation results revealed that the heating energy in the coldclimate region was the most significantly used energy component. Thus, the application of an energy-efficient heating system is required. In addition, the building’s floor area, volume of space, and number of floors were proportional to the amount of heating and cooling energy consumed. Therefore, the optimal planning of a building in terms of energy saving is required for improving the building’s energy efficiency.

Environmental pollution is generated through the production process or through the consumption process of goods and services. Since production is induced mainly by consumption there is a need to concentrate on the impacts of consumption activities in environmental pollution rather than the production activities. This paper focuses on the impacts of consumption pattern changes on environmental pollution in Korea as few studies have addressed this issue. This paper employed a newly-developed estimation procedure and a newly-compiled environmental data base in order to accomplish this objective. On the basis of such establishments, both an air and a water pollution material discharge matrix were compiled for 105 sectors. A conclusion is reached that the change in consumption patterns such as the increasing shares of the service and IT sector’s consumption are expected to decrease both air and water pollution material discharges per unit consumption while the growing trend of consumption in an aging population is likely to generate limited change both in air and water pollution emissions.

One hundred twenty healthy college students and housewives from urban middle income household were investigated in terms of food consumption patterns, nutrient intake and dietary fiber intake. Total food intake was slightly lower in college students(1059.9g/d) than in housewives(1160.g/d) . However, the ration of animal food to total food was considerably higher in college students(23.7%) than in housewives(16.8%). College students tended to consume more dairly products, meat & products, and cereals & grain products but less vegetables , fruits, fish and shellfish than housewives. Although nutrient intake was not much different (except for total calories, fats, and ascorbic acid), dietary fiber intake was slightly and significantly lower in college students(14.9g/d, 8.3g/1000kcal) than in housewives(16.9g/d, 103g/1000kcal) . That is partially due to college students irregular food habits and the change in their meal patterns from traditional to western diets. There was a significantly positive correlation between dietary fiber intake and thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and crude fiber intake.

For the purpose of providing a set of basic data for the review of differences in the substances, improvements in quality factors, and changes in the consumption status of Gochujang, the results of the comparisons between the commercial samples and home-made Gochujang samples in terms of sensory characteristics, frequency of Gochujang use, usage of Gochujang, foods made using Gochujang, and taste of Gochujang were as follows; The water contents, protein contents, and pH were higher with the commercial products. But, the pattern was different depending on the ingredients and materials. The commercial products also scored higher in terms of the overall preference compared to the home-mades. As for the usage of Gochujang, in general, they were using Gochujang at least once a week. As for the comparison of tastes, the majority answer was that the commercial and home-made tasted similar, followed by home-made and commercial. It turned out that the differences in the contents of the commercial and home-made Gochujang originated from the process of making and ingredients. And, based on the dominant trend that both commercial and home-made Gochujang was in use, it is necessary that the quality control should be enhanced for both the home-made and commercial Gochujang products. Also, in order to increase the consumption of Gochujang, which has functional physiological effects for health, it is believed to be necessary that better, more functional products need to be developed.