Earticle

Objective: To examine the effects of dual-task cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive and daily functioning in older adults. Methods: Ten older adults participated in an eight-session dual-task cognitive training program combined with tDCS. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured cognitive function, activities of daily living, attention, and brain activity using validated tools. Results: Post-intervention analyses showed significant improvements in cognitive function (measured by the Comprehensive Item Selection Test and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), instrumental activities of daily living (measured by the Korean version of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale), and reduced cognitive decline (measured by the Global Deterioration Scale) (all p < .05). No significant changes were observed in attentional control (measured by the Attentional Control Questionnaire) or in the accuracy and reaction times on the N-back and Stroop tasks. Conclusion: Combined dual-task cognitive training and tDCS may improve cognitive function and activities of daily living in older adults. Further research is warranted to validate and optimize this intervention.

Objective: This study was to develop and verify the effects of the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training program on cognitive function and depression of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment(MCI). Methods: The subjects were randomly assigned to the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training group(n=32) or single-task training group(n=31). To identify the effects on cognitive function, general cognitive function, frontal lobe function, and attention/working memory were measured. Depression was evaluated using Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale. The outcome measurements were performed before and after the 8 weeks of intervention(2 days per week). Results: After 8 weeks, general cognitive function, frontal cognitive function, attention/working memory function, depression of the dual-task training group were significantly increased than those of the single-task training group(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that an exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training for MCI was effective in improving general cognitive function, frontal /executive function, attention/working memory function and reducing depression.

The current study explored neural correlates of the relationship between cognitive style and task switching processes. A task switching paradigm including object and verbal tasks was employed and neural responses were collected using fMRI. Behavioral and neural switch costs were correlated with individuals’ cognitive style preference scores. A total of thirty-five young adults participated in this study. Behavioral results showed that verbal preference scores were positively correlated with the switch cost in the object task. Neural responses in the object task showed a positive relationship between object style preference and the neural switch cost in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus and left intraparietal sulcus. In addition, an interaction between the object and verbal preferences was found in the angular gyrus during the object task. These results show how the individual differences in cognitive style preference during task switching could be linked to individual variations in neural responses. These findings suggest that cognitive style preference may be related to cognitive control through attentional resource allocation, and selection, and the processing of target- and distractor-relevant information during task switching.

Objective To elucidate the effect of task-specific lower extremity training (TSLET) on cognitive and gait function in stroke patients. Methods Thirty-eight patients were assigned to either the TSLET group or the control group. The individuals of TSLET group went through a TSLET plus conventional physical therapy. The control group received two sessions of conventional physical therapy. The primary outcome involved the assessment with visual and auditory digit span test. The secondary outcome was evaluated by the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) for cognitive function, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Time Up and Go Test (TUG), 10 meters Walking Test (10mWT), 6 minutes Walking Test (6MWT), and Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) for gait, balance, and functional ability. Results After intervention (3 weeks) and 2 weeks of follow-up, the TSLET group showed statistically significant improvement in the visual digit span test backwards compared with the control group. In secondary outcome, a significant improvement was observed in GDS, BBS, TUG, and 10mWT in the TSLET group. There was no significant difference between the two groups concerning visual digit span test forward, auditory forward and backward digit span tests, K-MMSE, 6MWT, and K-MBI. Conclusion TSLET could be a useful alternative strategy for improving cognitive and gait function in stroke patients.

This paper attempts to broaden our understanding on how cognitive task complexity (TC) contributes to L2 learners’ and language professionals’ perceptions of task difficulty (TD). This study was conducted to allow a deeper investigation of the extent to which manipulating TC can influence perceptions of TD, what TC-factors contribute to perceptions of TD, and whether there is a perceptual match between L2 learners and language professionals. The study employed a mixed-method design in which 68 students and 26 language professionals evaluated the TD of two video-based narrative tasks. The students, who were L2 learners of English at a Jordanian secondary school, performed two tasks with increased TC manipulated by intentional reasoning (IR) demands. Data on learners’ perceptions of TD were collected qualitatively and quantitatively using a retrospective questionnaire. The language professionals, who were researchers with a TESOL background, read the tasks instructions and watched the two clips before deciding which task would be considered more difficult and why. Results showed a match between learners and language professionals on their perceptions of TD. Both groups rated the more complex task (+IR) as more difficult. Two categories of higher cognitive demands imposed by IR requirement, i.e. task-induced and task-inherent, were found to be the major contributors to the perceptions of TD. The findings have significant implications for the development of an index of TD, which is considered a priority for language teaching, testing and syllabus design.

인지심리학 분야에서 광범위하게 활용되고 있는 인지적 과업 분석(Cognitive Task Analysis)은 전문가들이 실제 과제를 수행할 때 복잡한 상황을 어떻게 해석하고 판단을 내리는지에 대한 체계적 인 분석을 가능하게 한다. 본 연구는 인지적 과업 분석이 무엇이며 어떤 분야에서 어떤 목적으로 활 용되었는지를 살펴보고, 이어 CTA의 구체적인 방법론에 대해 정리하고 CTA가 교원 교육에 갖는 함 의를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 언급한 CTA가 교원 교육에 갖는 함의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, CTA를 배운 학습자들은 전문가에게 지식과 기술을 더 잘 배워 전문성을 갖출 수 있다. 둘 째, CTA를 배운 학습자들은 학생들이 학습할 때 수행하는 인지적 과정을 분석함으로써 학생들에게 맞춤형 학습을 제공할 수 있다. 셋째, CTA 학습자들은 self-CTA를 함으로써 자신의 인지적 과정을 분석하여 전문성을 보다 잘 전달할 수 있다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 교원 교육에 CTA 교육과정을 도입할 것을 주장하며, 이는 전문성이 필요하다는 주장만 있고 전문성을 어떻게 기를 것인가에 대한 방안은 부족한 교원 교육에 시사하는 바가 클 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive treadmill cognitive dual-task training on gait performance in individuals with chronic stroke patients. Twenty-six participants with chronic hemi-paresis were recruited to this study and randomly distributed into two groups: progressive treadmill cognitive dual-task gait training (PTCDG group, 13 patients), conventional treadmill gait training (CTG group, 13 patients). All patients underwent 20 sessions of treadmill gait training with a harness (5 times per week, for a total of 4 weeks). The GAITRite was used to analyze gait kinematics, and 10-m walking test (10MWT) wear used as the clinical evaluation indicators. After training, PTCDG group showed significant improvement in gait velocity, cadence, single support time, and 10MWT compared to the control group. However there was no significant difference between the groups in the stride lengths in the affected and unaffected sides. The study verified that progressive treadmill cognitive dual-task gait training had a positive in-fluence on the gait and clinical gait index in chronic stroke patients.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of laser-based neck sensorimotor training on cognitive dual-task gait performance in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Twenty-four older adults were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12). Both groups trained three times per week for six weeks. The experimental group performed laser-based neck sensorimotor training using a head-mounted laser device, whereas the control group performed a general neck exercise program. Outcome measures included the 10-Meter Walk Test under single-task and cognitive dual-task conditions, dual-task cost (DTC), the Timed Up and Go dual-task test (TUGdt), the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), and cervical movement sense error (MSE). Within-group changes were analyzed using the paired t-test, and between-group differences were analyzed using ANCOVA with baseline values as covariates. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in single-task gait speed, cognitive dual-task gait speed, DTC, TUGdt, FGA, and MSE after the intervention (all p < .001). The control group showed significant improvements in single-task gait speed and TUGdt (both p < .001), FGA (p = .003), and MSE (p = .034), whereas changes in cognitive dual-task gait speed (p = .386) and DTC (p = .831) were not significant. Between-group comparisons revealed significantly greater improvements in the experimental group for single-task gait speed, TUGdt, FGA, and MSE (all p < .001), cognitive dual-task gait speed (p = .006), and DTC (p = .003). Conclusion: Laser-based neck sensorimotor training demonstrated superior effects on cognitive dual-task gait performance, functional mobility, functional gait ability, and cervical movement sense in community-dwelling older adults relative to general neck exercise.

Recent studies in task-based research have increasingly implemented ways to measure cognitive load in order to ensure that the tasks that were intended to be more complex placed greater cognitive load onto the learner, which in turn would lead to systematic changes in outcome measures. This study aims to introduce a more objective, indirect measure of cognitive load: time-on-task. In this study, 42 native speakers of English carried out three types of oral tasks that each had three levels of task complexity, operationalized as the number of elements. Cognitive load was measured by learner self-ratings, prospective time estimations, the dual task methodology, and time-on-task. Results of a series of correlational analyses and repeated-measures ANOVA showed that time-on-task, which can further be divided into time-on-planning and time-on-speech, proved to be a valid measure of cognitive load.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of game-based dual-task training on gait and cognitive function in patients with stroke. Methods: The study included 20 patients with stroke, randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received virtual reality-based dual-task training in addition to conventional physical therapy, while the control group received only conventional physical therapy. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare gait and cognitive function between the groups, revealing significant differences. Results: The experimental group that participated in game-based dual-task training demonstrated significant improvements in gait and cognitive function compared to the control group, which received conventional physical therapy (p<.05). Conclusion: Game-based dual-task training was shown to be an effective intervention for enhancing balance, gait, and cognitive function. These findings suggest that this training can serve as an efficient intervention for patients with other conditions. Future research focusing on gait and cognitive function is warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention further.

The purpose of this study to investigate how gait velocity and variability were affected by dual task prioritization in older adults with normal cog-nitive function and older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Eight older adults with MCI and eight cognitively normal older adults performed a walking task under usual walking with no dual task (usual gait), walk while counting backward from 100 by ones with no priority on task (no priority), walk and count while instructed to prioritize gait task (gait priority), and walk and count while instructed to prioritize the cognitive task (cognitive priority). The MCI group showed significantly slower walking speed than the normal group in the no priority condition, but no difference between both group in the usual gait condition, and they almost 3 times greater gait variability in the no priority condition than the normal group. For the effect of priority instructions, MCI group showed a dual-task cost to gait velocity almost 2 times higher than that of the normal group in the no priority condition, but the cost was almost three times higher in both gait and cognitive priority conditions. Although there was no interaction effect for gait variability, MCI group tended to be more influenced by dual task prioritization than the normal group. Our findings confirmed that the priority-based dual task paradigm is a valid way to assess gait characteristics of people with cognitive problems.

보면, 여성과 남성 관제사 모두 상황 및 대처의 복잡성을 위험도를 인식하는 심리적 공간의 한 축으로 공통적으로 사용하고 있었고, 다른 한 축은 서로 달랐다. 남성 관제사들은 조종사나 다른 관제사 등 다른 사람들과의 협조가 얼마나 필요한가의 정도를 또 다른 차원으로 사용하는 반면, 여성관제사들은 사건발생의 예측가능성을 위험도 인식의 중요 차원으로 사용하고 있었다.관제업무수행에 중요 요소 평가에 따른 위험사건 요인별 차이

This study carried out an exploratory investigation of the risk assessment of Air Traffic Controllers. Analysis of data showed that the risk assessment was different based on expertise, gender, work experience, and the perception of critical factors for job efficiency and safety. ATCs evaluated the flight situation less riskier when they had experience, knowledge, training, or procedures. the perception of critical factors for job correlated with risk assessment. The results of multi-dimensional scaling analysis indicated that the main dimension of risk assessment on flight situations was complexity of situation and coping strategy. This dimension appeared across all variables. However, the other dimensions differed based on expertise, gender, and work experience.

중요한 사회적 성취상황에서 자신에게 불리한 고정관념의 활성화는 인지적 과제수행에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? Steele와 Aronson(1995)은 ‘흑인의 지능은 백인보다 열등하다’는 고정관념을 검사상황에서 활성화시켰을 때 흑인 대학생들의 과제수행결과가 현저하게 나빠짐을 관찰하였다. ‘고정관념의 위협(stereotype threat)’으로 지칭된 이 현상은 최근 많은 관련 사례들이 보고되고 있으며, 고정관념의 영향으로 인한 인지적 과제 수행도의 저하는 결과적으로 개인의 중요한 성취영역에 대한 비참여 및 비동일시를 이끄는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 본 논문에서는 지금까지의 연구결과들을 바탕으로 고정관념의 위협에 영향을 끼치는 상황적 요인과 개인적 요인 및 이들이 인지적 과제의 수행을 방해하는 경로를 개관하고자 한다. 고정관념의 위협에 대한 연구는 이 효과를 매개하는 정서적, 인지적 경로의 세분화된 탐색을 통해 고정관념 위협의 다양한 유형을 이해하게 하며, 이를 통해 고정관념의 장기적 폐해를 줄일 수 있는 대처방안을 모색하는데 기여할 것이다.

What happens to individuals in a social performance situation when a negative group identity is activated? Steele and Aronson(1995) reported that African Americans performed much worse in intellectual tasks than their white peers when negative stereotypes were made salient. For this phenomenon called ‘stereotype threat', a number of research have been recently demonstrated. This underperformance phenomenon seems to result in disengagement and disidentification with a domain, where stereotype threats exist. Therefore in this article, individual and situational factors which account for this disruptive effect should be explored. Research on various mediators of stereotype threat effect will help us to explore the nature of stereotype threat and to distinguish among different stereotype threats. Understanding the underlying process will lead to develop effective coping strategies for these threats.

목적: 본 연구는 인지기능 저하를 예방 및 관리하기 위한 이중과제(Dual-task) 기반의 인지훈련 프로그램을 어플리케이션으로 구현하고자 하였다. 이중과제는 집행기능의 하위 영역과 운동기능을 동시에 수행할 수 있도록 설계하였으며, 일상의 사회적 상황이 반영된 결합방식으로 인지훈련 프로그램 '두뇌차차(Cheer Up, Brain Up!)'를 개발하고자 하였다.연구방법: 프로그램은 하나 이상의 인지능력을 목표로 하는 인지훈련과 일상의 사회적 상황을 반영하는 인지자극을 결합한 접근방식을 계획하였다. 인지훈련 프로그램에서 이중과제 구현을 위해 소프트웨어와 운동기능을 위해 하드웨어를 개발하고, 시스템 간의 상호 연결성을 구현하였다. 이중과제 기반 인지훈련 프로그램은 Unity3D를 활용하여 Android 기기에서 실행될 수 있도록 어플리케이션 개발을 개발하였다. 결과: 개발된 어플리케이션은 '두뇌차차'로 명명하였으며, 집행기능 및 운동기능을 동시에 수행하는 이중과제를 기반으로 설계하였다. 이중과제는 '뇌 반짝훈련(Brain Twinkle Training)'으로 집행기능의 작업기억, 억제기능, 문제해결능력에 대한 콘텐츠를 구현하였으며, 동시에 제자리걸음을 수행할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한, 일상의 사회적 상황은 '동네마실(Neighborhood Ramble)'로 집안 과제, 지도이동(동네), 상점, 대중교통, 상점에서 문제를 구현하였다. 결론: 노인 인구의 인지건강을 지원을 지원하기 위해 인지능력을 위한 인지훈련과 일상의 사회적 상황에 대한 인지자극을 결합한 접근 방식으로 이중과제 기반의 인지훈련 프로그램 '두뇌차차'를 개발하였다. '두뇌차차'를 통해 인지건강을 위한 접근방식의 기술적 진보를 제시하였으며, 이를 통해 고령화 사회에서의 건강한 노화와 기능적 독립성을 촉진할 수 있는 중요한 발판을 마련할 것으로 기대된다.

Purpose : A dual-task-based mobile application for cognitive training was developed to prevent and manage cognitive decline. The application seeks to integrate executive and motor skills within everyday social contexts. Methods : A dual-task-based cognitive training application was designed to integrate cognitive training and stimulation based on everyday social situations. The software was developed to enable dual-tasking, with additional hardware for supporting motor functions. This application was built in Unity3D and is compatible with Android devices, ensuring system interoperability. Results : The developed application, named “Cheer Up, Brain Up!,” incorporates a dual-task framework that concurrently activates executive and motor functions. The dual-task module, Brain Twinkle Training, includes tasks targeting working memory, inhibitory control, and problem solving, combined with stationary walking as a motor component. Additionally, the Neighborhood Ramble module simulates real-life social situations through tasks involving household activities, neighborhood navigation, shopping, and public transportation. Conclusion : This study demonstrates the practical potential of individualized interventions and cognitive monitoring in older adults through incorporating scenario-based tasks that mirror real-life contexts

목적 : 개발된 이중과제 인지훈련(두뇌차차 프로그램)과 tDCS의 병행 적용이 지역사회 거주 노인의 인지기능향상에 미치는 효과를 실증적으로 검토하고, 지역사회 내 치매 관리 및 예방의 가능성을 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 : 강원특별자치도 내 경로당을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인 14명을 대상으로 단순 무작위 배정을통하여 실험군 7명, 대조군 7명으로 구성하였으며, 이 중 대조군 1명이 중도 탈락하여 최종 13명이 본실험에 참여하였다. 실험군은 이중과제 인지훈련과 tDCS를 병행하였고, 대조군은 동일한 이중과제 인지훈련만 수행하였다. 중재는 주 1회, 총 8회기로 구성되었으며, 1회기당 30분간 진행되었다. 평가는 전반적 인지기능(CIST, K-MoCA), 전반적 퇴화척도(GDS), 수단적 일상생활활동(K-IADL), 주의력(AQS)의변화를 측정하였다. 통계 분석은 SPSS ver 27.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 실험군에서 인지 선별검사(CIST)와 한국판 몬트리올 인지 평가(K-MoCA)에서 통계적으로 유의미한 인지기능 향상이 나타났으며(p < .05), 전반적 퇴화척도(GDS), 수단적 일상생활활동(K-IADL), 주의력 설문지(AQS)에서는 통계적으로 유의한 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 대조군은 모든 항목에서 통계적으로유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 집단 간 비교에서는 CIST 항목에서 실험군이 대조군보다 유의미하게높은 변화량을 보였다(p < .05). 결론 : 이중과제 인지훈련과 tDCS를 병행한 중재는 지역사회 거주 노인의 인지기능 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 CIST와 K-MOCA에서 유의미한 인지기능 개선이 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 병행중재의 활용 가능성을 보여주는 기초 자료로 해석될 수 있으나, 제한된 표본 수와 중재 기간 등의 연구적 요인을 고려할 때, 해석에는 신중함이 요구된다. 향후에는 장기적 추적과 뇌 영상 기반 평가를 포함한 후속 연구가 필요하다.

Objective : This study examined the effects of combined dual-task cognitive training (Brain-Cha-Cha Program) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Methods : Fourteen older adults aged ≥65 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 7) or a control group (n = 7). One participant in the control group withdrew, resulting in 13 final participants. The experimental group received dual-task cognitive training with tDCS, and the control group received only the same training. The intervention was conducted once weekly for 8 sessions lasting 30 minutes each. Measures included CIST, K-MoCA, GDS, K-IADL, and AQS. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. Results : The experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvement in CIST and K-MoCA scores (p < .05), while no significant changes were observed in GDS, K-IADL, and AQS. The control group showed no significant improvement in any measure. Betweengroup comparison indicated a significant difference in CIST scores favoring the experimental group. Conclusions : The combined intervention may enhance cognitive function in older adults. However, the small sample size and short intervention period may limit generalizability. Further studies with larger samples and neurophysiological assessments are recommended to validate these findings.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 인지기능저하 노인을 선별할 수 있는 이중과제를 활용한 노인인지기능 선별검사를개발하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 2019년 5월부터 8월까지 경기도 및 충청도에 있는 지역사회 기관에서 60세 이상 노인 229명을대상으로 개발된 Y-DuCog(Yonsei Dual Task Cognitive Screening Test)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증과인지기능저하 노인의 분류 기준점을 확인하였다. 결과 : MMSE-K, MoCA-K와 Y-DuCog와의 상관분석을 실시한 결과 Y-DuCog의 이중과제 효과와 이중과제초당 정답 수에서 상관관계를 보였다. 내적 일치도 분석 결과 이중과제 효과와 이중과제 초당 정답 수의Cronbach’s-α 값은 각각 .848(p<.01), .916(p<.01)의 신뢰도를 보였고, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 ICCs가.969∼.996으로 높게 나타났다. 선별기준점은 총 수행시간 DTE에서 31.76초를 기준으로 88.7%의 민감도와 83.5%의 특이도를, 총 이중과제 CRR에서 0.38개를 기준으로 84.5%의 민감도와 76.6%의 특이도를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 Y-DuCog의 신뢰도 및 타당도가 검증되었다. Y-DuCog는 기존 지필 평가의 제한점인 교육수준과 문자에 영향을 받지 않으며 간편하고 빠르게 검사를 시행할 수 있어 노인의 인지기능 평가 및 중재 방법에 대한 효과성 검증 시 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop a Yonsei dual task cognitive screening test (Y-DuCog) for the elderly. Methods : The reliability and validity test of Y-DuCog (Yonsei Dual Task Cognitive Screening Test) was developed by 229 elderly people aged over 60 years from community organizations at Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do from May 2019 to August 2019. In addition, the criteria for classifying elderly with cognitive impairment were presented. Results : The correlation analysis between MMSE-K, MoCA-K and Y-DuCog were a correlation between the DTE and CRR of Y-DuCog. As a result of internal consistency, Cronbach’s-α values of DTE and CRR showed .848 (p<.01) and .916 (p<.01), respectively. The test-retest reliability was high. The screening point showed 88.7% sensitivity and 83.5% specificity at 31.76 seconds in total DTE, and 84.5% sensitivity and 76.6% specificity at 0.38 in total dual-task CRR. Conclusion : This study verified the reliability and validity of Y-DuCog. It was found that the level of education was not a barrier to the undertaking of this test. Furthermore, the test could be performed easily and quickly. It is also expected to be used to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive function assessment and intervention methods in the elderly.

Purpose: This study was to develop and verify the effects of the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training program on cognitive function and depression of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The participants were assigned into two groups: an experimental group receiving an exercise-cognitive combined dual-task (n=20) and a control group receiving a simple-task (n=18). After 8 weeks of intervention (2 days per week), the change in depression and cognitive functions were compared between the groups. Results: General cognitive function (t=-2.81, p=.011), frontal cognitive function (Z=-3.50, p＜.001), attention/working memory function (U=-2.91, p=.004), depression (t=4.96, p＜.001) of the experimental group were significantly increased than those of the control group. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that an exercise-cognitive combined dual-task program for MCI was effective in improving general cognitive function, frontal and executive function, attention/working memory function, and reducing depression.

최근 색상-단어 스트룹 과제를 이용한 연구에서 인지적 통제 과정에 대상-공간-언어 인지양식이 중요한 개인차로 작용하는 것이 보고되었다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 동일한 인지양식이 두 과제들 간 전환 과정에 관여하는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 또한 과제전환 시 과제세트 재구성에 관여하는지, 혹은 과제세트 억제에 관여하는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 대상과제와 언어과제를 포함하는 과제전환 패러다임을 구성하였으며 한국판 대상-공간-언어 인지양식 선호점수를 참가자들로부터 측정하였다. 과제별 전환비용과 인지양식 선호점수의 관계를 확인한 결과, 언어양식을 선호할수록 대상과제에서 언어과제로의 전환비용이 감소되는 반면, 대상양식의 선호는 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 과제세트 재구성의 관점에서 논의하였다.

A recent study employing the color-word Stroop task found that object-spatial-verbal cognitive style is closely associated with individual differences in cognitive control processes. Based on these findings, the current study sought to examine whether the same cognitive style is involved in task switching processes between two tasks. Further, we sought to investigate whether it is involved in task-set reconfiguration or task-set inhibition during switching. In doing so, a task switching paradigm including object and verbal tasks was constructed and cognitive style preference scores of the Korean version of the object-spatial imagery and verbal questionnaire were obtained from the participants. The results of the relationship between the switch cost for each task and preference scores for the cognitive style showed that greater verbal style preference was closely related with the lower verbal switch cost whereas the relationship between object style preference and the switch cost was absent. These results were discussed based on task-set reconfiguration.

초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생과 대학생 131명을 대상으로 인지적 통제의 발달적 변화를 살펴보고, 초등학생, 중학생과 고등학생 96명을 대상으로 인지적 통제와 자기통제를 반영하는 개인적 특성과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 인지적 통제는 Eriksen의 수반자극과제에서 나타난 수반자극간섭효과와 갈등적응효과로 측정하였고, 자기통제를 반영하는 기질차원 중 하나인 의도적 통제, 정서조절과 스마트폰 중독경향성을 자기보고식 척도로 측정하였다. 수반자극간섭효과는 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생과 대학생에서 비슷한 정도로 관찰되었고 연령집단에 따라 차이가 없었다. 이는 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생과 대학생이 과제와 무관한 자극으로부터 비슷한 정도로 간섭을 받음을 의미한다. 마찬가지로 갈등적응효과도 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생과 대학생에서 비슷한 정도로 관찰되었고 연령집단에 따라 차이가 없었다. 이는 과제와 무관한 자극으로 인한 간섭을 하향적 통제과정에 의해서 조절하는 정도가 비슷하며, 이런 경향이 초등학생에서 이미 성인과 비슷한 수준임을 나타낸다. 수반자극간섭효과와 반응시간으로 산출한 갈등적응효과는 자기통제를 반영하는 세 변인 가운데에서 어느 변인과도 관계를 보이지 않았으나, 오반응률로 산출한 갈등적응효과는 스마트폰 중독경향성과 유의한 정적 관계를 보였다.

Developmental changes in cognitive control were examined among 131 children and college students and the relationship between cognitive control and self-regulation was also examined among 96 children. The Eriksen Flanker Task was administered in order to measure cognitive control. Effortful control, emotional regulation, and smart-phone addiction proneness were also measured. The Flanker Interference Effect and Conflict Adaptation Effect were observed in four age groups. The magnitudes of the effects were not different among the age groups. These results suggest that children and college students experience interference from flanker stimuli to the same extent and that they exert top-down control on interference to the same extent. The Flanker Interference Effect and Conflict Adaptation Effect in reaction times were not related to effortful control, emotion regulation and smart-phone addiction proneness. However, the Conflict Adaptation Effect in error rate was positively related to smart-phone addiction proneness.

ADHD 평가에 사용되는 대부분의 검사들은 ADHD 하위 유형을 구분하지 않거나 복합형에 초점을 두고 개발된 것으로 ADHD 하위 유형의 변별에는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 ADHD 하위 유형을 변별하기 위한 검사로 굼뜬 인지적 템포를 포함한 행동평정 척도와 주의 과제를 제안하고, 이들의 진단적 유용성을 확인하고자 하였다. ADHD 집단은 ADHD 복합형과 ADHD 주의력 결핍 우세형으로 분류되었고, 통제집단으로 ADHD의 진단기준을 충족하지 않는 아동들이 선발되었다. 이들의 부모 혹은 교사에게 DSM-IV의 ADHD 진단기준과 굼뜬 인지적 템포를 내용으로 하는 행동평정 척도를 평정하게 했다. 아동들에게는 실행기능 검사와 정향 주의 검사를 실시하였다. 행동평정 척도와 주의 과제를 이용한 판별 분석 결과, ADHD 복합형, ADHD 주의력 결핍 우세형, 정상아동의 세집단을 변별하는 진단 정확율이 93.8%였으며, 교차 타당화 집단에서의 진단 정확율도 86.15%로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점이 논의되었다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic availability of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo(SCT) and attention task in discriminating ADHD subtypes. Children diagnosed as ADHD at a local hospital were recruited. ADHD was divided into two group, ADHD combined type and ADHD inattentive type. And children from a local elementary school who did not meet any of criteria for ADHD were also included in this study as the control group. Their Parents or teachers were asked to rate the behavior rating scale consisting of the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and SCT. The executive inhibition task and the covert orienting task were administerd to children. In Multiple Discrimination analysis, two discriminant function were produced. Function I which differentiate control group and ADHD was characterized by hyperactive/impulsivity. And function II which differentiate combined type and inattentive type was characterized SCT, commission errors, and variable of covert orienting task. Three group demonstrated 93.8% of diagnostic precision rate in behavior rating scale, executive inhibition task & covert orienting task. In cross validation, three group demonstrated 86.15% of diagnostic precision rate in behavior rating scale, executive inhibition task & covert orienting task. This discriminant function effectively and consistently differentiated three group. Finally, clinical implication and limitation of this study were discussed.