Earticle

Functional typological studies such as Givón(1984, 2001) and Kim(2015) show that a certain semantic domain may be under-coded in one language while it may be over-coded in another language; the same semantic domain may be encoded by one grammatical device in one language while encoded by more than one grammatical device in another language. This study compares English and Korean grammatical devices encoding semantic domains in the phases of the event, revealing that the initial phase of the event is over-coded in Korean while the final phase is over-coded in English. It also argues that these two different coding patterns are closely related to the typological characteristics of the two languages: (i) English has the same case marker for Associative and Instrumental cases while Korean has two distinct markers for them; and (ii) English allows an inanimate subject in the prototypical transitive clauses while Korean does not. These two different coding systems reflect the two different cultures’ way of thinking: Koreans tend to focus the participant’s inherent mental and physical capacity while English speaking people tend to focus the participant’s real role and the resultative state of the event

This paper explores the two general properties of Korean codings for English spatial prepositional phrases. The first property is related to the codings into the two Korean postposition markers ‘-ey’ and ‘-eyse’. The choice of the two postposition markers is argued to depend on the container schema of the construction. The second property is related to the codings for English ‘be in’ construction and transitive verbs. The Korean codings for transitive verbs are argued to depend on the type of the transitive verbs: motion vs. non-motion verbs. The motion transitive verbs are shown to need additional codings through verbal elements for English prepositional phrases. This property has something to do with Talmy’s(2000) typological distinction between satellite-framed and verb-framed languages. According to Talmy, Korean is expected to add verbal elements for the coding of English prepositional phrases.

A language codes the arguments in a clause with respect to a verb. In Korean, the relations between a verb and its arguments are marked by case markers or particles. These morphemes transparently indicate grammatical functions in agglutinative languages. However, the nominative case marker does not necessarily indicate a grammatical subject. The concept of a grammatical subject is not always synonymous with that of a nominative case marked noun phrase. And all orders of arguments are acceptable provided the verb is final. This makes the configuration available for coding of an information structure. A grammatical subject, if any, should be defined by syntactic properties, which refer to the involvement of a subject in a grammatical construction. This paper explores some of these properties of a grammatical subject in the honorification, the equi control, the anaphora, the plural copy, the antecedent of zero pronoun, and the subject-to-object raising. These constructions are conditioned by a grammatical subject in one way or another. However, the subject does not always refer to these constructions. In describing these sentences in Korean, this paper proposes that some semantic features such as human and animacy, and relatively transparent case marked semantic functions should be considered, as well as a pragmatic function which is marked by a topic marker and a word order

해외에 진출한 국내기업의 소송 사례가 증가하면서 기업들의 전자증거개시제도의 대응에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 영미법에서 유래된 제도인 전자증거개시제도는 절차 진행과정에서 여러 곳에 산재해 있는 전자적 정보들을 중 제한된 시간 내에 소송과 관련된 전자적 정보들을 찾아 증거자료로 검토하여 제출하는 제도이다. 이는 하루에도 수많은 전자기록이 생산되는 국내기업들의 기록관리가 잘 이루어지지 않고 있는 현실에서 제한된 시간 이내에 증거자료를 추리고 검토하여 제출하는 것은 쉽지 않은 일이다. 검토대상을 줄이고 검토과정을 효율적으로 진행하는 것은 소송에서 승소를 위한 가장 중요한 과제 중 하나이다. Predictive Coding은 전자증거개시 검토 과정에서 사용되는 도구로써 기계학습을 이용하여 기업들이 보유하고 있는 전자적 정보들의 검토를 도와주는 도구이다. Predictive Coding이 기존의 검색도구보다 효율성이 높고 잠재적으로 소송과 관련된 전자적 정보를 추려내는데 강점이 있다고 판단된다. 기업의 효율적인 검색도구의 선택과 지속적인 기록관리를 통해 검토비용의 시간적, 비용적 절감을 꾀할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 기업은 전자증거개시 제도에 대응하기 위해서 시간과 비용적 측면을 고려한 전문적인 Predictive Coding 솔루션의 도입과 기업 기록관리를 통해 가장 효과적인 방법을 모색해야 할 것이다.

As the domestic companies which have made inroads into foreign markets have more lawsuits, these companies' demands for responding to E-Discovery are also increasing. E-Discovery, derived from Anglo-American law, is the system to find electronic evidences related to lawsuits among scattered electronic data within limited time, to review them as evidences, and to submit them. It is not difficult to find, select, review, and submit evidences within limited time given the reality that the domestic companies do not manage their records even though lots of electronic records are produced everyday. To reduce items to be reviewed and proceed the process efficiently is one of the most important tasks to win a lawsuit. The Predictive Coding is a computer assisted review instrument used in reviewing process of E-Discovery, which is to help companies review their own electronic data using mechanical learning. Predictive Coding is more efficient than the previous computer assister review tools and has a merit to select electronic data related to lawsuit. Through companies' selection of efficient computer assisted review instrument and continuous records management, it is expected that time and cost for reviewing will be saved. Therefore, in for companies to respond to E-Discovery, it is required to seek the most effective method through introduction of the professional Predictive Coding solution and Business records management with consideration of time and cost.

JPEG2000은 웨이블릿 기반 정지 영상 압축 표준으로써 앞으로 다양한 분야에서 쓰이게 될 것이다. JPEG2000의 가장 큰 특징 중의 하나는 관심영역(ROI, Region-Of-Interest) 코딩을 제공하는 것이다. 이것은 사용자가 원하는 영역을 다른 영역보다 더 큰 비트율로 압축하여 화질을 좋게 하는 것이다. JPEG2000과 ROI는 다양한 코딩 파라미터를 갖는다 타일 크기, ROI 크기, 웨이블릿 필터, ROI 모양, 위치, 코드블록 크기, ROI 개수, 이산 웨이블릿 변환 분해 레벨, ROI 중요도, 품질레이어의 수, 저해상도 서브밴드 중요성 등이 있는 데, 본 논문에서는 이들 파라미터와 ROI 코딩 방법 간의 어떤 상관관계를 갖는지 실험을 통하여 보이게 된다. 이는 어떤 응용 프로그램에서 ROI 파라미터와 ROI 코딩 방법을 응용에 맞게 선택하도록 도와준다.

JPEG2000, the standard of still image compression based on wavelet, will be widely used. One of the greatest characteristics of JPEG2000 is to offer ROI(Region-Of-Interest) coding. This is to compress with high quality the region that the user wants better than the other region. JPEG2000 and ROI have different parameters, which are tile size and ROI size, wavelet filter type and ROI shape and its location, codeblock size and number of ROI, number of DWT decomposition level and ROI importance, and number of quality layer and low resolution sub-band importance. In this paper, we shows the correlation of the parameters and ROI coding methods through experiments. This helps an application select the parameters and the methods to meet the application.

In general, the Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) extensible markup language (XML) coding is processed automatically by an XML filtering program. In this article, the basic tagging in JATS is explained in terms of coding practice. A text editor that supports UTF-8 encoding is necessary to input JATS XML data that works in every language. Any character representable in Unicode can be used in JATS XML, and commonly available web browsers can be used to view JATS XML files. JATS XML files can refer to document type definitions, extensible stylesheet language files, and cascading style sheets, but they must specify the locations of those files. Tools for validating JATS XML files are available via the web sites of PubMed Central and ScienceCentral. Once these files are uploaded to a web server, they can be accessed from all over the world by anyone with a browser. Encoding an example article in JATS XML may help editors in deciding on the adoption of JATS XML.

Wireless communication chipsets have fixed transmission rate and communication distance. Although there are many kinds of chipsets with throughput and distance purpose, they cannot support various types of wireless applications. This paper provides theoretic research results in order to support various wireless applications requiring different throughput, delayed quality-of-service (QoS), and different communication distances by using a wireless communication chipset with fixed rate and transmission power. As a performance metric, the probability for a data frame that successfully receives at a desired receiver is adopted. Based on this probability, the average number of transmission in order to make a successful frame transmission is derived. Equations are utilized to analyze the performance of a single-hop with channel coding and a dual-hop without error correction matter transmission system. Our results revealed that single-hop transmission assisted by channel coding could extend its communication distance. However, communication range extending effect of the single-hop system was limited. Accordingly, dual-hop transmission is needed to overcome the communication distance limit of a chipset.

최근 국내에서도 secure coding 제도화가 처음으로 마련되었다. 개발보안의 체계적 정착을 위한 중요한 첫걸음이라는 점에서 높이 살만하다고 하겠다. 그럼에도 현 제도의 실행 과정에서 예상되는 이슈가 제기되는 등 향후 보완할 점도 제법 있다. 이런 상황에서 본 연구에서는 생태계 차원의 분석을 시도한다. 즉, 개발 보안 제도를 생태계 차원에서 묘사하고, 이를 토대로 현상적 이슈와 문제점을 분석한다. 이런 문제와 이슈의 극복을 위해 향후 강구되어야할 대안을 몇 가지 제시한다.

The Korea government has recently announced that secure coding is going to be required when building e-government systems. As its initial effort to enhance the security level of e-government applications, it should be highly valued. In its implementation, however, there are some problematic areas or issues that are expected and need to be supplemented. In this regards, we attempt to analyze the Secure Coding Initiatives and derive some problems using an ecosystem approach. Furthermore, a set of institutional suggestions are made in an effort to get over the problems.

In 1997, the US National Science Foundation recognized the need to unite research communities together to solve mutual problems, overcome challenges, future development and practical applications of cryptography and error correction coding. Recent works in this area are connected with turbo codes, which have a special ability to provide error correction characteristics of the information transmission close to theoretically obtained values. Besides, they are used for television (DVB-RCS, DVB-RCT), wireless local networks (WiMAX), software-defined radio systems, mobile (3G, 4G, Inmarsat) and space (CCSDS) communications etc. In this article is presented the crypto coding system based on turbo codes with secret keys used by interleavers. All calculations are performed during data encoding, which reduces the computational complexity of data pre-encryption. The necessary mathematical apparatus was presented, the security level of the communication system was estimated, a simulation of the error correction characteristics was performed, and multimedia information was processed. The working characteristics of the classical and proposed turbo codecs do not differ statistically. The results can be used in communication systems for various functional purposes.

This paper proposes a color image coding algorithm based on shape-adaptive all phase biorthogonal transform (SA-APBT). This algorithm is implemented through four procedures: color space conversion, image segmentation, shape coding, and texture coding. Region-of-interest (ROI) and background area are obtained by image segmentation. Shape coding uses chain code. The texture coding of the ROI is prior to the background area. SA-APBT and uniform quantization are adopted in texture coding. Compared with the color image coding algorithm based on shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) at the same bit rates, experimental results on test color images reveal that the objective quality and subjective effects of the reconstructed images using the proposed algorithm are better, especially at low bit rates. Moreover, the complexity of the proposed algorithm is reduced because of uniform quantization.

The network coding mechanism has attracted much attention because of its advantage of enhanced network throughput which is a desirable characteristic especially in a multi-hop wireless network with limited link capacity such as the device-to-device (D2D) communication network of 5G. COPE proposes to use the XOR-based network coding in the two-hop wireless network topology. For multi-hop wireless networks, the Distributed Coding-Aware Routing (DCAR) mechanism was proposed, in which the coding conditions for two flows intersecting at an intermediate node are defined and the routing metric to improve the coding opportunity by preferring those routes with longer queues is designed. Because the routes with longer queues may increase the delay, DCAR is inefficient in delivering real-time multimedia traffic flows. In this paper, we propose a network coding-aware routing protocol for multi-hop wireless networks that enhances DCAR by considering traffic load distribution and link quality. From this, we can achieve higher network throughput and lower end-to-end delay at the same time for the proper delivery of time-sensitive data flow. The Qualnet-based simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms DCAR in terms of throughput and delay.

Delivery of high quality video over a wide area network with large number of users poses great challenges for the video communication system. To ensure video quality, multiple descriptions have recently attracted various attention as a way of encoding and visual information delivery over wireless network. We propose a new efficient multiple description coding (MDC) technique. Quincunx lattice sub-sampling is used for generating multiple descriptions of an image. In this paper, we propose the application of a directional discrete cosine transform (DCT) to a sub-sampled quincunx lattice to create an MDC representation. On the decoder side, the image is decoded from the received side information. If all the descriptions arrive successfully, the image is reconstructed by combining the descriptions. However, if only one side description is received, decoding is executed using an interpolation process. The experimental results show that such the directional DCT can achieve a better coding gain as well as energy packing efficiency than the conventional DCT with re-alignment.

A simple relay selection scheme is proposed for analog network coding using differential modulation (ANC-DM). We propose a relay selection scheme based solely on the received signal power in which their own information is canceled out at each source node. The proposed power-based relay selection scheme is further applied to analog network coding using double-differential modulation (ANC-DDM), which is suitable for channels with carrier offset. Simulation results show that our proposed simple power-based criterion for relay selection in ANC-DM system has little loss compared to the optimal relay selection scheme using ideal BER.

The paper proposes reliable channel for medical uses via Physical Layer. The purpose is to serve medical data transmission from WBAN through the UMTS. This study is focusing on applying coding theory to carry high reliability and robustness, in order to satisfy various QoS requirements of medical data. The aim is to build Medical Network Channel that transmits WBAN medical data through the UMTS. The design of extra channel coding is considered as concatenated techniques. The method applies adaptive outer code with inner UMTS code. The accomplishment of QoS is investigated with numerical results proven under AWGN and Rayleigh fading.

The central dogma of gene expression propounds that DNA is transcribed to mRNA and finally gets translated into protein. Only 2?3% of the genomic DNA is transcribed to protein-coding mRNA. Interestingly, only a further minuscule part of genomic DNA encodes for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are characteristically more than 200 nucleotides long and can be transcribed from both protein-coding (e.g. H19 and TUG1) as well as noncoding DNA by RNA polymerase II. The lncRNAs do not have open reading frames (with some exceptions), 3`- untranslated regions (3’-UTRs) and necessarily these RNAs lack any translation-termination regions, however, these can be spliced, capped and polyadenylated as mRNA molecules. The flexibility of lncRNAs confers them specific 3Dconformations that eventually enable the lncRNAs to interact with proteins, DNA or other RNA molecules via base pairing or by forming networks. The lncRNAs play a major role in gene regulation, cell differentiation, cancer cell invasion and metastasis and chromatin remodeling. Deregulation of lncRNA is also responsible for numerous diseases in mammals. Various studies have revealed their significance as biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis of cancer. The aim of this review is to overview the salient features, evolution, biogenesis and biological importance of these molecules in the mammalian system.

Herein, a new space-time block coding technique is proposed for a MIMO 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) system to minimize the bit error rate (BER) in Rayleigh fading channels with reduced decoding complexity using ZF and MMSE linear detection techniques. The main objective is to improve the service quality of wireless communication systems and optimize the number of antennas used in base stations and terminals. The idea is to exploit the correlation product technique between both information symbols to transmit per space-time block code and their own orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard sequences to ensure orthogonality between both symbol vectors and create a full-rate orthogonal STBC code. Using 16 quadrature amplitude modulation and the quasi-static Rayleigh channel model in the MATLAB environment, the simulation results show that the proposed space-time block code performs better than the Alamouti code in terms of BER performance in the 2 × 2 MIMO system for both cases of linear decoding ZF and MMSE.

Aiming at the poor compression quality of traditional image compression coding (ICC) algorithm, a multi-description ICC algorithm based on depth learning is put forward in this study. In this study, first an image compression algorithm was designed based on multi-description coding theory. Image compression samples were collected, and the measurement matrix was calculated. Then, it processed the multi-description ICC sample set by using the convolutional self-coding neural system in depth learning. Compressing the wavelet coefficients after coding and synthesizing the multi-description image band sparse matrix obtained the multi-description ICC sequence. Averaging the multi-description image coding data in accordance with the effective single point's position could finally realize the compression coding of multi-description images. According to experimental results, the designed algorithm consumes less time for image compression, and exhibits better image compression quality and better image reconstruction effect.

논문에서 우리는 이산무기억통신로 (Discrete Memoryless Channel)에 대한 갈라거 랜덤 코딩 바운드를 개념적으로 이해하기 어려운 랜덤코딩 방법론을 따르지 않고 순전히 대수부등식들만을 이용함으로써 유도해 낸다. 갈라거 랜덤코딩바운드는 결정영역(Decision Region)을 알수 없는 경우에도 적용될 뿐만아니라 채널코딩정리까지 유도할 수 있는 매우 강력한 바운드로서 정보 및 부호이론 연구에 있어서 매우 중요한 도구이다. 그동안 개념적으로 이해하기 어려웠던 갈라거 랜덤코딩바운드를 대수적으로 차근차근 유도해 봄으로써 다양한 문제에 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 이론적 바탕을 마련해 보고자 한다.

In this letter, we derive the Gallager random coding bound for discrete memoryless channels purely by simple manipulations of algebraic inequalities rather than invoking conceptually difficult random coding arguments. Gallager random coding bound is a very useful tool in information and coding theory due to its applicability to situations in which it is difficult to determine the decision regions and due to the fact that it can be used to derive the channel coding theorem. The readers will find it relatively easy to apply to many practical problems of interest the step-by-step algebraic derivations of the Gallager random coding bound with appropriate modifications.

Co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) has severely restricted the healthy development of pig breeding. Exploring disease resistance of non-coding RNAs in pigs co-infected with PRRSV and HPS is therefore critical to complement and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of disease resistance in Kele piglets and to innovate the use of local pig germplasm resources in China. RNA-seq of lungs from Kele piglets with single-infection of PRRSV or HPS and co-infection of both pathogens was performed. Two hundred and twenty-five differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) and 30 DEmicroRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified and characterized in the PRRSV and HPS co-infection (PRRSV?HPS) group. Compared with the single-infection groups, 146 unique DElncRNAs, 17 unique DEmiRNAs, and 206 target differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the PRRSV?HPS group. The expression patterns of 20 DEmiRNAs and DElncRNAs confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were consistent with those determined by high-throughput sequencing. In the PRRSV?HPS group, the target DEGs were enriched in eight immune Gene Ontology terms relating to two unique DEmiRNAs and 16 DElncRNAs, and the unique target DEGs participated the host immune response to pathogens infection by affecting 15 immune-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment pathways. Notably, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of different groups were constructed, and the ssc-miR-671-5p miRNA was validated as a potential regulatory factor to regulate DTX4 and AEBP1 genes to achieve innate antiviral effects and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by dual-luciferase reporter assays. These results provided insight into further study on the molecular mechanisms of resistance to PRRSV and HPS co-infection in Kele piglets.

Protein-translated mRNA analysis has been extensively used to determine the function of various traits in animals. The non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which was known to be non-functional because it was not encoded as a protein, was re-examined as it was studied to actually function. One of the ncRNAs, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is known to have a function of regulating mRNA expression, and its importance is emerging. Therefore, lncRNAs are currently being used to understand the traits of various animals as well as human diseases. However, studies on lncRNA annotation and its functions are still lacking in most animals except humans and mice. lncRNAs have unique characteristics of lncRNAs and interact with mRNA through various mechanisms. In order to make lncRNA annotations in animals in the future, it is essential to understand the characteristics of lncRNAs and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs function. In addition, this will allow lncRNAs to be used for a wider variety of traits in a wider range of animals, and it is expected that integrated analysis using other biological information will be possible.