Earticle

As a playwright, a director and an actor, Harold Pinter knows well the theatrical technique and its function for the play. The distinctive elements in Pinter’s dramatic techniques are characterized by ‘room image’ and ‘Pinteresque’ where his recurring themes of menace/violence/intrusion, silence/pause/blackout, memory and the (latent) psychological needs, etc. are revealed. He has the literary power to create his plays in various impressions by developing the themes and technique of the previous work and by properly matching his characteristic elements of play. When we read a series of Pinter’s plays we get an impression from the process of Pinter’s writing as if an architect were to build different appearance of houses transformed by slightly changing design of the shape and number of windows, or of doors and the material or color of the house. In the sense of construction, an architect and a playwright do the same job, but architecture is a visual art while a play is synthetic art that includes literary elements as well as music, fine art, and dance to accentuate the dramatic effects. When an architect builds a house he not only draws a design but also selects the materials and colors of a house. In this sense architecture is also a synthetic art. This paper demonstrates that a play and an architectural design have a similar constructional sense, so that it is possible to transform a series of Pinter’s plays into a series of architectural designs of three dimensions. For transforming Pinter’s play into architectural design, eleven Pinter plays that divide into three different periods of his writing. From each of these periods a model house will be designed through a hypothetical correspondence of the observable qualities of Pinter’s plays with a part of an architectural design. From the set of pair items, a series of Pinter’s plays fabricates as a related series of architectural designs. This paper shows one of the significant perspectives to convey Pinter’s visions: to connect the logical development of Pinter’s plays with the transforming related series of architectural designs, there is no absolute rule in our hypothetical. Therefore ‘silence’ could be door, window, or wall. Likewise, ‘menace’ could be roof, door or patio. If we fabricate the impaired sets of plays and designs, we could have another series of houses as much as the “combination” or “permutation” calculates in mathematics. However, the point is to show another approach of Pinter’s plays.

본문은 아래와 같은 문제를 제시하고 분석한 것이다 : 왜 인권을 통해 기후변 화 문제를 해결해야 하는가? 기후변화를 대처하는 인권법 방법과 전통적인 환경 법 방법을 대조했을 때 어떤 것이 더 효과적인가? 기후변화 자체가 인권을 위반 한 것인가? 만약 위반했다면 어떤 분야의 인권인가? 현재의 인권법 시스템 안에 서 기후변화를 방지하고 제한하는 의무가 있는가? 만약 있다면 어떠한 의무인가? 현재의 국제 인권 체제가 기후변화에 적용할 수 있는가? 기후변화에 대처하는 인 권방법은 앞으로 어떠한 발전을 이루겠는가? 본문 제2장 개요에서는 장기간 동안 기후변화를 대처하는 과정에서 인권발언 의 부족함과 그 원인에 대해 서술하였다. 제3장에서는 법률적으로 기후변화의 인 권법 방법, 환경법 방법에 대해 비교분석 하였다. 국제 기후 변화 체제를 형성해 나가는 과정에서 국제 환경법의 방법이 주류적인 위치에 있으며 초기 인권분야 는 큰 관심을 끌지 못했다. 유엔인권최고대표사무소(UN OHCHR) 역시 최근 3년 전에서야 기후변화와 인권의 관계에 주목하기 시작했다. 실제로 얼마 전 인권을 기초로 한 기후변화 관련 소송이 제기되었다. 예로 에스키모 인들의 생명권, 건 강권, 문화권, 생존권을 침해 받았다는 이유로 미국 인권 위원회가 미국을 대상 으로 소송을 제기했다. 물론 기후변화 속에서 인권 변화가 기후변화의 국제 정치 협상에서 실패, 법률 체제 구성이 늦춰지는 객관적인 점을 반영해 주고 있다. 하지만 왜 다른 방법이 아닌 인권법의 방법으로 변화되고 있는 것일까? 다시 말해 인권법의 방법과 전통 적인 환경법 방법을 비교해 보았을 때 어떤 것이 더 효과적인 것일까? 본문에서 는 우리가 반드시 인권의 법률적인 성격에서 분석을 해야 한다는 점을 중시하고 있다. 먼저, 인권체제가 국제 환경 체제보다 더욱더 심오한 법률적 특징을 지니고 있다. 둘째, 국제 환경법의 기초는 상호호혜를 원칙으로 하고 있으며, 기후변 화와 같은 환경문제는 통상적인 전 세계 문제이며, 국가 간의 공동행동에 의존한 다. 하지만 국제 인권법은 국가가 국제의무를 이행할 것을 요구하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 더욱이 자국 내의 국민이 존중, 보호, 인권을 실현할 의무가 있다고 명시 하고 있다. 따라서 주로 국가의 단독행동을 통해 실현을 하게 된다. 셋째, 권리의 구제 체제의 관점으로 봤을 때. 국제환경법의 분쟁 해결 시스템은 매우 취약하고 기반이 약하다. 게다가 국제 인권 체제가 2차 세계대전 후 신속한 발전을 이루면 서, 현재는 이미 유엔 시스템, 역내 인권 조건 시스템, 국제 인권 조약 기구의 조 항에서 여러 분야의 인권 법원 또는 위원회를 구성했다. 이는 기후변화에 다양한 구제 수단을 제공해 주었다. 제4장과 제5장에서는 찬성과 반대 입장으로 현존하 는 국제 인권 체제가 기후변화 문제의 방법과 장애에 적응할 수 있는지에 대해 서술하였다. 첫째, 대량의 국제 인권 문서와 인권 사례를 통해 국제 인권 체제가 일반적인 환경권의 조건에 부합하는지에 대해 분석하였다. 둘째, 의무의 유형과 의무 실행자, 의무의 수혜자 또는 권리 향유자 이 3가지 측면에서 국가가 기후변 화의 의무를 이행해야 하는지에 대해 대답했다. 셋째, 현존하는 국제 인권 체제 가 기후변화의 장애에 적용될 수 있다는 점에 대해 서술했다. 마지막으로 기후변 화의 인권방법과 경로의 발전추세에 대해 전망했다.

The relationship between climate change and human rights is the concerned cutting‐edge theory in recent years. The progress of International climate change negotiations makes slow change after Copenhagen conference. The countries disagree on the measures of greenhouse gas emission mitigation and the adaptation based on national interest, and the urgent need of funds and technology transfer of developing countries has not been implemented. In the time of negotiating a binding upon the climate change treaty stalled almost, through the method based on the rights and international human rights mechanism to cope with climate change become the new path selection. This paper first makes a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages between human rights law method and environmental law methods addressing climate change, analyzes the relationship between climate change and human rights, discusses the conditions and obstacle existing in international human rights mechanism applied to climate change, at last forecasts the development trend of human rights method of the climate change and path selection.

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 남자 멀리뛰기 경기 시 기록수준에 따른 도움닫기와 발 구름 동작의 운동학적 특성을 규명하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 제 39회 전국 소년체전의 초등학교 남자 멀리뛰기 경기에 참여한 선수 중에서 본선에 진출한 7명과 본선에 진출하지 못한 7명을 대상으로 하였다. 멀리뛰기 경기 시 상위 수준 선수(본선에 진출한 선수)와 하위 수준 선수(본선에 진출하지 못한 선수)의 운동학적 특성의 차이를 분석하기 위하여 독립 t-test를 실시하였다. 이때 유의 수준은 .05로 설정하였다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 1) 상위 수준 선수는 하위 수준 선수에 비하여 도움닫기 3보, 2보의 이지 시에 무게 중심의 높이가 높으며, 도움닫기 구간에서 무게 중심의 변화가 크며, 이지 시 무게 중심의 높이도 큰 것으로 나타났다. 2) 상위 수준 선수는 하위 수준 선수에 비하여 발 구름 이지 시 리드하는 다리를 더 높이 들고 상체를 뒤쪽으로 적게 기울이며 신체각도를 수직방향으로 더 가깝게 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 3) 상위 수준 선수는 하위 수준 선수에 비하여 발 구름 이지 시에 무게 중심의 수직속도가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 4) 상위 수준 선수는 하위 수준 선수에 비하여 발 구름 이지 시에 도약각도가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

This study intended to analyze the kinematic factors during the transition from approach to takeoff on each record of men's long jump in elementary school. The data for this study was recorded at the 39th National Junior Sports Festival. We selected 14 subjects and we divided two groups(7 high levels, 7 low levels) for analysis. The results were as follows; 1) the pattern of center of gravity for high level players changed a lots in run up and high in take off phase, 2) the body angle and the trunk angle of the high level players in take off showed lower than these of low level players, 3) vertical velocity of the high level players in take off showed fast than these of low level players, 4) take-off angle of the high level players in take off showed higher than these of low level players.

This paper proposes an efficient educative model for improving the facility layout based on the incremental cost analysis. Most of existing methods for education of layout analysis in the production and operations management courses of university class use naive heuristic to improve the incumbent layout solution. Since the procedures introduced in most literatures to describe the improvement step are not crisp, however, the course instructor has difficulty applying the procedure even to intermediated-size problem. This paper proposes a useful educative model for instructing the layout course with the table based on the incremental cost which requires less computational efforts compared with existing approach using the table based on the total cost at each iteration.

The purpose of this article is to describe the views that students and teachers are interested in the Korean teaching methods. For this purpose we investigated the aspects of appling teaching methods in Korean classroom by means of a survey on the scene of graduate students and teachers. In Korean education, traditional grammar-translation and audio-lingual method which have the teacher-centered and result-centered attitudes are put to practical use widely. And traditional pattern drill and input enhancement are used widely as a teaching technique of Korean classroom. Also the classroom activities are not applied to the face of awareness of the effectiveness and practical application. In conclusion, according to the survey analysis, the teaching methods are not applying variously, teachers’ ability of those falls below the average, and the conditions of applying methods are not prepared widely. These aspects reflect the problems of the linguistic nature of Korean and the curriculum of the institutions which is restricted by time and space. Korean is very complex language for foreign students because of agglutinative morphs, but a lot of linguistic items are treated by the monotonous teaching methods. Consequently, it is necessary to introduce and reconstruct the different teaching methods and yield a synergetic and meaningful result in Korean education. Therefore, we need the theoretical insight into the common language teaching methods, and the ability to apply them eclectically.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors that affect elementary school high jump results using 3D motion analysis. The conclusions of this study suggest three areas where coaches can improve the performance of elementary school athletes: approach, take-off, and bar-clearance. The angle of approach should be a smooth curve and athletes should be taught to lean inside the track as they approach their jump. Further they should be taught to walk with gradually longer strides while maintaining horizontal velocity. The athlete’s impact time at approach should be longer. The athlete’s motion of take-off should become stronger as the bar gets higher. To make efficient use of gravity athletes should put their head and toes down at the point of bar-clearance.

요약 : 최근 들어 우리나라는 청소년수련관을 많이 짓고 있다. 이는 청소년기본법에서 시. 군. 구 단위별 1개소 이상의 청소년수련관을 건립하여야 한다는 조항에 근거하고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 지자체가 소규모의 청소년수련시설의 건립은 소홀히 하고 대규모인 청소년수련관 위주로 건립하다보니 농어촌 등 소도시에 시설의 분포가 낮아 지역적 불평등을 격고 있다. 특히 이들 법령은 일부 중복되거나 상호 모순되는 등 향후 개선해야 할 사항들이 포함되어있다. 무엇보다 청소년시설의 질적 향상 및 양적 증대를 위해서는 현재의 청소년기본법과 각종 청소년관련법이 우선적으로 정비되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 수원시 권선청소년수련관의 공간 및 운영 프로그램 분석을 통해 청소년시설의 활성화 방안을 모색해 보고자 하였다.

Abstract : Recently many youth facilities have been built based on a clause of the youth fundamental law that prescribes each municipal society such as city, county, and city-district should build their youth facilities at least one or more. However, most municipal governments are focused their policy on building a large-scale facilities rather than a small-scale youth facilities, resulting serious regional unbalance of these facilities, especially in small town of agricultural/fishery area. There should be a plan for specialized youth facilities specified in laws to perform youth activities of special purposes. To do this, we need to expand national youth facilities distributed to the provinces in order to develop the national land equally. This study attempt to individualize ways to revitalize youth facility analyzing the Kwonsun Youth Center, focused on it's space and programs.

This paper is a case study on the connection type of buildings and streets around Pukyung and Kyungsung Universities. In modern cities, space exist historically on which buildings are added. Cities are an accumulation of spatial memories requiring appropriate historical interpretation. Pukyung and Kyungsung Universities are one of Busan's busiest areas. This study classifies different types of space that exist in the streets of these areas, investigates the current status of buildings along the streets and identifies their architectural characteristics. This research finds that for facades "2-bay" systems are the most common, for approach "type of cross road" and for entrances "flat" types. Examination of the way people form crowds finds that the largest density of crowd exists near the entrances of buildings and buildings that have 2 sides in contact with streets and that the density is heavier at high.

연구에서는 Q방법론을 적용해 6개 기관의 장애인복지관 종사자 28명을 대상으로 자산기반실천에 대해 어떻게 인식하고 있는지 탐색하였다. 연구결과, 4가지 유형이 확인되었고 이를 각각 제도 중시형(1유형), 조직 중시형(2유형), 개인역량 중시형(3유형), 지역사회 중시형(4유형)으로 명명하였다. 자산접근실천에 대한 인식이 각 유형에 따라 공적영역과 연결, 개인의 역량 강화, 조직문화의 변화, 지역사회 참여기회 제공 등 각각의 실천에 대한 관점은 조금씩 차이가 있으나 장애당사자가 지역사회 시민으로서 살아갈 수 있도록 가족 이외에 다양한 지원그룹들을 발굴하고 연결시킬 필요가 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

In this study, Q methodology was applied to explore how 28 employees of welfare centers for the disabled in 6 institutions perceived their perceptions of asset-based practice. As a result of the study, four types were identified, and they were named institution-oriented type (type 1), organization-oriented type (type 2), individual competency-oriented type (type 3), and community-oriented type (type 4). Perception of asset access practice differs slightly from each type, such as linking with the public sphere, strengthening individual capacity, changing organizational culture, and providing opportunities to participate in the community, but the disabled person as a citizen of the community. It shows that it is necessary to discover and connect various support groups besides family so that they can live.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify effects of the variables of Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model on physical activity. Methods: This study has conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Sixteen articles were searched through electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, Science Direct, RISS, KMBASE, KoreaMed, KISS, DBpia) and additional journals from 2000 to July, 2017. To estimate the effect size (ES), the meta-analysis of the studies was performed by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis programs. Results: The overall effect size of the variables of HAPA on physical activity was median (ES=.28). Of the core variables of HAPA model, action control (ES=.43) showed the largest effect size, followed by coping self-efficacy (ES=.31) and planning (ES=.31).Additional variables were identified as preparatory behavior (ES=.39) and past physical activity (ES=.24). Through the moderator effect analysis, the effect size was higher in the volitional phase than in the motivational phase, and higher in the healthy group than in the patient group. The higher the proportion of males and the lower the age, the larger the effect size. Conclusion: This finding shows empirical evidence that all core variables of the HAPA model are useful for predicting physical activity. We propose the use of the HAPA model to develop physical activity promotion intervention.

Internet Traffic identification is a crucial method for monitoring Internet application activities and is essential for Internet management and security. Internet traffic data typically displays imbalanced distributions. The uneven distribution of instances in each class indicates the class imbalance problem. This problem can cause a decrease in classification performance because the classifier assumes the dataset has a balanced class distribution. Internet Traffic Identification dataset is often accompanied by overlapping and noise. The hybrid approach to handling class imbalances involving data-level and ensemble-based approaches is usually chosen to overcome this problem. Data-level with oversampling using SMOTE is the choice because of its ability to synthesize new samples for minority classes. However, SMOTE-generated samples tend to be noisy and overlap with the majority of samples. This research proposes the application of a Hybrid Approach with Membership-density-based Oversampling to tackle this challenge. This research emphasizes the importance of applying membership degrees in determining samples that will group samples into safe, overlapping, and noisy areas. Then, top samples will be selected based on density ratio, stability, and score for safe and overlapping safe areas. The study findings that the proposed method effectively addresses multi-class imbalances in six Internet Traffic Identification datasets, yielding slightly improved average accuracy, and class balance accuracy results compared to other testing methods, though the difference is not statistically significant. The noise and overlapping scenes experiments demonstrate that the average accuracy obtained is superior, showing a considerable difference compared to all test methods.

Objective To investigate the anatomical characteristics of the biceps femoris short head (BS) and determine the optimal needle placement for BS examination. Methods Twenty-one lower limbs were dissected. The distances from the medial and lateral margins of the biceps femoris long head (BL) tendon to the common fibular nerve (CFN) (M_CFN_VD and L_CFN_VD, respectively) and the distance from the lateral margin of the BL tendon to the lateral margin of the BS (L_BS_HD) were measured 5 cm proximal to the tip of the fibular head (P1), four fingerbreadths proximal to the tip of the fibular head (P2), and at the upper apex of the popliteal fossa (P3). Results The BS was located lateral to the BL tendon. The CFN was located along the medial margin of the BL tendon. The median values were 2.0 (P1), 3.0 (P2), and 0 mm (P3) for M_CFN_VD; and 17.4 (P1), 20.2 (P2), and 21.8 mm (P3) for L_CFN_VD; and 8.1 (P1), 8.8 (P2), and 13.0 mm (P3) for L_BS_VD. Conclusion The lateral approach to the BL tendon was safer than the medial approach for examining the BS. Amore proximal insertion site around the upper apex of the popliteal fossa was more accurate than the distal insertion site. In this study, we propose a safer and more accurate approach for electromyography of the BS.

The suppressive effect of monensin as an ionophore-feed additive on enteric methane (CH4) emission and renewable methanogenesis were evaluated. To clarify the suppressive effect of monensin a respiratory trial with head cage was performed using Holstein-Friesian steers. Steers were offered high concentrate diets (80% concentrate and 20% hay) ad libitum with or without monensin, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) or L-cysteine. Steers that received monensin containing diet had significantly (p < 0.01) lower enteric CH4 emissions as well as those that received GOS containing diet (p < 0.05) compared to steers fed control diets. Thermophilic digesters at 55℃ that received manure from steers fed on monensin diets had a delay in the initial CH4 production. Monensin is a strong inhibitor of enteric methanogenesis, but has a negative impact on biogas energy production at short retention times. Effects of the activity of coprophagous insects on CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from cattle dung pats were assessed in anaerobic in vitro continuous gas quantification system modified to aerobic quantification device. The CH4 emission from dungs with adults of Caccobius jessoensis Harold (dung beetle) and the larvae of the fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) were compared with that from control dung without insect. The cumulative CH4 emission rate from dung with dung insects decreased at 42.2% in dung beetles and 77.8% in fly larvae compared to that from control dung without insects. However, the cumulative N2O emission rate increased 23.4% in dung beetles even though it reduced 88.6% in fly larvae compared to dung without coprophagous insects. It was suggested that the antibacterial efficacy of ionophores supplemented as a growth promoter still continued even in the digested slurry, consequently, possible environmental contamination with the antibiotics might be active to put the negative impact to land ecosystem involved in greenhouse gas mitigation when the digested slurry was applied to the fields as liquid manure.

With anchor positions and measurements of distances between an object and anchors, positioning algorithms calculate the position of an object, e.g. via lateration. Positioning systems require calibration and configuration prior to operation. In the past, approaches employed reference nodes with GPS or other reference location systems to determine anchor positions. In this article, we propose an approach to determine anchor positions without prior knowledge. We evaluate our approach with simulations and real data based on the Decawave DW1000 radio and show that the error is proportional to the mean error of the distance estimation.

This paper presents a fusion approach to sentiment detection that combines multiple sources of evidence to retrieve blogs that contain opinions on a specific topic. Our approach to finding opinionated blogs on topic consists of first applying traditional information retrieval methods to retrieve blogs on a given topic and then boosting the ranks of opinionated blogs based on the opinion scores computed by multiple sentiment detection methods. Our sentiment detection strategy, whose central idea is to rely on a variety of complementary evidences rather than trying to optimize the utilization of a single source of evidence, includes High Frequency module, which identifies opinions based on the frequency of opinion terms (i.e., terms that occur frequently in opinionated documents), Low Frequency module, which makes use of uncommon/rare terms (e.g., “sooo good”) that express strong sentiments, IU Module, which leverages n-grams with IU (I and you) anchor terms (e.g., I believe, You will love), Wilson’s lexicon module, which uses a collection-independent opinion lexicon constructed from Wilson’s subjectivity terms, and Opinion Acronym module, which utilizes a small set of opinion acronyms (e.g., imho). The results of our study show that combining multiple sources of opinion evidence is an effective method for improving opinion detection performance.

A ganglion cyst is a relatively common benign tumor on the wrist. Conservative and surgical approaches have been used for its treatment. Various conservative treatment methods have been suggested such as reassurance, aspiration, sclerosant injection, and direct compression. But, there is no acceptable treatment of choice yet because each suggested method has a relatively high recurrence rate. We want to report two cases in which the size of the wrist ganglion was decreased by using electroacupuncture. One patient presented with a chronic ganglion for six years and the other patient presented with a recently occurred acute ganglion. We applied electroacupuncture for 20 minutes once a week for eight weeks to both of them. Afterwards, the size of the wrist ganglion diminished in the follow-up sonography and the accompanying pain was also relieved. Herein we report both cases along with a review of the relevant literature.

Objective To compare the technical strengths and weaknesses between retrodiscal (RD) and conventional subpedicular (SP) approaches of transforaminal epidural block (TF-EPB). Method Sixty-one patients with L5 radiculopathy who planned to undergo TF-EPB were consecutively enrolled as study subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. For the RD approach, the positioning of the patient and the C-arm were similar to that for lumbar discography. We compared the pattern of dye spreads,the frequency of complications during the procedures, and the eff ect of the pain block 2 weeks after the procedure between the two groups. Results For the RD group (n=24), the contrast dye diff used around the L5 and S1 nerve roots in 16 cases (67%),but it diffused around only the L5 root in 27 cases (73%) in the SP group (n=37) (p<0.05). Two weeks after the procedure, the visual analogue scale (VAS) decreased by the same amount in both groups (RD group: 3.1±1.6, SP group: 3.2±2.6). Symptoms of nerve root irritation occurred in 1 case of the RD group and in 10 cases of the SD group (p<0.05). Conclusion The RD approach was as efficient as the SP approach for temporary diagnostic relief and offered considerable advantages, such as lower nerve root irritation possible lower risk of vascular injection. Thus, it could be a useful technique when a herniated disc segment is stuck or when the foraminal stenosis is severe.