Earticle

최근 아시아 태평양 지역의 항공교통량이 증가하는 가운데 한반도 주변국의 화산분화로인하여 항공로에 많은 영향을 줄 것으로 예상된다. 이에 화산분화로 인한 항공산업의 손실을 줄이기 위하여 국내의 항공현황 및 항공로를 분석하고, 한반도 주변국의 화산분화 시나리오를 기반으로 항공교통에 대한 피해정도를 예측할 필요가 있다. 이를 위한 관련 화산재, 항공정보를 수집하고 처리하는 프레임워크가 필요하다. 항공로와 공항의 폐쇄에 따른 항공교통 피해를 계산하기 위해 GIS geometry analysis기법을 사용하여 항로, waypoints, 공항의 화재 영향 여부를 판별하는 체계를 제시하였다. 화산이 분화하였을 때 타 분야와는 달리 항공에 대한 영향은 바로 집계가 가능한 특징이 있다. 이를 위해 실시간 항공정보의 수집과 저장은 매우 중요한 요소로 화산재대응시스템의 구성이 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

Hazardous volcanic activity will continue to occur in the ring of fire, a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. and, because of rising populations, development pressures, and expanding national and international air traffic over volcanic regions, risks to life and property through exposure to volcano hazards continue to increase. During an eruption, volcanic contamination can reach and exceed the cruising altitudes of turbine-powered aircraft, among others, within minutes and spread over vast geographical areas within a few days. Volcanic ash can affect the operation of aircraft at aerodromes. Volcanic ash deposition at an aerodrome, even in very small amounts, can result in the closure of the aerodrome until all the deposited ash has been removed. In this study, air traffic information framework is presented along with algorithms to define affected routes, waypoints and airports using GIS geometry analysis.

This study explained vertical distributions and growth environments for woody vegetation. It had been degenerated by long-term volcanic activity of Sakurajima; vegetation and thicknesses of tephra layers and forest soils were investigated at 5 sites (250-700 m in altitude) with different altitudes localized at the northwestern-northern flanks of Sakurajima in Kagoshima Prefecture. The results in 2015 were compared with the vertical distribution of woody vegetation in 1963, when the volcanic activity of Sakurajima was relatively moderate. Thus, we investigated temporal changes in the vertical distribution of woody vegetation owing to volcanic activity over about 50 years (1963-2015). We indicated altitude decreased, the number of woody vegetation, number of species, sum of cross-sectional area of tree diameter at breast height, Fisher-Williams’s diversity index , and forest soil thickness increased. However, these values were found to be degenerated when compared to climax forest values, and succession was incomplete. It seems that because the woody vegetation of the flank was affected by volcanic activity for a long time, exposing them to severe growth environments, areas with lower altitudes became distant from the craters of Sakurajima, thereby weakening the effect of volcanic activity in these areas at lower altitudes. a at the same altitudes over about 50 years (1963-2015) decreased by about 31-72%, and the sum of the cross-sectional area in tree diameter at breast heights decreased by about 14-62%. Thus, comparative growth environments for woody vegetation in 2015 were more severe than that of 1963, with respect to tephra layer thickness. In addition, for vegetation succession in the flank of Sakurajima, vegetation restoration should be promoted through the introduction of artificial woody plants covered by symbiotic microorganisms or organic materials.

We selected 6 plots (100 m2) located 2.2-3.8 km from Minamidake Crater on the north flank of Sakurajima Volcano. We conducted a field study to investigate the effects of volcanic activity on vegetation succession and surface erosion rate. The results showed that trees growing in plots further from the crater had a greater diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, and age. In addition, these plots had a greater number of woody plants and species, as well as a greater total cross-sectional area at breast height. The Fisher-Williams index of diversity () and the proportion of evergreen broad-leaved trees were higher in plots located further from the crater. Vegetation succession in these plots was not at the level of a climax forest. From 1972 to 2015, the timing for active volcano, the depth of volcanic ash layer, the dry density, and the pH of ground surface were lower for plots located further from the crater. Furthermore, the average annual sheet erosion from 1972 to 2015 was also lower for plots located further away from the crater. Overall, plots further away from the crater have a better environment for vegetation growth and a lower dry density of the volcanic ash surface layer. It is thought that lower dry density results in increased soil permeability, which impedes surface flow. In order to prevent debris-flow disasters, caused by mud and rock flow resulting from impaired soil penetrability, it is essential to promote soil development and restore penetrability by artificial vegetation restoration.

In this study, the succession and stand dimension attributes related to the disaster prevention function of Pinus thunbergii coastal forests were examined after damage from Diplodia tip blight. In 2015, 101 years after the Taisho eruption, field investigations were performed on the vegetation, soil thickness, and pH of surface soil of P. thunbergii coastal forests in western Sakurajima (Hakamagoshi plot) and Taisho lava flows in southeastern Sakurajima (Seto plot). The Hakamagoshi plot had more woody plant species with larger basal areas than that in the Seto plot. The mean age and height, maximal age and height of plant species, and H/D ratio were all larger in the Hakamagoshi plot than in the Seto plot. These results may be explained by the relatively smaller effect of volcanic ash and gas on forests in the Hakamagoshi plot compared to the Seto plot, resulting in a more suitable environment for many plant species. Although P. thunbergii coastal forests in Sakurajima are currently recovering from damages owing to Diplodia tip blight, there has not yet been a sufficient recovery compared to the results from a 1997 study. Furthermore, the results of assessment based on the H/D ratio and abundance of trees in P. thunbergii forests indicate that both regions are not yet effective in disaster prevention. Thus, it is necessary to establish Pinus trees, which can adjust to harsh environments like coastal areas and are resistant to volcanic ash and gas, to enhance the disaster prevention function of P. thunbergii coastal forests in volcanic regions. It may also be helpful to establish coastal forests with ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi and organic matter coverage. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure the continuous maintenance of stand density and soil quality, and further develop efforts to prevent Diplodia tip blight and promote forest recovery.

이 글은 무협 웹소설 <화산귀환>을 연구대상으로 삼아, 주인공과 등장인물들의 관계 성을 통해 독자의 대리만족 파악하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 통해 무협 웹소설이 상업 적인 성과를 보이는 측면을 대리만족의 측면에서 풀어냈다. 등장인물들의 관계성은 주체 성에 대한 서사적 화두를 제공한다. <화산귀환>의 등장인물들은 모방과 확산을 통해 주 체성을 획득하고 ‘화산파’라는 공동체의 번영을 지향한다. 이런 무협 웹소설 등장인물들 의 관계성이야말로 웹소설을 향유하는 독자들의 대리만족 방향성을 보여주고 있다. 독자 들은 주인공에게 좀 더 몰입하는 성향을 지니고 있다. <화산귀환>의 주인공 ‘청명’은 소 속 문파의 창달과 번영을 지향점으로 삼고 있다. 이는 환생이라는 코드를 활용함으로써 나타나는데 인물들 간의 관계 역시 마찬가지다. 인물들은 주인공과의 관계를 통해 변화 하게 되고 지향하는 방향이 일치하게 된다. 이는 곧 등장인물들의 주체성이 된다. 그리고 이를 지켜보는 독자들 역시 등장인물들에게 몰입하여 등장인물들을 응원하며 대리만 족을 느낀다. 구무협과 달리 무협 웹소설은 매체의 변화에 따라 좀 더 쉽게 읽히기 위하 여‘회빙환’모티프를 활용하였다. 따라서 <화산귀환>을 보는 독자들의 대리만족 방향성은 입체적 등장인물의 관계성과 결부되었고 이는 곧 대중성으로 이어졌다고 할 수 있다. 웹소설 상업성을 확보하는 방법이 등장인물들의 주체성과 독자들의 대리만족에 초점이 맞춰져 있기에 독자들의 대리만족 방향성을 조망하는 것이야말로 미래에 다변화하는 장르 속에서 트렌드를 선도하는 K-서사를 창작하는 데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

This article took the martial arts web novel Return of the Volcano as a research subject, aiming to understand readers' vicarious satisfaction through the relations hips between the protagonist and other characters. It explored the commercial su ccess of martial arts web novels from the perspective of vicarious satisfaction. The relationships between the characters provide a narrative theme about subjectivity. The characters in Return of the Volcano acquire subjectivity through imitation an d diffusion, striving for the prosperity of the community called the "Return to the Volcano". These character relationships in martial arts web novels illustrate the direction of vicarious satisfaction for readers who enjoy such works. Readers tend to immerse themselves more in the protagonist. The main character of Return of the Volcano, Cheongmyeong, aims for the development and prosperity of his sect. This is expressed through the use of the reincarnation motif, which also applies to the relationships between characters. The characters change through their interactions with the protagonist, aligning their goals. This alignment ultimately becomes the subjectivity of the characters. Readers, in turn, become immersed in the characters, rooting for them and experiencing vicarious satisfaction. Unlike traditional martial arts stories, martial arts web novels have adopted the "Hoebinghwan" motif to make them easier to read, adapting to changes in media. Therefore, the direction of readers' vicarious satisfaction when engaging with Return of the Volcano is tied to the relationships between multidimensional characters, which has contributed to its popularity. Since the method of securing the commercial viability of web novels focuses on character subjectivity and reader satisfaction, analyzing the direction of readers' vicarious satisfaction is crucial. This perspective is key to creating K-narratives that lead trends in a diversifying genre in the future.

Temperature in earth does rise according to the depth, with which the heat generates from the earth itself. Magma is produced when continental plate and ocean one meets together under ground. Chunbookyung says that earth generates heat.

Emily Dickinson was regarded as “Vesuvius at Home” by Adrienne Rich because she frequently used the images of formidably destructive power including volcanos, bombs, earthquakes, and madness. Having huge energy, these images were found to be not so easy in elucidating the meaning of that huge power. Some critics considered this energy Emily Dickinson’s inner explosive power and creative desire without any social connection. This horribly destructive power, however, can be interpreted as revolutionary energy even though she did not express her social idea overtly. She presumed huge lava under the ground to negate the real negativity. Active volcanos connoted social unconsciousness desiring social changes strongly.

백두산 폭발에 대한 국민의 우려 증대는 과학적이고 체계적인 화산연구가 부족했던 한국의 여러 분야에서 화산을 연구할 수 있는 환경을 마련해주었다. 화산은 고유의 지질학적 특성에 의거하여 폭발 양상이 달라지므로 모델링 및 일반화하기에 어려운 점이 있다. 또한 화산학자의 수가 매우 적어서 관련된 연구 프로그램 및 해외전문가의 협력이 절대적이다. 이에 V-hub, GVM, VOGRIPA라는 세 곳의 연구 그룹에 대한 기초조사 및 상호관계의 이해를 통한 기술협력 대상을 발굴할 목적으로, 홈페이지 분석, 관련자 방문 및 인터뷰를 수행하였다. 연구의 궁극적 목적은 백두산 연구를 통하여 구축될 화산연구포털을 단순한 벤치마킹이 아닌 차별화 및 기여라는 관점에서 시사점을 도출하고자 하는 것이다. V-hub 는 화산연구자들의 커뮤니티 사이트이자 자료공유의 사이트로, GVM은 내용을 채울 수 있는 연구와 데이터 공유를 위한 표준 마련이 주된 역할이며, VOGRIPA는 화산폭발사건에 대한 데이터베이스화와 정보표출을 목표로 하고 있다. 지도학 및 공간정보차원에서 보면 이들은 분석의 도구로 GVM에서 일부 다루어지고, VOGRIPA에서 화산의 위치를 웹GIS로 표출하는 수준에 국한되어 있다. 화산연구포털이 다음 단계로 발전하기 위하여, 한국이 기여할 수 있는 바와 지도학적으로 발전시킬 수 있는 항목 등을 제시하였다.

Increased concerns of people over the possible explosion of Mt. Baekdu lay ground for the research on volcanoes in diverse academic fields, which suffered lack of volcano-related researches. Researches on volcanoes have difficulties due to the diverse eruption forms depending upon their own geological characteristics. It is quite necessary to cooperate with foreign experts due to the severe shortage of volcano scientists in Korea. We analyzed three websites including V-hub, GVM, and VOGRIPA, and interviewed many volcano experts to find the most relevant scientists to cooperate and lend their expertise to our program. Our ultimate research goal is that upcoming portal site should be different from existing ones and contributing site. V-hub is a community site among the volcano scientists; GVM is mainly for the standardization of data and researches, while VOGRIPA is for the database construction and expression of information. From the cartographical and GIS perspective, GVM site has only limited analytical tools and VOGRIPA has expression tool for the locations of volcanoes areas by web GIS. We suggest several items which Korean academic society may contribute volcano research portal site to advance to the next level in cartography and spatial information science.

The Eunsan gold mine, together with similar nearby prospects, is situated near the centre of the ‘Wusuyeong’ 1:50000 Scale Geological Quadrangle, an area largely underlain by a thick sequence of non-marine Cretaceous strata. The sequence, several kilometres thick, comprises basaltic and andesitic lavas and tuffs, intercalated with fluvial and lacustrine sediments, passing upwards into a further thick volcanic sequence of predominantly dacitic and rhyolitic composition. (omitted)

Dichloromethane liquid droplets containing a cobalt dipyrromethene trimer deposited on a graphite surface were found to form coffee ring, toroid ring, or volcano dot structures due to the redistribution of the solute during solvent evaporation. The shapes and size distributions of the ring structures depended on the drying temperature. The shape differences were attributed to the fact that the solvent evaporation rate controlled the self-assembly process that yielded the coffee stain and pinhole structures.

Augustine volcano is an active stratovolcano located southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. Augustine volcano experienced seven significantly explosive eruptions in 1812, 1883, 1908, 1935, 1963, 1976, and 1986, and a minor eruption in January 2006. To measure ground surface deformation of Augustine volcano, we applied satellite radar interferometry with ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT SAR images acquired from three descending and three ascending satellite tracks. Multiple interferograms are stacked to reduce artifacts due to changes in atmospheric condition and retrieve temporal deformation sequence. For this, we used Least Square (LS) method for reducing atmospheric effects and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method for the retrieval of a temporal deformation sequence. Interferograms before 2006 eruption show about 3 cm/year subsidence by contraction of pyroclastic flow deposits from the 1986 eruption. Interferograms during 2006 eruption do not show significant deformation around volcano crater. Interferograms after 2006 eruption show again a several cm subsidence by compaction and contraction of pyroclastic flow deposits for a few months. This study demonstrates that satellite radar interferometry can monitor deformation of Augustine volcano to help understand the magma plumbing system driving surface deformation.

Baikdu-san was a very active volcano during the Cenozoic era and is believed to be formed in late Cenozoic era. Recently it was also reported that there was a major eruption in or around 1002 A.D. and there are evidences which indicate that it is still an active volcano and a potential volcanic hazard. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor various natural hazards, including volcanic hazards. However, during an active volcanic eruption, volcanic ash can basically cover the sky and often blocks the solar radiation preventing any use of optical sensors. Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an ideal tool to monitor the volcanic activities and lava flows, because the wavelength of the microwave signal is considerably longer that the average volcanic ash particle size. In this study we have utilized several sets of SAR data to evaluate the utility of the space-borne SAR system. The data sets include JERS-1(L-band) SAR, and RADARSAT(C-band) data which included both standard mode and the ScanSAR mode data sets. We also utilized several sets of auxiliary data such as local geological maps and JERS-1 OPS data. The routine preprocessing and image processing steps were applied to these data sets before any attempts of classifying and mapping surface geological features. Although we computed sigma nought ($\sigma$$^{0}$) values far the standard mode RADARSAT data, the utility of sigma nought image was minimal in this study. Application of various types of classification algorithms to identify and map several stages of volcanic flows was not very successful. Although this research is still in progress, the following preliminary conclusions could be made: (1) sigma nought (RADARSAT standard mode data) and DN (JERS-1 SAR and RADARSAT ScanSAR data) have limited usefulness for distinguishing early basalt lava flows from late trachyte flows or later trachyte flows from the old basement granitic rocks around Baikdu-san volcano, (2) surface geological structure features such as several faults and volcanic lava flow channels can easily be identified and mapped, and (3) routine application of unsupervised classification methods cannot be used for mapping any types of surface lava flow patterns.

Recently the development of GIS and spatial information technology is used to construct very detail forest information. In addition, in order to classify forest characteristic, the geographical characteristic information of forest could be very useful for the forest classification, In this study sampling points were arranged to clarify the difference between the orm area and the land forest area. Also, forest feature pattern could be discriminated by using satellite images and SML. This study result should be constructed to efficiency forest management in especially forest area in Jeju Island

Augustine volcano, located along the Aleutian Arc, is one of the most active volcanoes in Alaska and nearby islands, with seven eruptions occurring between 1812 and 2006. This study monitored the surface displacement before and after the most recent 2006 eruption. For analysis, we conducted a time-series analysis on data observed at the permanent GPS(Global Positioning System) observation stations in Augustine Island between 2005 and 2011. According to the surface displacement analysis results based on GPS data, the movement of the surface inflation at the average speed of 2.3 cm/year three months prior to the eruption has been clearly observed, with the post-eruption surface deflation at the speed of 1.6 cm/year. To compare surface displacements measurement by GPS observation, ENVISAT(Environmental satellite) radar satellite data were collected between 2003 and 2010 and processed the SBAS(Small Baseline Subset) method, one of the time-series analysis techniques using multiple InSAR(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) data sets. This result represents 0.97 correlation value between GPS and InSAR time-series surface displacements. This research has been completed precise surface deformation using GPS and time-series InSAR methods for a detection of precursor symptom on Augustine volcano.

This study was carried out to determine the possible use of volcano eruption sand at Merapi mountain area compared with clayey soil, alfisol as turfgrass growing media. Indonesia has abundant source of eruption sand and clayey soil. Native zoysiagrass (Z. matrella) was collected from Sleman district and seashore paspalum (P. vaginatum) from Solo region. The experimental plots were treated with both organic and inorganic fertilizers. Zoysiagrass and seashore paspalum can grow on the mixture of eruption volcano sand and alfisol soil. Fertilizers application increased turf color, surface coverage rate and recovery rate of turfgrass. While fertilizer treated alfisol have no effect on the length and dry weight of zoysiagrass root. Mixing of volcano eruption sand on growing media resulted in longer root length, higher shoot dry weight of zoysiagrass than in alfisol soil. Type of fertilizer affected the pH, soil organic matter, total N, available P, available K and electrical conductivity of sand and alfisol after cultivation. Similarly to zoysiagrass, the recovery of seashore paspalum was increased by application of fertilizer, even the inorganic fertilizer showed faster recovery than organic fertilizer. Surface coverage of seashore paspalum was faster than that of zoysiagrass with or without fertilizer.