Earticle

본 연구에서는 일제강점기라는 언어습득환경에서 소학교 3학년에 재학 중이던 조선인 일 본어세대가 제국일본어로 작성한 ‘소학생일기’ 자료에 나타난 일본어 변이형을 통해 제2언어 습득의 생애주기적 특징을 고찰하였다. 그리고 유사한 속성을 가지고 일본어 마멸의 과정을 겪고 있는 한국인 일본어세대의 담화자료에 쓰인 일본어 변이형과 대조한 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. (a) 존재표현과 가능표현은 마멸기에 비표준어형의 사용이 늘어났고, 존재표현의 방언형은 オル, 가능표현의 표준어형은 デキル에 편중되어 있어 습득해가는 과정에 있었다. (b) 습득기에 비교적 사용빈도가 높았던 아스펙트의 표준어형은 마멸기에 대폭 감소하였다. 부정표현은 습득기에 활용의 혼란이 특징이고, 습득기에 사용되지 않던 방언형이 적지만 잔 존하게 된다. (c) 소학생의 습득기 일본어에 다양한 오류가 존재하지만, 표준어형이 많고 비표준어형, 방 언형이 상대적으로 적다는 점에서 정확한 일본어를 습득해가고 있었던 상태라고 할 수 있다. (d) 습득기 이후 표준어형의 감소, 비표준어형의 증가는 일반적 언어능력의 감퇴로 인한 것 으로 보이는데 여기에는 개인차가 있다. 즉, 습득 초기의 혼용의 모습을 보여주면서 일본어에 가까운 수준으로 가는 단계를 거쳤던 중간언어가 다시 마멸기로 접어들었다고 생각된다.

In this paper, I analyze the characteristics of second language acquisition through Japanese variations found in diary entries written in Imperial Japanese by a Korean–speaking individual who was in the third grade of elementary school during the Japanese colonial period. In addition, I summarize the results of a comparison of Japanese variations used in discourse by Korean –speaking individuals with similar characteristics who underwent Japanese language attrition. The key findings are as follows; (a) During the attrition period, the use of non–standard forms increased in existential and potential expressions. The dialect form of existential expressions was concentrated on ORU, and the standard form of potential expressions was concentrated on DEKIRU, forms that were in the process of being acquired. (b) The standard form of aspect, which was relatively frequently used during acquisition, significantly decreased during attrition. Negations were characterized by conjugation confusion during acquisition, and dialect forms not used during acquisition persisted, albeit in small numbers. (c) Despite various errors in Japanese of the elementary school student during acquisition, their Japanese acquisition can be considered accurate due to the prevalence of standard forms and the relatively low occurrence of non–standard and dialect forms. (d) The decrease in standard forms and the increase in non–standard forms after the acquisition period appear to be linked to a decline in overall language proficiency, although individual differences exist. In essence, the inter–language, which initially displayed mixed usage and progressed to a near–native level, subsequently entered a period of attrition.

본고는 시조에 나타난 ‘異’와 ‘다르다’라는 표현을 중심으로, 시조에서 이질적인 존재 와 현상을 어떻게 인식하고 해석하였는지를 고찰하는 실마리를 마련하는 데 목적이 있 다. 특히 ‘이’와 ‘다르다’의 언어적 변주를 통해, 시조가 세계와 인간을 사유하는 방식을 구체적으로 살펴보는 데 주안점을 두었다. 한자 ‘異’는 시조에서 주로 ‘奇異’, ‘怪異’, ‘異端’ 등의 복합어로 나타나며, 이질적인 현상이나 사물, 사상을 지칭하는 데 활용되었다. ‘괴이’는 이해 불가능한 현실의 사건을 부정적으로, ‘기이’는 자연 풍광의 아름다움을 긍정적으로 표현하며, ‘이단’은 유학 중심 의 가치관에서 벗어난 사상을 비판하는 용어로 사용되었다. 특히 조선 후기 향촌 유생 조황의 시조에서 ‘이단’의 반복적 사용은 그의 유자로서의 입장을 강하게 드러낸 사례로 주목된다. 반면 순우리말 ‘다르다’는 본래 의미인 ‘같지 않음’보다는, 설의법을 통해 ‘같 다’는 역설적 의미로 빈번히 사용되었으며, ‘너와 내가 다르랴’와 같은 관용구를 통해 인 간 존재의 근본적 동일성을 강조하는 양상을 보였다. 또한 시조에서 대붕이나 황옥, 귀 신과 같은 ‘이물’은 단지 비현실적인 요소가 아니라 현실에 대한 풍자와 성찰을 이끌어 내는 상징으로 기능하고 있음을 확인하였다. 결국 시조는 ‘다름’을 통해 ‘같음’을 드러내고, ‘이물’을 통해 인간의 현실을 역설적으 로 조명하는 시적 장치로 작동한다. 이는 시조가 단순한 정서 표출을 넘어 존재와 세계에 대한 하나의 인문학적 사유의 장이었음을 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.

This study examines how sijo, a traditional Korean poetic form, recognizes and interprets heterogeneous beings and phenomena through the expressions “i (異)” and “different (다르다).” Focusing on the linguistic variations of these terms, the paper aims to analyze how sijo articulates ways of thinking about the world and human existence. The Sino-Korean character i (異) appears in sijo primarily as part of compound expressions such as giyi (奇異), goeyi (怪異), and idan (異端), which denote strange phenomena, deviant ideas, or abnormal conditions. Goeyi often describes incomprehensible or negative events, giyi expresses awe at the beauty of natural landscapes, and idan is used to criticize ideologies outside the Neo-Confucian mainstream. The frequent use of idan in the works of Cho Hwang, a late Joseon rural Confucian scholar, notably reflects his strong ideological stance. In contrast, the native Korean word dareuda (“to be different”) frequently appears not to emphasize difference, but—through rhetorical questioning—as a way to underscore sameness, as in the idiomatic phrase “Would you and I be any different?” This usage suggests a tendency in sijo to emphasize essential human commonality. Furthermore, elements such as the daepung (giant mythical bird), hwangok (jade talisman), and ghosts (gwi) are not mere fantastical motifs but serve as symbolic devices that offer insight and critique of human reality. Ultimately, sijo r eveals “ sameness” through “difference” and sheds l ight o n reality through the presence of the unreal. This illustrates that sijo was not only a medium of emotional expression but also a space for humanistic reflection on existence and the world.

본 연구에서는 일제강점기의 특수한 언어습득환경에서 중등교육의 경험을 가진 조선인 일 본어세대가 제국일본어로 작성한 일기자료를 대상으로 거기에 나타난 일본어 변이를 예시하 면서 제2언어습득기의 특징을 고찰하였다. 그리고 그와 동일한 속성을 가지고 일본어 마멸의 과정을 겪고 있는 한국인 일본어 세대의 담화자료에 쓰인 일본어 변이와 대조하여 분석한 결 과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. (a) 중등교육 그룹의 일본어 세대에게 존재동사･가능동사･아스펙트･부정사의 표준어형은 마멸기보다 습득기에 더 높은 수준으로 사용되었다. (b) 방언형･비표준어형은 습득기에도 보이지만, 마멸기가 길어짐에 따라 서서히 증가해 왔 다. 이것은 습득의 실패와 더불어 습득 후의 퇴행도 크게 반영된 결과라고 할 수 있다. (c) 구체적인 언어형식에서 존재표현과 아스펙트에서는 ‘재구조화’라는 학습자 전략, 부정 표현의 쇠퇴에서는 제2언어마멸의 일반적인 ‘단순화’ 과정, 가능표현에서는 ‘전이’ 요 소가 작용했다고 할 수 있다. 다만, 여기에는 ‘개인차’가 있을 수 있다. 앞으로 해당 그룹의 대상 자료를 지속적으로 확대 수집하여 분석하고, 초등교육 수준의 접 촉도를 가진 일본어 세대와 비교해갈 필요가 있다.

In this study, I have collected diary entries written in Imperial Japanese by a cohort of Japanese individuals who belonged to the generation that experienced secondary education during the Japanese colonial period. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of the language acquisition phase by using these texts as illustrative examples. Furthermore, I conducted an analysis by comparing the findings with discourse data from the Japanese contemporary generation, which shares similar characteristics and is currently undergoing the process of Japanese language attrition. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) In the secondary school generation of Japanese speakers, standard forms of existences, potential expressions, aspectual expressions, and negations were used more frequently during the acquisition phase than during the attrition phase. (2) Dialectal forms and non-standard expressions were also present during the acquisition phase, but their frequency gradually increased as the duration of the attrition phase increased. This phenomenon can be interpreted as indicating not only failures in language acquisition, but also regression after the acquisition process. (3) In terms of specific linguistic forms, evidence of the learner's restructuring strategy can be seen in the use of existences and aspectual expressions, while a general simplification process associated with second language attrition can be observed in the reduction of negations. Additionally, transfer factors are influential in the use of potential expressions. Nevertheless, there may be individual differences. For future research, it is crucial to expand the diary data set and to continue with comparative analyses of Japanese generational groups who have undergone elementary education.

한국의 대표적인 민요인 아리랑이 가지는 다양한 지역적 변주와 깊은 문화적 의미는 세계 여러 현대 작곡가들에게 영감을 주고 있다. 본고는 존 반스 찬스(John Barnes Chance), 앨런 호바네스(Alan Hovhaness), 크시슈토프 펜데레츠키(Krzysztof Penderecki), 모세 베르트란(Moisès Bertran), 에드워드(테 디) 니더마이어(Edward (Teddy) Niedermaier) 등 다섯 명의 서양 작곡가들이 자신들의 작품에 <아리랑>을 어떻게 활용했는지를 분석하였다. 찬스와 베르트란은 <아리랑>의 선율을 작품에 직접적으로 녹여낸 반면, 호바네스와 펜데레츠키는 <아리랑>의 음정, 모티프, 부분적 재현과 같은 추상적 요소를 활용하였다. 니더마 이어는 북한의 <아리랑> 변주에서 영감을 받아 원곡의 선율을 직접 인용하는 것과 동시에 이를 해체하여 새로운 음악적 요소와 개념을 결합하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해 한국의 음악 유산과 서양 클래식 음악 간의 상호문화적 교류를 조명할 수 있었다. 또한, 이는 아리랑이 가진 민요로서의 유연성과 주제가 문화적 지리 적 경계를 넘어서는 공감대를 형성함을 보여준다.

The Korean folksong Arirang, with its numerous regional variations and profound cultural significance, has inspired contemporary composers around the world. This paper examines how five Western composers John Barnes Chance, Alan Hovhaness, Krzysztof Penderecki, Moisès Bertran, and Edward (Teddy) Niedermaier have incorporated Arirang into their works. While some, like Chance and Bertran, weave the song's melody directly into their compositions, along with personal items and developments, others, such as Hovhaness and Penderecki, draw on more abstract elements, working with its intervals, motifs, and fragmented recollections. In contrast, Niedermaier merges direct quotations with deconstructed material and concepts inspired by various versions of Arirang, including North Korean variants. By tracing Arirang's presence in these compositions, this paper offers insights into the intercultural exchange between Korean musical heritage and Western classical music. It also underscores the versatility of Arirang as a folksong, demonstrating how its themes resonate across cultural and geographic boundaries.

Purpose: While digital transformation has become a necessary trend for hospitals, it imposes technostress(TS) on nurses working on the healthcare front lines. According to previous research, it increasesconflict between nurses and patients, but the mechanism and age difference are ignored. Methods: A total of 672 nurses were recruited from five hospitals in Liaoning Province, China. Networkanalysis was adopted to analyze the network characteristics among TS, job burnout (BO), and workengagement (WE), as well as to compare gender differences. Results: The expected influence of techno-induced invasion of privacy was highest for nurses agedbelow the age of 40 (±1.15), while techno-induced role ambiguity was more significant for those agedabove 40 years (±0.98). The betweenness of BO was highest (emotional exhaustion = 1.34 andcynicism = 1.77). For nurses aged below 40, the betweenness of cynicism was higher (2.06) than that ofolder nurses, and it had a negative association with dedication (W = ?? .08). Conversely, for older nurses,the betweenness of cynicism was higher (1.27) compared to nurses below 40 and was negativelyassociated with absorption (W = ?? .06). Conclusion: (1) Younger nurses suffer more from invasion of privacy, while older nurses are moreconcerned about role ambiguity. (2) Technostress is positively and directly associated with BO and hasan indirect negative relationship with WE through BO. (3) Controlling cynicism is more important foryounger nurses, while emotional exhaustion is more important for older nurses. This research helps inunderstanding the complex interrelationships and helps hospital administrators to better addressnurses' stress and adapt targeted strategies during digital transformation.

Objective To compare the voice onset time (VOT) differences of Korean stops in the initial and intervocalic positions between the aphasic patients with peculiarities of aspiration and a control group. Method We examined 15 aphasic patients (nine males, six females) who had suffered a stroke (average age 49.7years) and 15 healthy controls (average age 47.4 years). An aphasia examination was made by an aphasia battery of three standard tests and VOT was analyzed instrumentally. Stop consonants in the initial and intervocalic position were measured to categorize them according to aphasia types, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. Results VOT of the aphasic patients with peculiarities of aspiration had a greater difference than that of the controls, indicating that the temporal non-coordination between the laryngeal adjustment and oral articulators of aphasic patients happens due to the VOT of stops in the initial and intervocalic positions (p<0.05). Conclusion VOT of stop consonants in the initial position produced by aphasic patients tends to be proportional to their breathing. It can cause glottal width and make aphasic patients’ VOT duration longer. Lastly, the method to measure the VOT of aphasic patients is more significant for the types of phonation than for the places of articulation, and makes it possible to induce abnormal VOT.

Objective To determine effects of copy number variations (CNV) on developmental aspects of children suspected of having delayed development. Methods A retrospective chart review was done for 65 children who underwent array-comparative genomic hybridization after visiting physical medicine & rehabilitation department of outpatient clinic with delayed development as chief complaints. Children were evaluated with Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II), Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), or Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to determine statistical differences of developmental quotient (DQ), receptive language quotient (RLQ), and expressive language quotient (ELQ) between children with CNV (CNV(+) group, n=16) and children without CNV (CNV(?) group, n=37).Results Of these subjects, the average age was 35.1 months (mean age, 35.1±24.2 months). Sixteen (30.2%) patients had copy number variations. In the CNV(+) group, 14 children underwent DDST-II. In the CNV(?) group, 29 children underwent DDST-II. Among variables, gross motor scale was significantly (p=0.038) lower in the CNV(+) group compared with the CNV(?) group. In the CNV(+) group, 5 children underwent either SELSI or PRES. In the CNV(?) group, 27 children underwent above language assessment examination. Both RLQ and ELQ were similar between the two groups. Conclusion The gross motor domain in DQ was significantly lower in children with CNV compared to that in children without CNV. This result suggests that additional genetic factors contribute to this variability. Active detection of genomic imbalance could play a vital role when prominent gross motor delay is presented in children with delayed development.

Despite the growing interest in using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for drone control, several challenges remain to be addressed, including issues with generalization across task variations and agent training (which requires significant computational power and time). When the agent’s input changes owing to the drone’s sensors or mission variations, significant retraining overhead is required to handle the changes in the input data pattern and the neural network architecture to accommodate the input data. These difficulties severely limit their applicability in dynamic real-world environments. In this paper, we propose an efficient DRL method that leverages the knowledge of the source agent to accelerate the training of the target agent under task variations. The proposed method consists of three phases: collecting training data for the target agent using the source agent, supervised pre-training of the target agent, and DRL-based fine-tuning. Experimental validation demonstrated a remarkable reduction in the training time (up to 94.29%), suggesting a potential avenue for the successful and efficient application of DRL in drone control.

The anatomical properties of unproductive oil palm stems (OPS) and their correlation with density were studied from the core to the bark at the bottom, middle, and top sections for effective utilization. Observations of anatomical features were performed with optical and scanning electron microscopy, while density measurements were conducted with an electronic densimeter (MH-330A; Omena, China). The number of vascular bundles (VBN) increased from core to bark and decreased from top to bottom. The fiber bundle area (FBA) increased from core to bark and from top to bottom. Fiber length (FL), width (FW), and wall thickness (FWT) decreased from the bottom to the top, whereas the fiber lumen diameter (FLD) increased. FL across all sections showed a decreasing trend from core to bark. Radial variations in FW, FLD, and FWT differed across sections. The fiber derivative values in the inner part of the middle section were comparable to those in the top section, predominantly showing third-grade pulp quality. In contrast, the bottom section exhibited the characteristics similar to the outer part of the middle section, where fibers were largely classified as fourth-grade pulp. Density was found to have a positive correlation with VBN, while FBA, FL, and FW exhibited a negative, though statistically insignificant, relationship with oven-dry density. No correlation was observed between FWT, FLD, and OPS density.To conclude, distinct variations in quantitative anatomical characteristics were observed within the OPS, suggesting that fiber properties can serve as indicators of stem quality. In general, fiber quality declined from the top to the bottom sections and from the core outward.

While Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s famous poem “Kubla Khan” stands as an important work within the literary critical context and aesthetic mythology of Romanticism, remaining relevant through its influences on modern and contemporary poets worldwide, it also occupies a special place within the field of dream studies. Coleridge’s dream poem, along with Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” and Delmore Schwartz’ “In Dreams Begin Responsibilities” may be considered one of the seminal works of dream literature, a subgenre comprised by works of literary art which have their origins in, or are otherwise stylistically, formally or thematically derived from dreams. This paper explores the ways in which Coleridge’s poem―a work from the early Romantic period―serves as a bridge to modern poetry and a useful pedagogical tool in the contemporary poetry classroom. Arguably the most preeminent dream poem of all time, Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” not only allows students and teachers to enhance their understanding of the literary quality of “dreamlike-ness,” but also provides valuable instruction in the fundamentals of poetic composition, such as rhyme, meter, musicality, imagery and evocative juxtaposition while encouraging students to enjoy and engage through active improvisation and collaboration in the composition of their own original verse.

본 연구는 유기물과 질소의 동시 제거가 가능한 하나의 외부저항을 갖는 dual-cathode MFC를 이용하여 초기 유기물 과 질소 농도에 따른 제거효율과 전기화학적 특성을 분석하여 적정 C/N비를 산정하는 방법 제시에 그 목적이 있다. 암모 니아는 초기 COD농도에 관계없이 일정하게 제거되지만 질산염은 COD농도에 기인한 C/N비가 감소함에 따라 제거량이 감소하였다. 그리고 초기 COD농도가 증가함에 따라 쿨롱효율은 감소하였다. 반응으로 제거된 기질농도를 기준으로 한 C/N비는 3.36~7.57로 유입수 농도로 계산된 C/N비 1.8~8.5보다 작은 범위로 나타났으나 제거된 COD의 농도에 쿨롱효 율을 고려하여 계산된 순 C/N비는 3.16으로 비교적 일정하게 나타났다. 순 C/N비는 화학양론식으로 산정된 2.86 g NO3 - -N/g COD와 비슷한 수준으로 환원전극에 전달된 전자는 대부분이 탈질에 이용됨을 확인하였다. MFC에서 유기물의 산 화로 발생하는 전자는 탈질이 일어나는 환원전극보다 산화전극에서 더 큰 손실이 나타나므로 탈질을 위한 COD 요구량 은 순 C/N비에 쿨롱효율을 고려해야만 산정할 수 있다.

The objective of this study was to suggest a method of determining the appropriate C/N ratio in a dual-cathode MFC that allowed to remove nitrogen and organics simultaneously with a single external resistance. The electrochemical characteristics and removal performances of MFC was analyzed based on the initial dose of organic matter and nitrogen. While ammonia was consistently removed regardless of the initial COD concentration, the amount of nitrate removal decreased as the C/N ratio decrease. Also, the coulombic efficiency (CE) decreased as the initial COD concentration increased. The C/N ratios based on the influent substrate concentration was revealed of 1.8~8.5 that had wider range than that of 3.36~7.57 which was calculated from substrate concentration removed during the reaction. The calculated C/N ratio considering the CE was a relatively consistent 3.16. The net C/N ratio was similar to the stoichiometric value of 2.86 g NO3- N/g COD, showing that the electrons transferred to the cathode were mostly used for denitrification. Electrons produced from the oxidation of organic matter for denitrification in the MFC exhibited greater loss at the anode compared to the cathode. Consequently, the amount of COD required for denitrification can be determined by considering the CE to the net C/N ratio.

Zelkova serrata is an important hardwood species for the timber industry in Japan. Tree breeding programs for this species have mainly focused on growth characteristics such as stem diameter (D), tree height (TH), stem form, and branching. In order to fulfill timber industry needs, wood quality improvement should be included in the tree breeding program of this species. In the present study, growth characteristics, such as D and TH, and the stress- wave velocity (SWV), which is highly correlated with Young’s modulus of wood, were measured for 20-year-old Z. serrata from eight half-sib families planted in a progeny test site with three different initial spacings. Significant differences in all the measured characteristics were found among the eight half-sib families. The variance components of the half-sib families for D, TH, and SWV were 27.2%, 47.3%, and 33.5%, respectively. These results indicate that all the measured characteristics of this species could be improved by tree breeding programs. In addition, only low correlation coefficients were obtained between the growth characteristics and SWV, indicating that extensive selection on SWV in tree breeding programs may not always lead to a reduction in yield volume.

Climate change which occuring the recent abrupt fluctuations in meteorological and climatological elements is bound, brings about more significant impacts and changes in human life One of the most important problems due to the impacts of climate change tends to have been decreased the food production, which is expected to make crop resources more and more important. Accordingly, agricultural meteorology should also become more important. In this study, the correlation between meteorological elements and root and tuber crops (potatoes and sweet potatoes), which are emergency crops, and meteorological elements were analyzed, and the impacts of climate changes on the production of such crops were examined. This study concludes that agriculture and food resources are important, and suggests that we should prepare for changes in crops, the weaponization of food, and the lack of water resources in the future. The meteorological element and crops element correlation analysis results. Sweet potatoes, which are negatively influenced by climate change, need breeding improvement and cultivation method development, and potatoes, which are positively influenced by climate change, require preparations for climate changes that exceed the climatic limit. The variations of agricultural production contributed to changes in crop production. Therefore, the importance of agricultural meteorology and the food crop industry should be fully recognized to prepare for climate change.

This study investigates the relationship between language learning strategy (LLS) preferences and AI writing tool use among 147 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners at a South Korean university. Participants were divided into two groups based on their preferred language learning strategies, as determined by the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL): memory/compensation strategies (Group 1) and metacognitive strategies (Group 2). The SILL survey was followed up with assessments on the participants’ use of AI writing tools and their reflections on how these tools were used in the writing process. Results revealed some minor correlations between specific strategy types and functions in AI writing tools— including preferences which suggest that metacognitive strategy users use AI writing tools for the development of ideas and structuring the writing process—but were limited due to individual learner variables which had not been measured. The findings provide directions for the consideration of language learning strategies when designing AI writing tools to create personalized and effective learning experiences.

An evaluation was carried out on variability in morphology of fruits and seeds (number and weight) of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. and Thonn.) Taub. from different populations across its distribution range in Nigeria. Bulk fruit samples were collected and examined for variations in morphological characters. Differences in morphological character of fruits and seeds among the populations were determined using analysis of variance at 5% level of probability. The relationships among morphological characters were determined using Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Significant variations (p＜0.05) existed among T. tetraptera populations for all the evaluated characters: fruit length, fruit width, number of seeds per fruit and seed weight. A positive significant strong correlation (r=0.96) was found between seed weight and number of seeds per fruit, while no correlation existed between fruit length, width and number of seeds. Seed weight was positively correlated with minimum altitude (r=0.97) and maximum altitude (r=0.99) of seed populations. Number of seeds was also significantly correlated with maximum altitude (r=0.965). There was no significant correlation between geo-climatic variables and fruit dimensions (length and width). Observed variations in morphological traits within and across populations of T. tetraptera may be used as proxy to estimate genetic diversity and selection of superior trees for improved productivity.