Earticle

최근 몇 년간 가상현실(VR, Virtual Reality) 기술의 등장은 안전교육의 새로운 모델을 제공하여 사용자로 하여 금 가상 안전교육 환경에서 재난에 대한 지식습득 및 대응을 가능하게 한다. 그러나 현재 국내외의 연구개발과 관련된 관련 VR 제품은 비교적 간단하고, 특정 사고에 대한 실질적인 교육 방안이 없으며, 안전교육에서 충분히 역할을 할 수 있을 만큼 실용성적이지 않다. 본 논문에서는 재난의 유형 중 자동차 사고를 예시로, 자동차 안전교육 분야에서 적용 된 VR 기술의 문제점과 단점을 고찰하고, VR 기술을 기반으로 한 자동차 안전교육의 시스템 프레임워크를 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 자동차 안전교육 시스템은 이용자가 운전 안전의식을 향상시키고, 운전 시 안전지식을 습득하 며, 자동차 안전교육에 매우 중요한 운전 안전기술을 습득하는 데 도움이 될 것이라 사료된다. 또한, VR 기술을 기반으 로 한 안전교육의 설계와 제작방식은 VR 기술과 통합하여 관련 교재 제품을 개발하고 최종적으로 교육을 도입한다면 현대 교육·교학 이론의 적용에 중요한 참고적 의미를 갖으리라 사료된다.

In recent years, the emergence of virtual reality (VR Virtual Reality) technology has provided a new model of safety education, enabling users to learn and respond to disasters in a virtual safety education environment. However, the related VR products related to domestic and foreign R & D are relatively simple, there is no practical training on specific accident, and it is not practical enough to play a sufficient role in safety education. In this paper, the problems and disadvantages of VR technology applied in the field of automobile safety education as an example of automobile accident among the types of disasters are examined, and a system framework of automotive safety education based on VR technology is proposed. The vehicle safety education system proposed in this paper will help users to improve driving safety consciousness, to acquire safety knowledge in driving, and to acquire driving safety skill which is very important for automobile safety education. In addition, the design and production methods of safety education based on VR technology are considered to have important reference implications for the application of modern teaching and teaching theory by integrating with VR technology and developing related teaching materials products and finally introducing education.

Thanks to the roll-out of smart meters, availability of fine-grained electricity usage data has rapidly grown. Such data has enabled utility companies to perform robust and efficient grid operations. However, at the same time, privacy concerns associated with sharing and disclosure of such data have been raised. In this paper, we first demonstrate the feasibility of estimating privacy-sensitive household attributes based solely on the energy usage data of residential customers. We then discuss a framework to measure privacy gain and evaluate the effectiveness of customer-centric privacy-protection schemes, namely redaction of data irrelevant to services and addition of bounded artificial noise.

의료 영상 진단에서 전산화단층촬영(CT)은 빠르고 정밀한 영상 제공으로 진단 정확도를 높이는 핵심 도구로 활용되고 있으며, 조영제는 CT 영상의 대조도 향상을 위해 널리 사용된다. 그러나 조영제 사용 증가는 신장 손상 및 알레르기 반응 등의 부작용 위험을 수반하므로, 영상 품질을 유지하면서 조영제 사용을 최소화하려는 노력이 필요하다. 본 연구는 조영제와 생리식염수의 다양한 희석비(0 : 10 ~ 10 : 0)에 따른 CT 값(HU), 노이즈, SNR를 정량적으로 분석하여, 최적의 조영제 희석비를 도출하고자 하였다. 128채널 MDCT를 이용하여 100 kVp와 120 kVp의 두 관전압 조건에서 실험을 수행하였으며, 조영제는 저삼투압성 비이온성 요오드 조영제(VISPAQUE 320 mgI/mL)를 사용하였 다. 분석 결과, 조영제 농도가 증가할수록 CT 값과 SNR은 선형적으로 상승하였으나, 5 : 5 ~ 6 : 4 희석비 구간에서 SNR이 급격히 향상되고 이후에는 포화 양상을 보였다. 특히 고농도 구간에서는 영상 품질의 추가적 향상 없이 조영제 사용량만 증가하는 비효율성이 나타났다. 또한 100 kVp 조건에서도 충분한 영상 대조도가 확보되어, 저체중 또는 소아 환자에 적합한 검사 조건임을 확인하였다. 따라서, CT 영상 품질과 환자 안전성을 동시에 고려할 때, 조영제와 생리식염수의 5 : 5 ~ 6 : 4 희석비는 진단적 유효성과 효율성 측면에서 최적의 균형을 제공함을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 조영제 사용 표준화 및 환자 맞춤형 검사 전략 수립에 기초 자료를 제공하며, 조영제 유발 부작용 최소화 및 의료 자원 효율화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In medical imaging diagnostics, computed tomography (CT) is a key modality that enhances diagnostic accuracy by providing fast and high-resolution images. Contrast agents are widely used to improve image contrast in CT; however, increased usage raises concerns about adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and allergic reactions. Therefore, strategies to maintain image quality while minimizing contrast agent dosage are essential. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze changes in CT attenuation values (HU), noise, and SNR across various dilution ratios (0 : 10 to 10 : 0) of contrast agent and normal saline, in order to determine the optimal dilution ratio. Experiments were performed using a 128-channel MDCT scanner under two tube voltage conditions (100 kVp and 120 kVp), employing a low-osmolar, non-ionic iodinated contrast agent (VISPAQUE 320 mgI/mL). The results showed a linear increase in CT values and SNR with higher contrast concentrations. A notable improvement in SNR was observed between the 5:5 and 6:4 dilution ratios, after which SNR plateaued despite increasing contrast concentration. This indicates diminishing returns in image quality with excessive contrast usage. Additionally, sufficient image contrast was achieved even at 100 kVp, suggesting its suitability for pediatric or underweight patients. In conclusion, a dilution ratio of 5:5 to 6:4 provides an optimal balance between diagnostic image quality and contrast agent efficiency, ensuring patient safety. This study provides foundational data for the standardized use of diluted contrast agents and supports patient-specific imaging protocols, contributing to reduced adverse effects and efficient resource utilization in clinical settings.

The research conducted here focuses on the effect of factors that affect the behavior of UCC (User Created Content) website users, other than user’s rational recognition of how useful a UCC website can be. Most discussions in the existing literature on information systems have focused on users’ evaluation how a UCC website can help to attain the users’ own goals. However, there are other factors and this research pays attention to an individual’s ‘personality,’ which is stable and biological in nature. Specifically, I have noted here that ‘extroversion’ and ‘neuroticism,’ the two common personality factors presented in Eysenck’s most representative ‘EPQ Model’ and ‘Big Five Model,’ are the two personality factors that affect a site’s ‘usefulness,’ by this I mean how useful does the user consider the website and its content. How useful a site is considered by the user is the other factor that has been regarded as the antecedent factor that influences the adoption of information systems in the existing MIS (Management Information System) research. Secondly, as using or creating a UCC website does not guarantee the user’s or the creator’s extrinsic motivation, unlike when using the information system within an organization, there is a greater likelihood that the increase in user’s activities in relation to a UCC website is motivated by emotional factors rather than rational factors. Thus, I have decided to include the relationship between an individual’s personality and what they find pleasurable in the research model. Thirdly, when based on the S-O-R Paradigm of Mehrabian and Russell, the two cognitive factors and emotional factors are finally affected by stimulus, and thus these factors ultimately have an effect on an individual’s respondent behavior. Therefore, this research has presented an assumption that the recognition of how useful the site and content is and what emotional pleasure it provides will finally affect the behavior of the UCC website users. Finally, the relationship between the recognition of how useful a site is and how pleasurable it is to useand UCC usage may differ depending on certain situational conditions. In other words, the relationship between the three factors may vary according to how much users are involved in the creation of the website content. Creation thus emerges as the keyword of UCC. I analyzed the above relationships through the moderating variable of the user’s involvement in the creation of the site. The research result shows the following: When it comes to the relationship between an individual’s personality and what they find pleasurable it isextroverted users who have a greater likelihood to feel pleasure when using a UCC website, as was expected in this research. This in turn leads to a more active usage of the UCC web site because a person who is an extrovert likes to spend time on activities with other people, is sensitive to new experiences and stimuli and thus actively responds to these. An extroverted person accepts new UCC activities as part of his/her social life, rather than getting away from this new UCC environment. This is represented by the term ‘Foxonomy’ where the users meet a variety of users from all over the world and contact new types of content created by these users. However, neuroticism creates the opposite situation to that created by extroversion. The representative symptoms of neuroticism are instability, stress, and tension. These dispositions are more closely related to stress caused by a new environment rather than this creatingcuriosity or pleasure. Thus, neurotic persons have an uneasy feeling and will eventually avoid the situation where their own or others’ daily lives are frequently exposed to the open web environment, this eventually makes them have a negative attitude towards the web environment. When it comes to an individual’s personality and how useful site is, the two personality factors of extroversion and neuroticism both have a positive relationship with the recognition of how useful the site and its content is. The positive, curious, and social dispositions of extroverted persons tend to make them consider the future usefulness and possibilities of a new type of information system, or website,based on their positive attitude, which has a significant influence on the recognition of how useful these UCC sites are. Neuroticism also favorably affects how useful a UCC website can bethrough a different mechanism from that of extroversion. As the neurotic persons tend to feel uneasy and have much doubt about a new type of information system, they actively explore its usefulness in order to relieve their uncomfortable feelings. In other words, neurotic persons seek out how useful a site can be in order to secure their own stable feelings. Meanwhile, extroverted persons explore how useful a site can be because of their positive attitude and curiosity. As a lot of MIS research has revealed that the recognition of how useful a site can be and how pleasurable it can be to use have been proven to have a significant effect on UCC activity. However, the relationship between these factors reveals different aspects based on the user’s involvement in creation. This factor of creationgauges the interest of users in the creation of UCC contents. Involvement is a variable that shows the level of an individual’s mental effort in creating UCC contents. When a user is highly involved in the creation process and makes an enormous effort to create UCC content (classed a part of a high-involvement group), their own pleasure and recognition of how useful the site is have a significantly higher effect on the future usage of the UCC contents, more significantly than the users who sit back and just retrieve the UCC content created by others. The cognitive and emotional response of those in the low-involvement group is unlikely to last long,even if they recognize the contents of a UCC website is pleasurable and useful to them. However, the high-involvement group tends to participate in the creation and the usage of UCC more favorably, connecting the experience with their own goals. In this respect, this research presents an answer to the question; why so many people are participating in the usage of UCC, the representative form of the Web 2.0 that has drastically involved more and more people in the creation of UCC, even if they cannot gain any monetary or social compensation. Neither information system nor a website can succeed unless it secures a certain level of user base. Moreover, it cannot be further developed when the reasons, or problems, for people’s participation are not suitably explored, even if it has a certain user base. Thus, what is significant in this research is that it has studied users’ respondent behavior based on an individual’s innate personality, emotion, and cognitive interaction, unlike the existing research that has focused on ‘compensation’ to explain users’ participation with the UCC website. There are also limitations in this research. Firstly, I divided an individual’s personality into extroversion and neuroticism; however, there are many other personal factors such as neuro-psychiatricism, which also needs to be analyzed for its influence on UCC activities. Secondly, as a UCC website comes in many types such as multimedia, Wikis, and podcasting, these types need to be included as a sub-category of the UCC websites and their relationship with personality, emotion, cognition, and behavior also needs to be analyzed.

본 연구는 한국어 진단평가 개발을 위한 기초 연구로 언어 운용능력을 반영하는 즉답요구 형 테스트인 SPOT을 검토하여 한국어 진단평가의 필요성을 제언하였다. 연구의 목적은 진단 평가에 대한 교수자들의 인식 조사를 통해 한국어 학습자의 한국어 능력을 파악할 수 있는 진 단평가의 필요성 및 방향을 제언하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 한국어 교수자 20명을 대상으로 온 라인 설문을 실시하였다. 설문 내용을 분석한 결과, 응답자의 50%는 숙달도 평가지로 개발된 한국어능력시험(TOPIK)을 사용한다고 대답하였으나 동시에 TOPIK과 같은 기존 평가지는 시 험의 난이도, 채점 시간에 대한 부담감을 비롯하여 시험 시간이 길다는 등의 문제점도 함께 제기되었다. 한편, 진단평가에서 활용의 용이성과 진단의 정확성 중 하나를 선택하게 한 후 이 유에 대해 자유기술 한 텍스트 데이터를 공기네트워크 분석한 결과, 한국어 교수자들의 선택 은 활용의 용이성이 강점인 테스트와 진단의 정확성이 강점인 테스트가 반반으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 새로운 진단평가 도구 개발에 대해 교수자들은 다양한 목적의 진단평가 도구가 개 발되기를 바라고 있으며 실제 수업에 사용하기 쉽고 편리한 도구를 원하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 추후 개발될 한국어 교육에서의 진단평가 도구는 이러한 교수자들의 요구를 반영하여 일본어 교육에서 사용하고 있는 웹SPOT의 형태인 온라인 평가 도구가 제작되어야 할 것이다.

As a basic study for the development of Korean language diagnostic evaluation, this study presents an argument for a Korean language diagnostic evaluation through a review of SPOT (Simple PerformanceOriented Test), an immediate answerdemand test that reflects language management ability. The purpose of the study is to suggest the necessity and direction of diagnostic evaluation that can grasp the Korean language ability of Korean learners through a survey of instructors' perceptions of diagnostic evaluation. To this end, an online survey was conducted on 20 Korean language instructors. As a result of analyzing the survey, 50% of the respondents said they used TOPIK, which was developed as a proficiency test, but at the same time, existing evaluation papers such as TOPIK also raised problems such as the difficulty of the test, burden of scoring time, and long test time. On the other hand, as a result of analyzing the free text data on the reason after selecting one between ease of use and accuracy of diagnosis in diagnostic evaluation, the Korean language instructors' choice was divided into half. Finally, regarding the development of a new diagnostic evaluation tool, instructors wanted to develop diagnostic evaluation tools for various purposes and wanted tools that are easy to use and convenient for actual classes. In the end, this study suggests the development of an online evaluation tool, a form of WebSPOT used in Japanese language education to reflect the needs of these instructors as part of the future development of diagnostic evaluation tools in Korean language education.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of extensive diseases related to various symptoms; inflammation, pain and fever. NSAIDs work by blocking prostaglandin synthesis, but adverse drug events (ADEs) have been increasing dramatically such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation and stenosis, a kind of serious ADEs. Therefore, NSAID-related ulcer complication guidelines have been announced containing various risk factors and symptoms. Thus, this study aims to evaluate of NSAID usage and appropriateness for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complication based on American journal of gastroenterology (AJG) guideline 2009. Further, the study suggests Korean guideline for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer compared to AJG guideline. For this study, data was collected through electronic medical record (EMR) at Seoul national university of Bundang hospital. The primary end point was a composite of NSAID-related ulcer risk factor, types of NSAIDs, co-prescribed NSAID ulcer prevention drugs and NSAIDrelated ulcer after taking NSAID. The risk factors include over 65 years, high dose NSAID, previous ulcer history and taking drugs (e.g. aspirin, anticoagulant and steroid) causing ulcer. If a patient has 3 or 4 factors, that patient was classified high risk group. And if 1 or 2 factors that patient was classified moderate risk group. The patient who has no risk factor was in low risk group. I studied 8,120 patients who received NSAID from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009. High risk group was 16(0.2%), moderate risk group was 4,364(53.7%), and low risk group was 3,740(46.1%). The results show that high risk group should be prescribed COX-2 inhibitors with ulcer prevention drugs, and moderate or low risk group need traditional NSAIDs with ulcer prevention drugs. This may be different with 2009 AJG guideline because AJG guideline suggested taking COX-2 inhibitor alone in moderate group or taking traditional NSAID alone in low risk group could get higher ulcer complication. The results indicated that choosing preventive drug is important in case that how many risk factors the patients have. The proper drugs would be helpful for safe and effective NSAID usage in each patient group.

Rivaroxaban is useful advantageous because it does not require routine lab monitoring,such as the PT/INR of warfarin. However, dose adjustments are recommended for patients with renalfailure. Also, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are required for the initial treatment,and the initial dose is 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks. Furthermore, the Health Insurance Review &Assessment Service (HIRA) has regulated the clinical use of rivaroxaban for certain indications. Theserestrictions should be reviewed before prescribing rivaroxaban. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the patterns of rivaroxaban usage, and tomonitor its administration according to the recommended dose and the standards of the NationalHealth Insurance in Ulsan University Hospital (UUH). A retrospective analysis was performed by using an electronic medical record database. This study was conducted through a retrospective medical chart review of 145 patients who received rivaroxabanfrom October 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014 at UUH. The evaluation of rivaroxaban use was based on the standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, which were modified to fit this study. The results are as follows. First, there were 75 (52%) patients who were 65 years of age or older,consisting of 17 male patients and 58 female patients. Second, there were 7 (5%) patients with moderate renal failure, in which two of them showed nonvalvularatrial filbrillation and required a dosage reduction of rivaroxaban. Third, 137 of 145 patients were consistent with indication criteria (95%), and 86 patients did notreceive National Health Insurance coverage. In this case, 40% of the DUE criteria rate was suitablefor administration. Also, 33 patients suffering from an embolism (DVT or PE) were recommended forthe initial treatment, which is 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks. However, 26 of those patients received apotentially inappropriate initial treatment, while 7 patients received an appropriate initial treatment. Finally, 4 cases reported to have adverse events. One of the reports consisted of skin rash due to anadverse drug reaction to rivaroxaban. The other three adverse events were unlikely due to rivaroxaban. The justification of use based on indications showed a high rate (95%) of its appropriateness, whilethe justification of use in the other three criteria showed a lower than average rate (37%). One case ofa skin rash was possibly related to an adverse reaction to rivaroxaban. Furthermore, the results of this study show that additional research is warranted on other new oralanticoagulants.

Teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, has potential for use as an alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. However, unlike vancomycin, there is a lack of study on teicoplanin's efficacy and safety and the guideline for its use is not available, yet. The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the pattern of teicoplanin usage in a university hospital. A retrospective study was performed on 72 adult patients, who took teicoplanin for 3 continuous days at D. University hospital from 1 January 1999 to 30 June 2000. The microorganisms treated with teicoplanin were methicillin-resistant Staphylocorcus aureus , coagulase-negative Staphylococci , Enterococcus , vancomycin-resistant Enterococci , Streptococci , and Bacillus . The types of infection treated with teicoplanin were surgical wound infection , lower respiratory infection , bactremia , urinary tract infection , pleural fluid infection , and peritoneal fluid infection . The mean duration of teicoplanin usage was 16.5 days and teicoplanin was used with 1.4 other antibiotics, which were aminoglycosides (isepamicin, amikacin, netilmicin, astromicin) or quinolones (ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin) or the third generation cephalosporin (ceftazidime). Only 24 cases met with the criteria for the justification of use, and the rest of 60 cases did not meet the criteria. In 84 cases , blood culture tests were performed prior to the initial dose of teicoplanin. In 83 cases , serum creatinine were conducted before the initial doses. In 45 cases , serum creatinine was monitored at least twice weekly. In 55 cases , WBC was tested at least twice weekly. In 84 cases , body temperature was monitored at least once per nursing shift. In 15 cases out of 56 cases, maximum temperature decreased at least 1 degree within 3 days of teicoplanin use. In 15 case out of 35 cases, WBC values were within the normal range after treatment. In 23 cases , dosage regimen was appropriate. Drug-related adverse effects were reported in 13 cases. Nephrotoxicity (progressively increasing SCr. or sustained SCr increase of 0.5 mg/dl from baseline) was noted in five cases. Neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count <1,500 ) was noted in one case and eosinophilia (total eosinophil count >350 ) was noted in seven cases. A more strict control on use of teicoplanin is required, considering that teicoplanin is categorized as one of restricted antibiotics.

방대한 콘텐츠가 생산되고 소비되면서 빅데이터를 활용한 개인 추천 서비스가 최근 주목 받고 있다. 개인 추천 서비스를 위하여 개인 정보나 콘텐츠 평가 정보를 수집하는 것은 서비스 제공자 입장에서 중요해지고 있다. 기존 연구들은 적은 평점 정보로 더 나은 추천을 제공할 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안하거나, 평점의 양을 늘리기 위한 서비스 디자인을 제시하였다. 그러나 추천서비스 사용자가 어떤 동기로 평점을 입력하고, 서비스를 지속적으로 사용하는지에 대한 연구는 거의 없었다. 본 논문에서는 추천 서비스를 사용하고 있는 사용자들을 심층 인터뷰하여 평점 입력의 동기와 평점의 의미에 대하여 탐구하였다. 그 결과, 서비스를 경험 하면서 평점의 의미와 활용 정도가 달라짐을 알 수 있었다. 초기 평점을 입력할 때에는 과거 경험에 대한 데이터베이스를 구축하는 의미로 활용하였고, 초기 평점 단계를 지나면 현재의 느낌과 생각을 반영하는 도구로 활용하였다. 이 과정에서 자신의 평점 체계를 정교하게 다듬으며 자신만의 의미를 부여하는 모습을 보였다. 마지막 단계에서는 자신의 평점 체계뿐만 아니라 다른 사람의 평점 체계나 평점의 의미를 읽어내고 적극적으로 활용하는 모습을 보인다. 서비스에서 제공하는 알고리즘의 한계를 파악하고 있기 때문에 서비스의 추천을 불신하기도 하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 추천 서비스에 대한 실무적 시사점을 도출하였다.

Research on personalized recommender service that uses big data has gained considerable attention given the increasing volume of contents being created. This development indicates the need for service providers to collect personal information and content rating data to personalize content recommendations. Previous studies on this topic proposed algorithms to offer improved recommendations using minimal rating data or service designs and increase the number of ratings. However, limited studies have been conducted on the factors that motivate the ratings input of users, as well as the factors that influence their continuous usage of recommender service. The present study explored the factors that motivate users to enter ratings by conducting in-depth interviews with users who use recommender services. The meanings of these ratings were also explored. Results show that the meaning and usage range of ratings differed based on the stage of a user's with utilization of the service. When users input an initial rating, they treat such a rating as a database to save the impression of a past experience. Such a rating is then used as a tool to reflect the current feeling and thoughts of a user. In the end, users were not only interested in their own rating system, but they also actively sought out the meaning of the rating systems of others and utilized them. Users also expressed mistrust in the recommendations of the service because they were aware of the limitation of the algorithms. This study identified a number of practical implications regarding recommender services.

현대 레저 및 관광 산업에서 확장 현실(XR) 기술은 장애인을 포함한 다양한 사용자에게 접근성을 높이는 수단으로 빠르게 자리 잡고 있다. 본 연구는 기술 수용 모델(TAM)과 통합 기술 수용 및 사용 이론(UTAUT)을 주요 이론적 프레임워 크로 활용하여, 장애인을 위한 XR 콘텐츠의 수용에 영향을 미치는 장벽과 촉진 요인을 분석한다. 문헌 분석과 '접근성 지침 감사' 방법론을 결합하여, 기존 XR 애플리케이션의 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침(WCAG) 준수율을 체계적으로 평가하였 다. 연구 결과, 대체 텍스트, 자막 지원 등이 주요 미준수 항목으로 확인되었으며, 이는 지각된 유용성 및 전반적인 만족도 를 30% 이상 감소시켰다. 본 연구는 XR 콘텐츠 개발 시 초기 단계부터 포용적 설계의 중요성을 강조하며, 개발자를 위한 구체적인 가이드라인 및 정책 제언을 제시한다. 이 연구는 장애인의 XR 기반 관광 경험을 개선하고, 모두를 위한 기술 생태계를 구축하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

In the modern leisure and tourism industry, extended reality (XR) technology is rapidly emerging as an tool to enhance accessibility for a wide range of users, including those with disabilities. This study analyzes the barriers and facilitating factors influencing the acceptance of XR content for individuals with disabilities, utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as key theoretical frameworks. By combining bibliometric analysis and a "Guidelines Audit" methodology, we systematically evaluated the compliance of existing XR applications with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). The results showed that key non-compliance items, such as alternative text and subtitle support, negatively impacted users' perceived usefulness and satisfaction. This study emphasizes the importance of inclusive design from the early stages of XR content development and provides specific guidelines for developers and policy makers. this research is expected to contribute to improving the XR-based tourism experience for people with disabilities and building a technology ecosystem for all.

PURPOSES : In order to evaluate a crack resistance at cold joint, sealing tape was adopted to apply at cold joint instead of typical tack coat material(RSC-4). The sealing tape was made by hot sealing material. The crack resistance as function of environmental and traffic loading was measured with visual observation. METHODS : In this study, the crack resistance was evaluated as function of environmental and traffic loading. The freeze-thaw method was adopted for environmental loading of asphalt pavement. condition. The damage of cold joint under freeze-thaw action is initiated by ice expansion load and accelerated by the interfacial damage between new and old asphalt pavement. The traffic loading was applied with wheel tracking machine on the cold joint area of the asphalt pavement for 3 hours at $25^{\circ}C$. The evaluation of crack resistance was measured with visual observation. The freeze-thaw results shows that the sealing tape was significantly increased the crack resistance based on. RESULTS : To estimate the crack resistance at cold joint area due to the environmental loading, the Freeze-thaw test was conducted by exposing the product to freezing temperature(approximately $-18^{\circ}C$) for 24 hours, and then allowing it to thaw at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The tack coat material(RSC-4) was debonded after 21 cycles of the Freeze-thaw test. The first crack was observed after 14 freeze-thaw cycle with RSC-4 material. But, the sealing tape was not debonded after 24 cycle test. Also, the sealing tape shows the better performance of the crack resistance under the traffic loading with wheel track test. The crack was generated the under traffic loading with RSC-4(tack coating), however, the crack was not shown with sealing tape. It indicates that the sealing tape has a strong resistance of tensile stress due to traffic loading. CONCLUSIONS :Based on limited laboratory test result, a performance of crack resistance using the sealing tape is better than that of general tack coat material(RSC-4). It means that the sealing tape is possible to extend a pavement service life because the crack, one of the main pavement distresses, will be delayed.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate interface performance while using various tack coat materials for asphalt overlay. METHODS : The evaluation was conducted with tracking test, permeability, and interface bond strength. Tracking test was conducted using an image processing technique, to investigate the susceptibility of the tack coat materials. BBS and pull-off test were conducted to evaluate bond strength. The permeability test was conducted to evaluate the effect of tack coat materials. RESULTS : Results reveal that the trackless tack coat material demonstrates less tracking compared to other materials. Moreover, both BBS and pull-off tests can effectively evaluate the bond strength at the interface. RSC-4 was measured less bond strength. Moreover, tack coat prevents water penetration through the surface and aids the extension of the surface life of asphalt pavement. CONCLUSIONS : Trackless tack coat demonstrated a high and consistent bond strength performance. The tack coat types demonstrate marginally different performance as function of curing times. Field applicability was tested based on visual observation. Therefore, these should be considered when trackless tack coat is slightly enhanced the pavement performance based on limited this study results. Finally, it is necessary to allow reasonable time for the tack coat to completely cure.

지식기반 경제에서 가치 생산의 중추는 지식과 정보이다. 이에 따라 국내에는 공적 지식정보 지원 정책이 잘 마련되어 있으나, 이에 대한 평가는 미흡하였다. 본 연구에서는 방송 영상 분야에 종사하는 현업인을 대상으로 지식정보 서비스 이용 및 만족도를 분석하고, 제도적 개선점을 모색해 보았다. 분석 결과, 현업인들의 공적 지식정보 지원 서비스의 이용은 높지 않았으며, 만족도 역시 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 정보 신뢰도는 높은 반면, 시의성이나 유용성에 대한 평가는 부정적이었다. 그러나 응답자들이 개별 노력을 통해 지식정보를 수집, 분석하고 있는 점에 근거할 때, 지식정보 수요는 높은 것으로 분석된다. 완성된 형태의 지식정보를 제공하기 보다는 이차적 가공이 가능한 원형의 지식정보 제공이나, 지식정보 획득 수단의 제공, 시장친화적 지식정보의 제공 등을 통해 공적 지식정보 지원 서비스의 효용을 높일 필요가 있을 것으로 보인다.

One of the key factors in knowledge based economy is knowledge and information. Accordingly, public service policy for related knowledge and information is well equipped in Korea. However, policy has rarely been evaluated. This study analyzes usage and satisfaction of knowledge information service policy among broadcasting and video industry employees. Results shows low in usage as well as satisfaction among employees. Reliability of the service is relatively high, comparing to timeliness and usability. The fact that most respondents individually pay their efforts to collect and analyze information and knowledge means high need for them. This study recommends, instead of providing complete fixed data, to provide means to acquire knowledge, market oriented data to improve the effectiveness of the policy.

본 연구에서는 한강 권역의 포함된 65개 지자체를 대상으로 5년간 월별 물이용량 자료를 수집, 분석하여 월 단위의 대표적인 생공용수 물이용 패턴을 도출하고, 물수급 네트워크 모델(MODSIM)과 기초자료를 이용하여 물이용 패턴을 반영함에 따른 유역 내 발생 가능한 물부족량의 차이를 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 특정 시기별 물이용 주기성을 파악하고, 월별 일정 비율 대비-3.120%~+4.322%의 증감 폭이 나타남을 확인하였다. 이를 물수급 모델에 적용할 경우, 28개 중권역 중 17개 유역에서 물부족량의 변화가 나타났고, 연간 동일한 수요량임에도 불구하고, 시기별 수요량의 비율을 적용함에 따라 최대 생공용수 부족량은 기존대비 약 8.0% 수준으로 감소할 것으로 분석되었다. 장래 기후변화, 사회적, 지역적 특성이 반영된 물이용 패턴에 대한 예측 연구와 연계한다면, 더욱 현실감 있는 물수급 전망과 신뢰도 높은 국가수자원계획 수립이 가능할 것이라고 판단된다.

In this study, monthly water use data were collected for 5 years from the 65 local governments included in the Han-river basin and a typical water usage ratios and patterns were calculated. The difference in water shortage was compared by considering the water usage patterns using the water balance and budget analysis model (MODSIM) and data base. As a result, it was confirmed that the change occurred in the range of -3.120% to +4.322% compared to the monthly constant ratio by period. In addition, when applying the patterns in the water balance model, 17 of the 28 middle watershed showed changes in the quantity of water shortage and the domestic and industrial water shortage would decrease about 8.0% during the maximum drought period. If it is applied in conjunction with predictive research on water usage patterns reflecting climate change, social and regional characteristics in the future, it will be possible to establish a more realistic water supply forecasts and a reliable national water resources plan.

국내의 탐사보도 수용자 546명을 설문조사해서 탐사보도 이용동기, 품질평가, 사회적 역할 평가가 이용정도에 미치는 영향, 그리고 이용정도가 지속이용의도에 주는 영향 및 정치효능감의 매개효과를 구조방정식(SEM)으로 알아보았다. 이용동기는 심층정보추구, 관습적 이용, 관계추구 등 3개, 품질평가는 전문성, 공정성, 시민중심 등 3개, 사회적 역할 평가는 사회감시와 정보제공 등 2개가 있었다. 이용동기에서는 심층정보추구와 관계추구, 품질평가에서는 전문성, 사회적 역할 평가에서는 사회감시와 정보제공이 이용정도에 정적인 영향을 주었다. 수용자들은 우리 사회문제를 깊게 고발하고 권력층을 감시하는 정보를 취득해서 사회적으로 타인들과 교류하기 위해 탐사보도를 이용하는 것으로 해석되었다. 즉 탐사보도가 감시견 역할을 충실히 할 때 수용자 이용이 증가하였다. 이용정도는 지속이용의 도에 직접 영향을 주지 않았지만, 내적정치효능감을 매개로 지속이용의도에 간접 영향을 주었다. 영향을 주는 경로는 ‘이용정도-> 내적정치효능감-> 지속이용의도’ 또는 ‘이용정도-> 내적정치효능감-> 외적정치효능감-> 지속이용의도’이었다. 이용정도가 지속이용의도에 영향을 주는 과정에서 내적정치효능감은 완전매개효과를 갖고 있었다. 그러나 외적정치효능 감은 내적정치효능감보다 더 큰 직접영향을 지속이용의도에 주었다.

This study analyzed factors to affect use and continuous use intention of investigative news in Korea, focusing on use motive, evaluation of quality and social role. 546 persons were surveyed. Use motives were in-depth information pursuit, habitual use and relations pursuit. Quality evaluation were professionalism, fairness and civic-centeredness. Social role evaluation were social surveillance and information provision. Factors to affect usage were in-depth information pursuit and relations pursuit of 3 motives, professionalism of quality evaluation, and all of social role evaluation. It was interpreted that consumers use investigative news to deeply know social problems and corruption of powerful groups, and socially interact with others. Usage did not directly affect continuous use intention, but indirectly affected it by the intermediation of internal political efficacy. Path to influence was ‘usage → internal political efficacy → continuous use intention’ or ‘usage → internal political efficacy → external political efficacy → continuous use intention’.

본 연구에서는 용수 대비 피해 민감도(Damage Sensitivity to Water usage, DSW)를 새롭게 정의하고, 가뭄 시 용수 공급의 지역별 우선순위를 결정하는 평가 방법론을 제안하였다. DSW는 용수 이용량에 따른 가뭄 피해의 변화를 수치로 표현한 값이며, DSW가 큰 지역은 용수 관리에 있어 우선적으로 고려해야 할 지역임을 의미한다. 연구 대상지역은 2018년부터 2021년까지 금/영산/섬진강 유역 내 시·군·구 단위의 행정구역으로 선정하였다. 본 연구에서는 DSW를 계산하기 위해 지도학습 기반의 회귀모형을 구축하고자, 3가지 주요 입력자료를 수집하였다. 기상학적 인자는 기상자료개방포털(https://data.kma.go.kr)의 기온, 강수량과 같은 지상관측자료, 지역적 특성 인자는 국가통계포털(https://kosis.kr)의 농업/생활/공업과 관련한 데이터로 구축하였다. 용수 이용량은 국가수자원관리종합정보시스템(http://www.wamis.go.kr)에서 제공하는 농업/생활/공업용수 이용량으로 활용하였다. 출력자료로는 가뭄 피해를 종합적으로 평가한 상대적 가뭄 피해 등급을 이용하였다. 이 등급은 국가가뭄정보통계집에서 조사한 가뭄 예·경보 횟수, 직접적 가뭄 피해정보, 가뭄으로 인한 용수 지원량을 바탕으로 지역별로 군집화한 결과이다. 이후, 입력자료와 출력자료는 지도학습 기반의 회귀모형을 학습시키는 데 활용되었다. 학습된 회귀모형은 농업/생활/공업용수 이용량이 50% 감소하거나 200% 증가한 조건에서의 지역별 상대적 가뭄 피해 등급을 산출하는데 적용되었다. DSW는 산출된 등급을 활용하여 계산하였고, 지역별로 순위를 매겼다. 그 결과, 농업용수에서는 전라남도 무주군, 생활 및 공업용수에서는 충청남도 계룡시와 전라남도 구례군이 대표적으로 DSW가 큰 지역으로 나타났다. 이를 통해, 농업/생활/공업용수에 따라 DSW 가 큰 지역은 특정 용수의 관리가 필요한 지역으로 고려하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법론은 향후 전국 단위에서 용수 공급 우선순위를 결정하는 지표로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study introduces Damage Sensitivity to Water usage (DSW) and proposes a methodology to prioritize regional water supply during drought periods. The DSW quantifies the impact of water usage on changes in drought damage by region, with higher indicating areas that should be prioritized for water management. The study focused on administrative districts within the Geum, Yeongsan, and Seomjin river basins from 2018 to 2021, calculating DSW for each region. To build a machine learning based regression equation, three types of input data were collected: meteorological factors from the KMA Weather Data Service, regional factors related to agriculture, domestic, and industry from the Korean Statistical Information Service, and water usage data from the Water Resources Management Information System. The output data, Relative Drought Damage, was derived from drought warnings, direct damage, and water support during droughts, as recorded by the National Drought Information Statistics. The regression model was then trained, and drought damage was estimated for each region under scenarios of 50% reduction and 200% increase in water usage. DSW was calculated based on the differences in results, and regions were ranked accordingly. Muju-gun, Jeollanam-do was identified as highly sensitive in terms of agricultural water, while Gyeryong-si, Chungcheongnam-do and Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do were most sensitive for domestic and industrial water. Based on these results, regions with high DSW were considered as areas requiring management of specific water usage, depending on agricultural, domestic, or industrial water. This methodology provides a tool for setting regional water supply priorities at the national level.

Recently the information system introduction and the application which use the computer are increasing. The efficient operation of information system helps corporations to improve productivity, customer service and corporate competitive power. SaaS(Software as a Service), which is the developed type of outsourcing in the area of information technology, is to use standardized and packaged application by hosting from the outside of enterprise. SaaS is not developed yet as much as people's interest about that in the initial stage, but its related technology and service capacity are accumulated after repeated trial and error, and it's ready to activate the industry. In the area of information system, studies on the measurement of service quality were followed. But there is little study on service quality measurement in the field of SaaS(Software as a Service). The purpose of this study was to divides the SaaS with e-SERVQUAL and it consider the relationship with the perceived recognition and the usage intention. According to this, variables of traditional research were rejected because SaaS is not developed yet in Korea. But information had a strong effect on perceived recognition. Therefore, business related with in SaaS must have provided a correct information about various applications.

본 연구는 기독교 상담의 도구로서 ‘내면대화’에 대한 평가와 활용가능성에 대해 살펴본 것이다. 복음 중심의 기독교 상담이 전문가에 의해 실시되는 해석과 조언 및 직면, 교육 등의 내용중심적인 과정에 치우침으로써, 지금-여기에서 일어나는 경험적이고 과정중심적인 접근이 부족하다고 판단하여 이를 보완하는 도구로서 내면대화가 유용함을 확인하고 실제 상담에 필요한 요소들을 검토하였다. 이러한 연구의 바탕으로서 상상과 자기대화를 하는 존재로서 내담자에 대한 창조론적인 이해와 자신의 인생드라마를 하나님과 함께 써가는 행위주체로서의 능동성이 상담 중에 발휘되어야 함을 강조하였다. 도구 사용의 성경적인 원리로서 도구를 통해 하나님을 지향하게 되고, 삶의 기술을 향상시키며, 자신의 개인적인 욕구와 필요를 넘어 영적인 필요들로 나아가게 하는가에 주목하였고, 이 모든 과정에 성경의 사용이 필수적임을 제시하였다. 이미 내면대화를 활용하고 있는 인지치료, 내면아이치료, 게슈탈트치료, 정서중심치료 및 최근의 IFS에 이르기까지 일반상담접근들의 특성과 강점 및 한계들을 평가함으로써 기독교 상담에의 활용을 구체적으로 제안하고자 하였다. 특히 내면대화의 구조와 내용에 있어서 기독교 상담의 전제와 원리를 따르는 도구로서의 적용점들을 제안하였다.

This study examined the evaluation and possibility of using 'inner dialogue' as a tool of Christian counseling. Christian counseling tends to focus on content-centric processes conducted by professionals. However, this process has now been deemed lacking - an empirical, process-centric approach that takes place here and now. Therefore, I confirmed the usefulness of internal dialogue as a complementary tool and examined the factors necessary for actual counseling. As a basis for this research, this study emphasized that the creativity of the client as an imaginary and self - communicating person and the activeness of the client. As a biblical principle of the use of tools, it was suggested that through the tools, God would be directed and the skills of life improved. This study also paid attention to the need to go beyond his own personal needs and needs to spiritual needs, suggesting the use of the Bible in all of these processes. This study has looked at the characteristics, strengths and limitations of general counseling approaches, ranging from Cognitive therapy, Inner Child Therapy, Gestalt therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy and recent IFS to finally suggest the applicability to Christian counseling. In particular, this study proposed the application of Christian counseling as a tool to follow the premise and principle of Christian counseling in the structure and content of inner dialogue

The identification of antimicrobial use patterns is essential for determining key targets for antimicrobial stewardship interventions and evaluating the effectiveness thereof. Accurately identifying antimicrobial use patterns requires quantitative evaluation, which focuses on measuring the quantity and frequency of antimicrobial use, and qualitative evaluation, which assesses the appropriateness, effectiveness, and potential side effects of antimicrobial prescriptions. This paper summarizes the quantitative and qualitative methods used to evaluate antimicrobials, drawing insights from overseas and domestic cases.