Earticle

There are only few studies of Russian Far East climate; moreover, dendrochronological studies in the continental part of this huge territory are absent. Meanwhile, most of tree species form northeastern China, Korean peninsula and Japan are presented in this region. In addition, the Russian Far East is the northern boundary of some tree species ranges and this significantly increases their climatic sensitivity. Also, some forests in the Russian Far Eastern have not been subjected to human activity for the last 2000-4000 years. Finally, the southern part of the Russian Far East is sensitive to global climatic changes as it is under the influence of cold air flow from northeastern Asia during the winter and summer monsoons. All the factors create favorable conditions for dendroclimatic studies. Mixed forests with Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) are the main vegetation type Russian Far East. This area is the northeastern limit of the Korean pine-broadleaved forests range, which are also found in northeastern China, on the Korean peninsula, and in Japan. The Sikhote-Alin mountains is one of the few places where significant areas of old-growth Korean pine-broadleaved forest remain. The territory of Russian Far East is characterized by a monsoon climate which is determined by the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and the Siberian anticyclone. So, the radial growth of Korean pine in the study region is mainly limited by the pre-growth autumn-winter season temperatures and spring-to-early summer precipitation. Using the tree-ring width of Pinus koraiensis, we reconstructed the mean minimum temperature of the previous August-December for the southern part of Sikhote-Alin Mountain Range, northeastern Asia, Russia, for the past 486 years. Also, we reconstructed April–June precipitation for the southern, central, and northern Sikhote-Alin Mountain Range for the past 300 years. So, we obtained the first climate reconstructions for this region, and for the first time for northeast Asia, we present a reconstruction with a length exceeding 486 years. The results of our research are important for studying the climatic processes that have occurred in this region and northeastern Asia and for situating them within the scope of global climatic change.

연륜연대기와 가도관 길이, 단열방사조직 크기를 이용하여 유사한 해부학적 구조를 가 지는 국내산 소나무(Pinus densiflora)와 외래산 소나무(Pinus resinosa, Pinus sylvestris)를 연륜해 부학적 방법으로 식별하고자 하였다. 조사를 위하여 13곳의 국립공원에서 국내산 소나무 시료 를 채취하였고 외래산 소나무 시료는 목재수입업체 2곳에서 확보하였다. 가도관 길이 측정은 조재와 만재를 구분하여 실시하였고, 단열방사조직 높이와 구성 세포수를 측정하였다. 외래산 소나무로 제작된 연륜연대기는 외국의 표준연륜연대기와 통계적으로 유의성이 높아 벌채된 국가 및 지역, 정확한 벌채시기까지 확인할 수 있었다. 가도관 길이와 단열방사조직의 높이를 비교한 결과에서는 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었고, 다만 러시아 소나무의 가도관이 국내산 소나무들보다는 다소 긴 것으로 나타내었다. 향후 다수의 외래산 소나무 시편을 확보하여 추가 적인 연구가 진행된다면, 보다 정확한 결과가 제시될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study identified Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) and exotic pines (Pinus resinosa, Pinus sylvestris) with a similar anatomical structure using a dendro-anatomical method that applied dendrochronology, tracheid length, and uniseriate ray cell size. Korean red pine samples were collected from 13 national parks, while exotic pine samples were secured from two wood importers. Tracheid length was measured by distinguishing earlywood from latewood, and uniseriate ray height and cell number were determined. As the exotic pine tree-ring chronology was consistent with the foreign standard tree-ring chronology and displayed high statistical significance, the country and region where the pine samples had been felled and the exact felling date were confirmed. According to the results, which compared tracheid length and uniseriate ray size, no difference was observed between the Korean red and Russian pines. However, the tracheid length of the Russian pines turned out to be slightly longer than the length of the Korean red pine. Additional research securing a larger number of exotic pines (P.resinosa, P.sylvestris) is required to yield more accurate results in the future.

본 연구에서는 수원 화성 현판(팔달문, 화홍문, 화서문) 목부재에 대해 수종과 연륜연대분석 을 진행하여 사용된 목재와 제작 및 수리기록을 조사하고자 하였다. 수원 팔달문과 화홍문 현판의 알판은 잣나무류, 화서문 알판은 은행나무로 제작되었다. 팔달문의 테두리판은 피나무, 화홍문과 화 서문 테두리판은 소나무류로 제작되었다. 연륜연대분석은 코어링법을 이용하여 시료를 채취하였으 며, TSAP프로그램으로 크로스데이팅을 하였다. 연륜연대분석 결과, 팔달문과 화홍문 알판에 대한 최외각 연도는 1765년과 1755년으로 확인되었고, 치목된 부분을 고려한다면 기록(1796년)의 연대와 일치하는 것으로 판단되었다. 팔달문 테두리판과 화서문 알판에 대해 위글매치를 이용한 방사성탄소 연대분석 결과, 팔달문 좌측 테두리판은 알판과 동일한 연대로 확인되었다. 하지만 3점의 테두리판과 화서문 알판은 연대구간이 넓게 확인되어 정확한 벌채시기를 판단할 수 없었다.

This study conducted species identification and Tree-ring dating on the wooden materials of the building's hanging boards(Paldal gate, Hwahong gate, and Hwaseo gates) of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress to investigate their species, production and repair history. The base plates of the Paldal gate and Hwahong gate building's hanging boards were made of Soft pine(subgenus Strobus), while that of Hwaseo gate was made of Ginkgo biloba L.. The frame boards were constructed of Tilia spp. in Paldal gate and Hard pine(subgenus Pinus) in Hwahong gate and Hwaseo gate. Tree-ring samples were obtained using a coring method and cross-dated with the TSAP program. The outermost ring dates of the base plates were determined as 1765 for Paldal gate and 1755 for Hwahong gate, which correspond with the historical records(1796) when considering the parts removed during processing. Radiocarbon dating with wiggle matching was applied to the frame boards of Paldal gate and the base plate of Hwaseo gate. The left frame panel of Paldal gate was consistent with the same felling date as its base plate, whereas the other three frame panels and the Hwaseo gate base plate yielded broader date ranges, making accurate felling years difficult to determine.

본 연구에서는 창덕궁 성정각 목부재에 대해 수종과 연륜연대분석을 진행하고자 하였 다. 성정각 목부재(50점)의 수종은 모두 소나무아속(경송류)으로 확인되었다. 연륜연대분석은 코어링법을 이용하여 시료를 채취하였으며, 연륜연대기간의 상호 적합성을 계산하고자 통계적 인 방법과 그래프 비교 방법을 이용하여 크로스데이팅을 하였다. 연륜연대분석 결과, 소나무아 속 목부재 30점은 서로간에 일치하였고, 표준연륜연대기와도 일치하여 연대를 부여할 수 있었 다. 또한 일부부재들은 수피를 가지고 있었으므로 1774년 초봄-1777년 초봄에 벌채된 것으로 확인하였다. 1770년대 벌채시기는 일성록과 승정원일기의 수리기록과 일치한 것을 확인하였으 나 1881년의 최외각 연대는 기록에서 확인되지 않아 기록에서 확인되지 않은 수리기록을 연륜 연대를 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

This aimed to species identification and tree-ring dating of wooden elements used in the Seongjeonggak of Changduk-palace, Seoul, Korea. All 50 wooden elements were confirmed to be Pinus subgenus (Hard pines). Increment cores of the wooden elements were collected using a drill for tree-ring dating, and mutual compatibility of dendrochronologies were constructed using statistical and graph comparison methods. As a result of tree ring dating, The chronologies of 30 Pinus subgenus wooden elements were matched to each other and to the standard chronologies. In addition, some wooden elements had bark revealing the following logging dates: early spring 1774 – early spring 1777. The obtained felling date of the 1770s were found to be consistent with those in the construction and repair records of the Ilseongnok (Records of daily reflections) and Seungjeongwon’ diary (The daily records of royal secretariat of Joseon dynasty). However, the obtained outermost dates of the 1881 were not consistent with those in the construction and repair records. Therefore, additional confirmation of repairs that were not included in the records was possible using tree-ring dating.

본 연구에서는 창경궁 명정문 목부재에 대해 수종과 연륜연대분석을 진행하여 재질과 건축역사를 조사하고자 하였다. 명정문 목부재(79점)의 수종은 소나무류 78점, 전나무속 1점으 로 확인되었다. 연륜연대분석은 코어링법을 이용하여 시료를 채취하였으며, TSAP 프로그램으 로 크로스데이팅을 하였다. 연륜연대분석 결과, 소나무류 목부재 58점에 대한 최외각 연도는 1604년 초봄-1615년 늦가을, 1706년 늦가을-1707년 초봄, 1828년 늦가을-1834년 늦가을로 총 3개의 벌채시기가 확인되었다. 1600년대와 1800년대 벌채시기들은 조선왕족실록, 광해군일기, 창경궁영건도감의궤의 수리기록과 일치한 것을 확인하였으나 1700년대 벌채시기는 기록에서 확인되지 않아 기록에서 확인되지 않은 수리기록을 연륜연대를 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

This aimed to species identification and tree-ring dating of wooden elements used in the Myeongjeong-gate of the Changgyeong-palace, Seoul, Korea. Of the 79 wooden elements evaluated, 78 were confirmed to be hard pines and one belonged to Abies spp.. Cores of the wooden elements were collected using a drill for tree-ring dating, and ring-width plots of individual samples were constructed using the TSAP software. The tree-ring dating results for the outermost ring of 58 hard pine wooden elements revealed the following felling dates: early spring of 1604-late fall of 1615, late fall of 1706-early spring of 1707, and late fall of 1828-late fall of 1834. The obtained felling dates of the 1600s and 1800s were found to be consistent with those in the construction and repair records of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Gwanghaegun’s Diary and Changgyeonggung Yeonggeondogam Uigwe. However, the obtained felling dates of the 1700s were not consistent with those in the construction and repair records. Therefore, additional confirmation of repairs that were not included in the records was possible using tree-ring dating.

본 연구에서는 서울 화계사 대웅전의 목부재에 대한 수종과 연륜연대분석을 진행하여 재질과 정확한 건축역사를 조사하고자 하였다. 대웅전 목부재(27점)의 수종은 대부분 소나무속 중 경송류로 식별되었고, 대보 1점만 전나무속으로 식별되었다. 연륜연대분석은 코어링법을 이용하여 시료 채취하였으며, TSAP 프로그램을 이용하여 크로스데이팅 하였다. 연륜연대분석 결과, 보와 기둥 과 같은 구조재 20점들에 대한 최외각 연도는 1839년에서 1870년으로 확인되었다. 그 중 수피가 존재하는 5점의 벌채연도는 1869년과 1870년으로 나타내어, 2012년 실측조사에서 종도리 복장 물에서 확인된 중건기록(1870년)과 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The this study’s objective was to conduct species identification and tree-ring dating for the wood elements of Daewoong-jeon(main temple), Hwagye-temple, Seoul, Korea. Most of the wood elements were made from Pinus spp.(hard pine). However, one large beam was constructed from Abies spp.. For the tree-ring dating, cores were taken from the elements using a drill, and ring-width plots of individual samples were produced with the TSAP software program. The tree-ring dating results showed that, the date of the outermost r ing of most e lements (20 e lements), inc luding beams and pillars, were from AD 1839 to 1870. Among them, five elements had bark, and felling dates were AD 1868 and 1 869. T hese d ates c onfirmed t he h istoric al r ec ords t hat D aewoongjeon w as r ebuilt i n AD 1870 from the records of hidden materials(Bokjangmul) in Jongdori by the survey 2012.

경기도 남양주시 호평리 유적에서 발굴된 목관재(木棺材)의 수종식별 및 연륜연대 분석을 실시하였다. 합장묘인 큰 관(남자)과 작은 관(여자)에서 23점의 수종을 분석한 결과 관재는 모두 소나무류로 식별되었다. 운구 때 악귀를 막는 데 쓰이는 운삽(雲?) 2점은 피나무로 식별되었다. 연륜연대에 의해 남자 관과 여자 관의 마지막 나이테가 각각 1620년과 1570년으로 측정되었다. 수피가 없어 정확한 벌채연도를 알 수 없었기 때문에 변재 연륜수를 적용한 결과 남자 관은 1620년 직후에 그리고 여자 관은 이보다 다소 이른 시기에 벌채된 관재로 제작된 것으로 추정되었다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the species and to date the coffin woods that were excavated at a tomb (husband and wife) in Hopyungri, Namyngju, Korea. Twenty-three wood specimens of the two coffins were analyzed for identifying their species. All coffin woods were Pinus spp. (hard pine). 'Sabs'(ritual utensils that prevent demon) were made from Tilia spy. Tree-ring dating proved that the husband's coffin was made from the wood which was cut around 1620 and the wife's one at a little earlier period.

연륜고고학의 주요 내용은 고목재에 있는 각각의 연륜에 정확한 연대를 부여하는 것이 다. 각 연륜에 연도 부여가 가능한 것은 연륜폭으로 작성된 시계열 그래프(이하, 연륜폭연대기) 의 패턴이 시기별로 독특하며, 동일 수종은 그 패턴을 공유하기 때문이다. 하지만 곰솔(Pinus thunbergii)은 다른 수종에 비해 연륜폭연대기 상호간 일치도가 낮아서 연대분석 활용에 어려움 이 있다. 본 연구는 연륜의 폭을 대신하여 산소동위원소로 작성된 시계열 그래프(이하, 산소동 위원소연륜연대기)의 패턴을 이용하여 연대분석을 할 경우 성공 가능성을 확인하기 위해 수행 되었다. 연구를 위해 해안사구에서 생육하고 있는 곰솔 7본을 대상으로 연륜폭연대기와 산소동 위원소연륜연대기를 작성하여 상호 비교하였다. 그 결과, 연륜폭연대기의 상호간 일치도는 통 계적(t-value: 0.6~12.5 / G value: 38~70%)으로 큰 편차를 보여 연대분석 가능성에 한계를 나타냈 다. 반면, 산소동위원소연륜연대기의 상호간 일치도는 통계적(t-value: 4.3~6.4 / G value: 77~84%)으로 뿐만 아니라, 시각적으로도 신뢰할 수 있는 결과를 나타내 연대분석의 가능성이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 기초로 연륜폭연대기로 연대분석이 어려운 곰솔로 제작된 목재유 물의 경우 산소동위원소연륜연대기를 이용하여 연대분석을 수행한다면 성공 가능성이 크게 향상됨이 확인되었다.

The main content of dendroarchaeology is to assign the exact calendar year to each tree ring in archaeological wood. Each tree ring can be assigned a year because the pattern of ring-width time series (hereafter, ring-width chronology) is unique for each time period and the same tree species share the pattern. However, the lack of agreement between ring-width chronologies of Pinus thunbergii compared to other tree species makes it difficult to use the chronologies for dating. This study was conducted to verify the dating possibility of archaeological woods using tree-ring δ18O time series (hereafter, tree-ring δ18O chronology) instead of ring-width chronology. For the study, 7 P. thunbergii were selected from coastal dunes, and the ring-width and tree-ring δ18O chronologies were compared. The results showed that the agreement between ring-width chronologies were large statistical deviations (t-value: 0.6~12.5 / G value: 38~70%) as much as difficult for dating. On the other hand, the tree-ring δ18O chronologies showed reliable agreement between them as statistically (t-value: 4.3~6.4 / G value: 77~84%) and visually. Based on the results, it has been verified that the dating possibility of archaeological woods for P. thunbergii, which is a difficult tree species for dating in dendrochronology, can be greatly improved if the tree-ring δ18O chronology is applied.

연륜연대로 부여된 강화 정수사 법당 목부재(풍판)의 연대를 위글매치를 이용한 방사성탄소연대 측정결과와 비교하였다. 41년(AD 1250-1290) 연륜구간에서 1250년부터 5년 간격으로 9개 연륜에 대한 방사성탄소연대를 측정하였다. 개별 연륜에 대한 방사성탄소연대의 95.4% 신뢰구간은 113.3년(평균)에 달하였는데, 위글매치 후에는 20년으로 줄어들었다. 각 연륜의 방사성탄소연대 신뢰구간이 연륜연대값을 포함하여 연대의 정확성이 입증되었다. 이 결과는 위글매치를 이용한 방사성탄소연대 측정법이 우리나라 목재문화재의 연대측정에 효율적으로 쓰일 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

This paper reports the application of radiocarbon wiggle-matching for Korean wooden artifacts such as buildings and Buddhist statues for precise dating. Nine quinquennial (every five-year) samples of 41 years (AD 1250-1290) for AMS radiocarbon measurements were prepared from a wooden board used for the Main Hall at Jeongsusa (temple) in Kangwhado, Korea, which was dendrochronologically dated. The 95.4% confidence interval of radiocarbon dating prior to wiggle matching was 113.3 year in average. When wiggle-matching technique was applied, it became 20 years, 5.7 times smaller than that produced without wiggle matching. The results indicated that wiggle-matching technique using the calibration curve for northern hemisphere (IntCal04) can produce precise dates for Korean wooden artifacts, at least, for the 13th century.

이 연구의 목적은 인천 옹진군 영흥도에서 발굴된 영흥도선 목부재 방사성탄소연대 분석을 통해 고선박의 연대를 규명하는 것이다. 중앙저판에서 10년 간격으로 채취된 5개의 연륜 블록에 대한 방사성탄소연대를 위글매치한 결과, 최외각 연륜의 ±2σ 연대(95.4% 신뢰구간)에서 A.D. 710~730년 또는 A.D. 750~774년으로 산출되어 이 고선박이 8세기 초반 또는 중반에 제작된 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 연대는 선박의 구조와 도기의 양식으로 추론된 고고학적 편년과 일치되는 결과이다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze radiocarbon dating, using wiggle match, of a wooden board from Yeongheung-do shipwreck excavated from Yeongheung-do in Incheon Ongjingun. The result of wiggle matching for 5 decennial tree-ring block samples of the hull bottom board produced ±2σ radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) as A.D. 710~730 or A.D. 750~774. It indicated that the Yeongheung-do shipwreck belonged to the early or middle of the 8th century. Radiocarbon dating results confirmed the date speculated by archaeologists according to ship structure and pottery style.

We measured radial growth of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa growing in Gangneung, Boseong, Yangsan and Ulleung-do, respectively and analyzed its relationship with temperature and precipitation. We found from the result of tree ring counting that forest stands of Cryptomeria japonica in Gangneung and Boseong was 40 to 50 years old and 50 to 70 years old in Yangsan and Ulleung-do. According to climate change, the mean temperature in Gangneung was found to be 12℃ to 13℃ which was similar to that of Boseong and Yangsan 40 to 50 years ago. While the result of the radial growth measured from Cryptomeria japonica in Gangneung showed a slightly decreasing tendency compared to the other areas, Chamaecyparis obtusa showed an increasing tendency. In the case of Cryptomeria japonica, a strong negative correlation between radial growth and climate related variables including both mean temperature and mean precipitation existed in Ulleung. There was a strong negative correlation between radial growth and mean temperature for Chamaecyparis obtusa in Yangsan, although there was a positive correlation in Gangneung and Yangsan.

The Palsangjeon Pagoda is a five-story wooden building in the Beopjusa Temple area in the Songnisan national park in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. According to historical records, it was constructed in either AD 1605 or AD 1626. To specify the construction year more precisely, we took 41 wood samples for tree-ring analysis during repair actions in 2013; 28 from red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 12 from oak (Quercus spp.), and 1 from fir (Abies spp.). The tree-ring boundaries became clearly visible by smoothing their cross-sectional surface and the tree-ring widths were measured under a stereo microscope. All tree-ring series were compared with each other to establish mean chronologies, which we then compared with local master chronologies established using tree rings collected from wooden elements of the Daeungjeon Hall which is the main building in the Beopjusa Temple area. As a result, it was verified that the red pines were felled in AD 1624 and in AD 1851. Moreover, it was verified that the oaks were also felled in AD 1624 based on cross-dating with the red pine chronology. We concluded that the Palsangjeon Wooden Pagoda was constructed in AD 1626, as mentioned in the historical record (Daeungdaekwangmyeongjeonbulsangki, 1630) and the letters on a purlin on the $4^{th}$ story, using oak and red pine felled in AD 1624 and repaired later on using red pine felled in AD 1851.

This study aims to date wooden coffins excavated from graves in Shinnae-dong, Seoul, South Korea, using dendrochronology. The species of woods used to make the coffins were identified as Pinus densiflora S. et Z., one of the major conifers in Korea. Of 12 graves, 10 were successfully dated using various red-pine chronologies of South Korea. Due to the absence of the last-formed tree ring before felling, the number of sapwood rings, used to obtain likely cutting dates, had to be estimated. The terminus post quem for two coffins without plaster frames were AD 1548 and AD 1571, respectively. Eight coffins with plaster frames yielded estimated dates from AD 1664 to AD 1799. The tree-ring dates indicated that the coffins with plaster frames in Shinnae-dong were constructed approximately 100 years later than those without plaster frames.

BACKGROUND: Soil acidification, which is known to be one of the reasons of forest decline, is associated with decreases in exchangeable Ca and increases in Al concentration, leading to low Ca/Al ratio in soil solution. As tree rings are datable archives of environmental changes, Ca/Al ratios of annual growth ring may show decreasing pattern in accordance with the progress of soil acidification. This study was conducted to investigate Ca/Al pattern of Pinus densiflora tree ring in an attempt to test its usefulness as an indicator of historical soil acidification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three P. densiflora tree disks were collected from P. densiflora forests in Jeonnam province, and soil samples (0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm in depth) were also collected from the tree locations. Soils were analyzed for pH and exchangeable Ca and Al concentrations, and Ca/Al was calculated. Annual growth rings formed between 1969 and 2007 were separated and analyzed for Ca/Al. Soil Ca/Al was positively (P<0.01) correlated with soil pH, suggesting that soil acidification decreased Ca while increasing Al availability, lowering Ca/Al in soil solution. The Ca/Al of tree rings also showed a decreasing pattern from 18.2 to 5.5 during the period, and this seemed to reflect historical acidification of the soils. CONCLUSION(s): The relationship between soil pH and Ca/Al and the decreasing pattern of Ca/Al of tree ring suggest that Ca/Al of tree ring needs to be considered as a proxy of the progress of soil acidification in P. densiflora forest in southern Korea.

본 연구에서는 인천 십정동 유적에서 출토된 목관(1호 회곽묘)에 대해 연륜연대와 사용된 재료를 확인하고자 진행하였다. 목관부재 10점에 대한 수종은 모두 소나무류로 확인되었다. 정확한 연륜측정을 위해 사포를 이용하여 횡단면을 연마하였다. 연륜폭은 이용하여 0.01 mm 정확도로 측정하였다. 5점의 부재들은 서로 간에 일치하였기 때문에 83년간의 대표연륜연대기가 작성되었다. 작성된 대표연륜연대기는 표준연륜연대기들과 비교를 통해 목관의 최외각 연륜은 1575년으로 확인되었고, 16세기 후반에 목관이 제작된 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 목관 표면에 부착된 섬유에 대해 현미경관찰 및 FT-IR분석을 통해 견섬유가 사용된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 목관 표면에 칠해져 있던 칠은 FT-IR, Py-GC/MS 분석으로 옻칠임을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study aimed to conduct tree-ring dating and analysis of the materials used for the wooden coffins excavated from the ruins of Sipjeong-dong, Incheon. The tree species for the 10 wooden coffin materials was identified as pine. For accurate tree-ring measurement, the cross section was polished using sandpaper. The annual ring width was measured with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Since the five materials were consistent with each other in dendrochronology, a representative annual ring chronology of 83 years was prepared. The prepared representative annual ring chronology was compared with the standard annual ring chronology, and the outermost ring of the wooden coffin was confirmed to correspond to the year 1575, suggesting that the wooden coffin was produced in the late 16th century. In addition, microscopic observation and FT-IR analysis revealed that the fibers attached to the surface of the wooden coffin were fibroin (Silk), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Py-GC/MS analysis showed that the paint left on the surface of the wooden coffin was lacquer.

To analyze the relationship between climatic factors (mean monthly temperature and total precipitation) and tree-ring growths of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. from National Parks (according to region) of the Korea, 20 trees were sampled from 13 National Parks. Only trees that were successfully cross-dated were used for dendrochronological analysis, and at least 11 trees were included. The tree-ring chronology of Mt. Bukhan (covering the shortest period of 1917 - 2016 [100 years]) was assessed, as well as that of Mt. Seorak (covering the longest period of 1687 - 2017 [331 years]). After cross-dating, each ring width series was double-standardized by first fitting a logarithmic curve and then a 50-year cubic spline. The relationships between climate and tree-ring growth were calculated with response function analysis. The results show a significant positive correlation between a given year's February-March temperature, May precipitation levels, and tree-ring growth. It indicates that a higher temperature in early spring and precipitation before cambium activity are important for radial growths of Pinus densiflora in the Korea.

양평 지평향교 대성전의 목부재에 대한 수종 식별과 연륜연대 분석을 통해 정확한 수종과 건축역사를 조사하고자 하였다. 목부재 49점 가운데 연송인 잣나무류로 식별된 창방 5점과 장여 1점을 제외한 43점은 경송인 소나무류였다. 그리고 5개 목부재에 대한 연륜연대가 측정되었는데, 수피가 있는 대보 1점과 종보 1점의 마지막 연도가 각각 1718년과 1720년(만재 형성 완료)으로 측정되어 "학교등록"에 수차례 기록되었던 지평향교 대성전의 이건이 1720년대에 실행되었거나 이건 없이 대규모의 중수가 있었음을 유추할 수 있었다.

The objective of this study is to conduct the species identification and tree-ring dating for the wood elements of Daesungjeon (main hall) in Jipyeong Hyanggyo, a Confucian shrine in Jije-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Major wood species for Daesung Hall was Pinus densiflora (88%) belonging to hard pine. The other species was P. koraiensis belonging to soft pine. One large beam and one collar beam with bark were dated to A.D. 1718 and 1720, suggesting either a large-scale repair or moving in 1720s as the record of an historical document 'Hakgyodeongrok'.

Tree-ring width analysis has been used to assess the effects of air pollution on tree growth around industrial complexes. Our study was conducted to elucidate the effect of air pollutants on annual ring growth in black pines (Pinus thunbergii) of age 41$\sim$48 years around Ulsan Metropolitan City. The growth data were analyzed by multiple regression and the results are as follows: 1. The annual ring increment of black pines increased with tree age until age 40 years and then decreased gradually after age 40 years. 2. The increment of annual ring width of black pines was affected more by precipitation and evapotranspiration than air temperature. An annual ring decline appeared in the years 1968$\sim$1983, when annual ring indices below zero were observed. Decreased annual ring growth during this period may have been due to air pollution. 3. The heavy metal with the strongest effect on annual ring growth of black pines in the experimental stand was lead (Pb). The concentration of lead in the stand was estimated as over 6 ppm. 4. The technique of tree-ring width analysis may be useful for estimation of the extent of pollution in forest areas near industrial complexes.