Earticle

본 논문은 지그비 통신 기술을 이용하여 원격지의 냉장고 온도를 실시간으로 모니터링 및 제어 할 수 있는 원격온도 제어 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발된 시스템은 냉장고의 기능(온도 유지 등)을 24시간 감시하며, 원격지에서 모니터링 데이터를 확인이 가능하며 필요시 온도의 설정 값을 변경도 가능하다. 설정된 온도 값을 벗어나면 관리서버에 경보 발생과 미리 설정된 관리자에게 위급상황을 SMS를 전송하여 관리자가 문제점을 확인하고 필요한 조치를 취할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 개발된 시스템을 상업용 및 의료용, 실험용 재료보관용 냉장고에 적용하여 한 대의 MZM(Master Zigbee Module)로 최대 16대의 SZM(Slave Zigbee Module)로 냉장고들의 현재온도와 고장 등 상태를 실시간으로 관리할 수 있다.

In this paper, a remote control system capable of monitoring and controlling the temperature of a refrigerator in real time using the ZigBee communication technology is developed. The developed system provides 24-hour surveillance function including temperature maintenance and it is able to determine monitored data from a remote location and to change the setting of the temperature value. In case the value is out of the setting, it is designed for administrators to verify the problem and take action, sending alarms to management server and the emergency to a preset administrator via SMS. Applying this system to refrigerators storing commercial, medical, and experimental material, the real time status such as temperature and malfunction of refrigerator can be managed up to 16 SZM(Slave Zigbee Module) by only one MZM(Master Zigbee Module).

This paper reports design and fabrication of CMOS temperature sensor circuit using MOSIS 0.25um CMOS technology. The proposed circuit has a temperature coefficient of for a wide operating temperature range with a good linearity. This circuit may be applicable to the design of one-chip IC where quartz crystal resonator is directly mounted on CMOS oscillator chips.

Paulownia coreana has various advantages as a convenient workability, aesthetic outlook, beautiful patterns, low weight and high strength, and its permeability. P. coreana has been widely used for storage but there are no empirical researches proving its functionality in a field of conservation science until now. In this study, the seasonal and daily temperature and relative humidity control, and microbe and insect repellent activity were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstances from 2015 to 2016. The results showed to be mainly excellent in relative humidity control and the buffering effect was good to adjust the average daily relative humidity range from the outside. With respect to the antimicrobial properties of P. coreana, we observed that its water-soluble extract produced visible zones of inhibition against five bacteria. However, it was difficult to predict the antimicrobial and/or insecticidal properties.

환자의 체온을 이용한 의료장비 중의 하나로 적외선 체열촬영기가 있다. 적외선 체열촬영술을 이용하여 근골격계 질환, 신경계 질환, 혈관 질환, 통증 질환, 스포츠 손상 등 임상적 응용범위가 넓다. 아울러 한의학에서도 적외선 체열진 단기를 이용하여 열 진단의 객관성을 부여하기 위하여 사용한다. 하지만 적외선 체열촬영기는 비급여 의료장비이기 때문에 정도관리는 이루어지고 있지 않다. 이에 적외선 체열촬영기를 이용하여 자체 제작한 열제어장치의 열을 측정하여 정확도를 평가하였다. 그 결과 열제어장치의 설정온도와 거의 비슷한 범위 내에서 측정되었다. 하지만 38.5℃에서 더 이상 측정이 불가하였다. 향후 열제어장치로 적외선체열촬영기 정도관리의 일부 항목으로 사용한다면 기기의 정확도를 유지할 수 있을 것이다.

One of the medical equipment that uses the patient's body temperature is a digital infrared thermograph. Digital infrared thermography imaging has a wide range of clinical applications such as musculoskeletal disorders, nervous system diseases, vascular diseases, pain diseases, and sports injuries. In addition, in oriental medicine, a digital infrared thermograph is used to give objectivity to thermal diagnosis. However, since digital infrared thermograph is a non-insured medical device, quality control is not conducted. Therefore, the heat of the self-manufactured thermal control device was measured using a digital infrared thermograph, and the accuracy was evaluated. As a result, it was measured within a range almost similar to the set temperature of the thermal control device. However, it was no longer possible to measure at 38.5 ° C. In the future, if used as a thermal control device as part of the quality control of digital infrared thermograph, the accuracy of the equipment will be maintained.

시멘트 제조공정 중 예열 및 소성 공정은 시멘트 반제품인 클링커를 생산하는 주요 공정으로, 고온의 열에너지를 발생시키기 위해 많은 양의 화석연료를 사용한다. 하지만, 최근 환경오염 문제의 심각성으로 인해 시멘트 산업에서 화석연료로부터 기인하는 탄소 배출량을저감하고자 하는 시도가 지속되고 있다. 대표적인 해결 방안으로 화석연료 대신 폐기물 유래 연료(RDF, Refuse-Derived Fuel)와 같은 대체연료의 사용량을 증대시키기 위한 선행 연구 사례들이 많다. 대체연료는 탄소뿐만 아니라 질소산화물 발생량 또한 저감시킬 수 있고 폐기물을 매립하는 대신 예열실 및 소성로에서 연소시켜 처리할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 하지만 다양한 성분으로 구성된 대체연료의 특성상열량을 추정할 수 없다는 문제점이 있으며, 이로 인해 대체연료 사용량을 증대시키고 안정적으로 예열실을 제어하는 데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 심층 신경망을 기반으로 예열실 온도를 예측하는 모델을 개발하여 미래의 예열실 온도에 대한 비교적 정확한 예측값을 제공하고, 설명가능 인공지능을 활용하여 최적의 연료 투입량을 제시하는 솔루션을 제안하였다. 제안된 솔루션은 실제 예열 공정 현장에 적용되어 화석연료 사용량 5% 감소, 대체연료 대체율 5%p 증가, 예열실 온도 변동 35% 감소하는 성과를 달성할 수 있었다.

The preheating and calcination processes in cement manufacturing, which are crucial for producing the cement intermediate product clinker, require a substantial quantity of fossil fuels to generate high-temperature thermal energy. However, owing to the ever-increasing severity of environmental pollution, considerable efforts are being made to reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuels in the cement industry. Several preliminary studies have focused on increasing the usage of alternative fuels like refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Alternative fuels offer several advantages, such as reduced carbon emissions, mitigated generation of nitrogen oxides, and incineration in preheaters and kilns instead of landfilling. However, owing to the diverse compositions of alternative fuels, estimating their calorific value is challenging. This makes it difficult to regulate the preheater stability, thereby limiting the usage of alternative fuels. Therefore, in this study, a model based on deep neural networks is developed to accurately predict the preheater temperature and propose optimal fuel input quantities using explainable artificial intelligence. Utilizing the proposed model in actual preheating process sites resulted in a 5% reduction in fossil fuel usage, 5%p increase in the substitution rate with alternative fuels, and 35% reduction in preheater temperature fluctuations.

본 연구에서는 내열성 다이아몬드 절단공구를 이용하여 콘크리트를 절단할 때 절단면 및 공구에서 발 생하는 마찰열을 제거하기 위하여 초저온 순간냉풍으로 냉각하며, 절단 시 발생하는 분진은 집진장치로 처리하는 기존의 건식 콘크리트 구조물 해체공법을 개선하고 기존 공법에서 문제시 되고 있는 과대한 마찰열 문제를 해결하기 위하여 절삭공구와 절단 대상물 간에 발생되는 마찰열을 절삭공구와 절단 대상물간의 절단면적에 따라 다이아몬드 절삭공구의 절단속도를 자동으로 조절하여 절삭공구에서 발생되는 마찰열을 허용 한계치 이하가 되도록 제어하는 방법을 개발하였다.

In this study, temperature control method for an air cooled concrete demolition machine was developed, where diamond wire cutting speed is automatically controlled under the condition that maximum temperature of the cutter is lower than setting value. In general high speed and low temperature dried air is used to cool the cutting surface instead of traditional cooling water. Feedback control systems, which are the core components of the present equipment, was designed and fabricated to overcome the overheating problems of the existing demolition machine when cutting concrete structures. The developed technique is environment friendly dry demolition method to minimize the environmental problems and make the present dry demolition method commercially useful.

Experimental analysis has been carried out to investigate oil temperature control characteristics of the hydraulic system in a special vehicle. Hydraulic system performance is largely affected by oil temperature, and there are considerable malfunctions in the system for high temperature conditions caused by heavy load and continuous operation. Oil pressure in the hydraulic system decreases with oil temperature, and its variation rate becomes less steep as oil temperature increases. There is severe time delay for oil temperature control due to the operation of heat exchanger system, and it depends on the oil flow rate and pressure in the system. These results in this study can be applied to the design of automatic thermal control system in the special vehicle hydraulic system.

본 연구의 목적은 증가하고 있는 우리나라의 폭염으로 인한 피해를 지역별, 연령별, 만성질환유무에 따라 분류하여 조사연구 함으로써 국가적인 폭염피해의 정책적 방향을 제시하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 국내 6개 지역을 대상으로, 3가지 집단으로 나누어 45세 이상 정상군 300명(A), 45세 이상 60세 미만의 비정상 군 300명(B), 60세 이상의 정상군(C)으로 대상자는 900명이었다. 사용된 통계기법은 빈도분석, 상관분석과 t-test를 사용하였고 통계처 리는 SPSS 18로 통계처리 하였다. 연구결과 A, B, C 세 집단에서 지표를 비교한 결과 A 집단과 B 집단을 비교한 결과 만성질환을 앓은 B 집단이 그렇지 않은 A 집단보다 피해 체감도가 높으며 정책 만족도가 낮은 것으로 나타났 다. 또한, A 집단과 C 집단을 비교한 결과에서는 연령이 낮은 A 집단보다 연령이 높은 B 집단이 피해 체감도가 높 고 정책 만족도가 높은 것이 확인되었다. 이를 종합해 보면 60세이상의 집단에서는 폭염피해를 위한 정책 마련이 잘 되어있지만 상대적으로 젊은 60세 미만의 만성질환 군에게는 폭염변화에 대한 적응정책이 부족한 것으로 나타났 다. 따라서 향후 분류된 세 집단의 환경에 적합한 건강영향 폭염정책이 국가적으로 선행되어야 할 필요성이 있다.

The purpose of this study is to present the national policy direction of heat wave damage by classifying and researching the increasing damage caused by heatwave in Korea by region, age, and chronic disease. Targeting 6 regions in Korea, the subjects were divided into three groups: 300 (A) in the normal group over 45 years old, 300 (B) in the abnormal group (B) over 45 years old and under 60 years old (C). It was 900. The statistical techniques used were frequency analysis, correlation analysis and t-test, and statistical processing was performed with SPSS 18. As a result of comparing the indicators in the three groups A, B, and C, as a result of comparing group A and group B, it was found that group B with chronic disease had higher damage experience and lower policy satisfaction than group A who did not. In addition, as a result of comparing group A and group C, it was confirmed that group B with a higher age than group A with a younger age had higher damage sensibility and higher policy satisfaction.Taken together, it was found that the policy for heat wave damage was well established in the group over 60 years old, but the adaptation policy to the change in heat wave was insufficient for the relatively young group with chronic diseases under 60 years old. Therefore, there is a need for a nationally advanced heatwave policy suitable for the environment of the three classified groups in the future.

In this study, the actual energy consumption of the secondary side of district heating system(DHS) with different hot water supply temperature control methods are compared. Two methods are outdoor temperature reset control and outdoor temperature predictive Control. While outdoor temperature reset control has been widely used for energy savings of the secondary side of the system, the results show that outdoor temperature predictive control method saves more energy. In general, outdoor temperature predictive control method is lowering the supply temperature of hot water, and it reduces standby losses and increases overall heat transfer value of heated spaces due to more flow into the space. During actual energy consumption monitoring, outdoor temperature predictive control method saves about 19.1% when it compared to outdoor temperature reset control method. Also, it is found that when partial load condition, such as daytime, the fluctuation of hot water supply temperature with outdoor temperature reset control is more severe than outdoor temperature prediction control. So, it proves that outdoor temperature prediction control is more stable even at partial load conditions.

The Calorifier is a device that supplies hot water to the crew for showering and cooking. In particular, problems such as hot water not coming out when a trainee and a crew member take a shower at the same time may occur due to a malfunction of the temperature control valve that controls the temperature. In particular, when the hot water usage time is almost constant, such as a training ship, a high calorific value is required. When there is no dissatisfaction with the use of hot water, satisfaction with the educational environment is improved. Therefore, in this study, a solenoid temperature control valve is applied to increase satisfaction with hot water use, and a mechanical time switch is applied to the hot water circulating water pump to save energy.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the “Temperature Up Diet” (TUD) program on weight control. women of advanced ages, married women, and postpartum women tended to have more weight and inferior physical conditions, and most frequently experienced fatigue (32.4%), followed by dizziness, anemia (14.1%), and general weakness. Of these respondents, 44.3% acknowledged feeling overweight-related self-loathing to a greater or lesser degree and were confirmed to suffer from physical and mental stress. ated the adequacy of the weight loss effect of the program most frequently as “neutral” (47.3%). The highest proportion of the respondents indicated the duration of post-TUD temperature maintenance to be 10–12 h (30.9%), followed by 1 –2 days (25.9%). The highest satisfaction with was observed with the use of a device pre-heated at 100°C. The percentage of participants who were aware of their normal body temperature was as high as 50.9%, and they generally preferred warm drinks (42.9%). From these analysis results, it could be inferred that the primary concern in opting for the TUD program was the and self-confidence through TUD-induced weight loss and improved physical appearance as well as improved health status. The pre-post comparison of the 20-session TUD program confirmed an average reduction in waist circumference of 6.3 cm through the loss of abdominal fat, thus proving its considerable effect in reducing abdominal obesity. Further, the average weight and body fat losses were estimated to be 6.9 and 5.3 kg, respectively, thus verifying the significant effect of the BTUD program on weight loss and body composition change.

In the structural investigation of cultivation facilities, the proportion of farmers to grown with double or triple structure were investigated 96%. It has been shown to grow with a stable cultivation facilities structure against environmental changes. The results of the analysis of the changes in the cultivation environment of Yeoju area in July-august, temperature and humidity of the external instrument shelter was 20.2~29.9oC and 66.2~99.9% respectively. In the greenhouse 2 model capable of temperature environment regulation in the cultivation facility, temperature and humidity were investigated 19.3~25.7oC and 81.6~99.9% respectively. Result of the survey of fruiting body characteristics and yields in the greenhous 2, pileus diameter and stipe length were investigated 66.2 and 54.1 mm, yield of mushroom and individual weight were 312 g and 26.6 g. High-temperature environment regulation shows the improvement of the quality and productivity of the mushroom. Power consumption of the air conditioning has been investigated using 56kwh/day, electricity costs were calculated 2195 won/day.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study is also to develop an exhaust flow control unit suitable for an exhaust engine to completely burn smoke generated by an engine using a diesel engine in a low temperature exhaust gas. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.

As the demand for cold chain logistics for the distribution of fresh food or medicine increased, the domestic cold chain logistics center increased rapidly. Due to the nature of managing low temperature, cold chain logistics requires a lot of energy consumption. In order to cope with the rise in global energy prices and carbon neutrality policies, the establishment of a platform for converting cold chain warehouses to energy efficiency and low energy consumption structures continues to be required. In this study, we focused on the energy efficiency of the refrigeration system with the largest energy load in the operation of the cold chain distribution center, and developed an energy management system operation model through two AI-based refrigeration system control algorithms for effective energy reduction; 1) 3 dimentional temperature mapping and unit-cooler control algorithm through AI learning; 2) AI based automatic defrosting algorithm. In order to verify the energy reduction effect of this control system, it was quantitatively analyzed through experiments in an area of 100? chamber; 1) By applying 3D temperature mapping and unit-cooler control algorithm, unit cooler power consumption is reduced by 19.8% (from 65.85 kWh to 51.97 kWh for 12 hours) ; 2) By applying AI-based automatic defrosting algorithm, 48% reduction in defrosting power consumption (from 532.2 kWh to 271.9 kWh for 24 hours). In the future, it is expected to contribute to reducing the national energy load and carbon neutrality by applying it to the actual cold chain distribution center.

Technological advances in the area of virtual laboratories in recent years, have made possible the implementation of industrial processes in virtual environments for different purposes, such as monitoring and control of these processes, and as a didactic aid in the education field at professional level. This development offers the capability to navigate and control a graphical environment of a bottling process in the brewery industry. As well as being accessible from any virtual platform with internet access.

본 논문에서는 새로운 실시간 적응형 PID 온도제어 기법을 제안한다. 제어대상을 표현하는 모델을 도입하여 오버슈트가 발생하지 않도록 하는 기법이다. 오버슈트의 원인이 되는 과도한 적분을 막기 위해 적분 제어량이 실시간 으로 모델의 열손실을 추종하도록 적분 이득을 조정한다. 기본적으로 비례 제어는 오버슈트를 유발하지 않는다. PID 제어에서 오버슈트의 발생 원인은 적분에서 기인한다. 기존의 PID 제어는 적분이 비례 제어에 종속되고 게인이 상수 로 고정되었다. 그 결과 서로에게 부정합되는 두 이득을 적용하면 과도한 오버슈트가 발생할 수 있었다. 그러나 제안 하는 적응형 제어는 적분 제어량이 항상 열손실을 초과하지 않도록 능동적으로 오버슈트를 제거한다. 따라서 제안하는 기법에 따라 튜닝 실험이 필요 없는 적응형 PID 제어를 실현할 수 있다.

In this paper, we propose a new real-time adaptive PID temperature control technique. This is a technique that prevents overshoot by introducing a model that represents the control object. To prevent excessive integration that causes overshoot, integral control adjusts the integral gain to track the heat loss of the model in real time. In the conventional PID control, the integration was dependent on proportional control and the gain was fixed to a constant. As a result, applying two gains that mismatch each other could cause excessive overshoot. However, the proposed adaptive control actively eliminates overshoot so that the integral control amount does not always exceed the heat loss. The cause of overshoot in PID control is integration. Basically, proportional control does not cause overshoot. Therefore, according to the proposed technique, adaptive PID control without the need for tuning experiments can be realized.

A novel steam temperature control method is developed using the dynamic surface control method in this paper which is based on the saturated water-steam temperature system states observer and the one-order dynamics of the experiment for sprayer element. Certain first-order low-pass filters are introduced into the designing process to avoid the occurrence of high-order derivatives of elements in the system which makes it easy to implement in practical applications. The proposed control method is effective in compensating for the disturbance of load and fuel. Simulation results show that the dynamic surface control method still ensures an accurate result, even if the loads change in a great and parameters of the controlled plant change significantly.

This paper makes an assessment of the typical main steam temperature system in thermal power plant. Due to main steam temperature system is a cascade control system. So, it should be assessed with the performance assessment method of cascade control systems. So firstly, this paper deduces the theoretical process of performance assessment of cascade control system based on minimum variance. Then with this method assesses the performance of four typical loads in thermal power plants when using active disturbance rejection-proportion (ADRC-P) cascade control and smith active disturbance rejection-proportion (SADRC-P) cascade control respectively. Finally, makes comparison of the results. Results show that, when using the same control strategy, different loads has different performance. Load with lager inertia has better performance; When using different control strategies, performance under SADRC-P control is better than that under ADRC-P control.