Earticle

What is the notion of the Korean Language Education and how can we classify it? There are many different terms and concepts of the Korean Language Education depending upon purpose and goal. The Korean Language Education is teaching and learning of Korean Language and Korean Literature based on the educational procedure and method. The Korean Language Education has focused on language for last 40 years. This orientation might back to the national resistance against Japanese rule during the Colonial Period(1910 -1945). Korean must have collectivity consciousness of one nation embedded in Korean Language. Language of Korean is not only language but spirit and soul of the colonial Chosun, which symbolizes and substitutes the nos-existing State of Korea. The Korean Language Education classified as Social Science, not Humanities according to the Korean Research Foundation. Reason comes from the subject as Education. In an academic hierarchy or classification, education belongs to Social Science. Automatically, the Korean Language Education classified the field of the Social Science. The Korean Language Education has two sides as Humanities and Social Science. Lots of educators of the Korean Language Education would regard it as Humanities as well as Social Science. Ideal form of the Korean Language Education will be mixed system and form of two sides.

Objectives :We evaluated the effectiveness of Clinical Decision Supporting System (CDSS) which Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center(KBSMC) has developed. Methods: The prescriptions for hospitalized patients during the study period were reviewed before and after the application of two typical CDSS programs interworking with Order Communication System(OCS). The effectiveness of programs which is not applicable to medicinal powder was evaluated by assessing the number of prescriptions of the alternative medicines, Lansoprazole Orally Disintegrating tablets(ODT) and Valproic acid syrup. In the case of the program assessing narcotic drug amount level, the number of prescription was checked for Pethidine 25mg at the specification of 50mg. For the study, the prescription review book of the year 2009 was investigated. Results: After applying the program, Valproic acid usage was increased 6.6 times in terms of the prescription amount: 14,238ml and 82,542ml of year 2006 and 2008, respectively, and 105,122ml at 2009(Annual average 14,238 ml vs 93,832 ml). Annual amount of Lansoprazole prescription increased 7 times after application of the program: 3,140 and 4,189 tablets for year 2008 and 2009, respectively, compared to 524 tablets for year 2006 when the program had not been applied(Annual average 3,664 tablets vs 524 tablets). The number of cases in which Pethidine 50mg was leftover after prescription has decreased after the program application in December 2009: 92 cases for Aug, 57 cases for Sep, 65 cases for Oct, and 71 cases for Nov in the year of 2009 compared to 48 and 9 cases for Dec 2009 and Jan 2010, respectively, with no occur from February to March(Monthly average 71 cases vs 14 cases). The analysis of 2009 prescription review book has shown that simple OCS operational mistakes were mainly found for outpatient prescriptions. In case of inpatient, however, many mistakes were caused by incomplete understanding of the hospital system and prescription drugs as well as the operational errors in OCS. Conclusion: The CDSS programs evaluated in this study were all effective. The prescription of medicines which is not applicable to medicinal powder and the remaining amount of narcotic drug occurred at reduced level. Drug-related CDSS is necessary for all medical institutions. However,the indiscriminate development of the program could drop clinician's acceptance rate and interfere with medical care. Therefore, the information provided must be clinically meaningful and should be constantly updated.

This thesis is the study about Japanese management system. The major contents of this thesis are the background of Japanese management system, its specific character and its prospect. The Summary of the results of study of this thesis are as follows. 1. The time of formation of Japanese management system can be said to be prior to 1920s. 2. The time establishment of foundation of modern Japanese management system can be said to be l?? 3. The gene?? specific character of Japanese management system can be named as lifetime employment, seniority, job-rotation and slow promotion. Consultive decision making and open communication etc. 4. The general prospect of Japanese management system seems to be changed a little in the future owing to the progress of globalization. But basic principle is viewed not to be changed in the future.

It is clinically important to modify the dose of a nephrotoxic medication in the renal impairment patient for the appropriate therapeutic efficacy and prevention of an unnecessary adverse event. In our hospital, there is a recommended Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) which works by recommending a dose modification as required, which is based on the patient’s Creatinine Clearance (CrCl). Its clinical impact was explored in this study. From January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2012, the prescription pattern changes were analyzed among the identified outpatient population who had received the first CDSS warning, but who were treated with the same medication in the previous 6 months in terms of prescription change rate and appropriate dose modification rate. Additionally, we analyzed which factor most impacted the doctor’s prescription behaviors from the following factors: patient age, severity of renal function, medication class, medication’s CrCl criteria required dose-adjustment, the difference between medication’s CrCl crite-ria required dose-adjustment and the patient’s CrCl. The total of 361 cases were analyzed in this study. The prescription change rate was 13.3% (48/361), and the noted appropriate dose modification rate was 77.8% (14/18). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the nephrotoxic medication class and the difference between the medication’s CrCl criteria required dose-adjustment and the patient’s CrCl were the major determinants changed doctor’s prescription behaviors. Among the nephrotoxic medications class, it is noted that the antimicrobials were highly impacted on the prescription behavior referenced against anti-histamines (Odds ratio 4.46, 95% confidence interval 1.421 to 13.998, p = 0.0104). When the difference between the medication’s CrCl criteria required dose-adjustment and the patient’s CrCl became noted as larger than 20, as comparing with less (or equal) than 10, the doctors were apt to change their prescriptions more frequently (Odds ratio 5.013, 95% confidence interval 1.549 to 16.219, p=0.0071). In the future, in order to be more helpful to the patients and doctors through the distribution of CDSS information, it would be highly beneficial to have a system which can provide an appropriate dose and alert the clinicians according to the patient’s clinical situation, based on the patient’s renal function and medication dose appropriateness.

Background : Recently, increasing of the use of medical supplies, expensive medical equipments and related accessories led to decrease in hospital earnings, caused increasing amount of the total stock. Therefore, most of large hospitals tried to cut costs and minimize their stock through effective stock management. Adapting to the environmental change, we came to build MIS to do effective stock management. Through this study, I tried to suggest for effective stock management by using Management Information System. Methods : Previously being mentioned , for this background, National Police Hospital came to build a MIS(Management Information System) in 2007. Pharmacy department in this hospital handles about 3,648 kinds of products like medical supplies, chemical reagents, dental materials and so on. We categorized 3,648 kinds of products as 11 items and made systematized cords on each of them. Also, we have changed methods on demand and supply to reduce stocks and keep the balance of inventories. We introduced the process of making a payment after using on specific and high priced materials. Results : First, we can reduce making mistakes and omission of prescribing by categorizing of products and systematized cords. Secondly, we can keep the optimal stock management by decreasing inventory of each department. The manager in pharmacy can find the current state of using department stocks through MIS. Thirdly, we can make the best use of budget by adapting new payment method about specific and high priced materials. Finally, we made a new type written request about equipment supplies. As a result, we can manage them effectively by fully getting the information of equipment supplies. Conclusion : We can check the current state of stocks by using MIS in real time. Changing method of demand and supply led to decreasing of making mistakes and omission of prescribing about specific and high priced materials. It contributed to increasing of hospital funds and protecting against loss. However, bar-code system is not yet being done. If we adapt bar-code system to stock management, we can rather manage the term of validity of medical supplies than before.

본 연구는 서고 내부에서 이용자가 목표지에 보다 능률적으로 도달할 수 있도록 하기 위한 서고 Sign System의 구체적 적용에 대한 사례 및 과정을 밝히는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 S대학 중앙도서관의 서고 구조, Sign 현황, 이용자 관찰, 이용자 선호 조사, 시안제작 등의 절차를 거쳐 도서관 서고 현장에 새로운 Sign을 적용하였다. 상세한 제작과정 및 이용자의 반응을 파악하고, 추후 대형 도서관 서고 Sign 제작 시 보완되어야 할 사항 등을 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the case and process of the application of the sign system in order to enable the user to reach the target site more efficiently in the library. For this purpose, a new sign system was applied to the S University library through procedures such as library structure, sign status, user observation, cyan production and preference survey. Detailed production process and user's reaction were identified. Based on this we suggested improvements to the library stacks signage system.

본 연구는 TAS광고의 효과과정은 어떻게 진행되고 있는지를 파악하고자 하는 목적으로 이루어졌다. 효과 과정에는 최종적으로 광고신뢰, 브랜드신뢰, 광고태도, 브랜드신뢰, 광고회의를 점검하여 보았다. 조사는 TAS 광고를 직접 본 310명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 가설을 설정하여 검증하였다. 가설모델의 검증에 앞서서, 측정문항의 구성개념을 파악 하였고, 그 다음 구조적 관계를 파악하는 경로분석을 실시하였다. 가설을 검증하기 위해 제안된 연구모형<그림 1>의 적합도를 살펴본 결과 적합성지수는 적당한 수준이었으나, 연구가설3의 TAS광고의 신뢰는 브랜드태도에 긍정적으로 영향을 미친다의 결과는 t=.094, p=.925이어서 기각을 하고, 다른 가설은 지지되었다. 이에 수정된 가설적 모델을 다시 분석하였는데 초기 모형보다 적합도가 보다 양호한 것으로 나타났다(X2=163.882, df=84, p=.000, GFI=.933, CFI=.973, NFI=.946, IFI=.973, RMR=.0050). 따라서 광고신뢰와 브랜드신뢰가 광고태도, 브랜드태도에 영향을 미치고 결과적으로 TAS회상에 영향을 주는 모형이 더욱 적절하다고 볼 수 있다. 결론적으로 가설 1, 2, 4, 5, 6은 모두 채택되었다. 광고신뢰는 광고태도, 브랜드태도는 TAS회상에 긍정적인(+)적인 영향을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 브랜드신뢰는 브랜드태도와 TAS회상에 정(+)적인 영향을 나타냈다. 특히 다른 변인들과의 관계에서 광고신뢰가 광고태도에 가장 영향을 미치는 영향임을 알 수 있었다(경로계수=1.289, p<.05). 본 연구에서는 지하철 TAS광고의 효과과정을 점검할 적에는 광고신뢰, 브랜드신뢰, 광고태도, 그리고 브랜드태도, TAS회상 간의 요인을 고려해야 한다는 것으로 결론을 내릴 수 있다.

This study provides useful and important implications for subway researchers in several ways. It provides empirical evidence that not only attitude toward brand but also attitude toward TAS advertising affect the level of TAS campaign recall. That is, likely to depend on perceptions of both the medium and the advertised content. How does trust affect consumer attitudes and recall in TAS advertisement? This study explores this question by the research of 310 passengers who take the subway. Five primary constructs were examined : TAS advertising trust, brand trust, attitude toward TAS advertising, attitude toward brand, TAS campaign recall. The path from attitude toward brand to TAS campaign recall was good model(X2=163.882, df=84, p=.000, GFI=.933, CFI= .973, NFI=.946, IFI=.973, RMR=.0050). Findings suggests that a TAS campaign's recall largely depends on TAS advertising trust, brand trust, attitude toward TAS advertising, attitude toward brand. Especially, we should note that the effects of mobile advertising trust on attitude toward mobile advertising were stronger than those of other relationships. TAS advertising is interest(mean=5.63), good(mean=5.39), and informative (mean=5.39), but is low(mean=3.96) from a consumer benefit of view. This study offers a basic but useful research framework for TAS advertisement.

Background : Granisetron transdermal system patch offers convenient non-invasiveoption and could enable continuous antiemetic effects during multi-day chemotherapy for acuteleukemia patients. This study compare the effect and costs of granisetron transdermal systempatch with ramosetron treatment for control chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Methods : From January 2011 to September 2013, one-hundred fifty acute leukemia patientswere prescribed with antiemetic prophylaxis granisetron transdermal system patch andramosetron. These patients were classified into granisetron group(n=82) and ramosetrongroup(n=68) and the effect and costs of each group were evaluated. Results : Total response was achieved by 51.2% of granisetron group and 45.6% of ramosetrongroup, but the difference not statistically significant(p=0.492). The first emetic episode occurred median Day1(1-9) granisetron group and median Day3(1-7) ramosetron group including patientswith failure to emetic control. Conclusions : ranisetron transdermal system patch offers reliable antiemetic effect and preferabledosing for patients receiving multi-day chemotherapy with acute leukemia, and close dosingcontrol pharmacist is to achieve higher response.

Insulin-like growth factors(IGF)s-I과 -II ligands와 이들의 receptors 및 6 종류의 IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs)로 구성된 IGF system은 여러 종류의 세포의 생존, 증식 및 분화에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 리튬은 in vitro에서 여러 종류의 세포의 생존과 증식의 조절제로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 IGF-I, IGF-I receptor 및 IGF carrier로서 주로 IGFBP-3를 발현하는 rat C6 glioma cell에서 LiCl로 유도된 세포 생존 및 증식의 변화와 IGF system components의 발현간의 관계를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 10% 혈청을 함유하는 배양액에서 0, 2mM, 혹은 5mM LiCl을 첨가하여 C6 cell을 24시간 배양했을 시 세포의 생존률과 세포 수는 리튬 첨가에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 72시간 배양했을 때 C6 cell은 명백히 리튬의 첨가수준에 따라 반응하였다. 0, 2mM, 5mM LiCl 첨가수준에서 72시간 배양한 C6 cell은 각각 전형적인 세포분열, 세포분열 중지 및 세포사멸 양상을 보였다. 더욱이 사멸돼가는 세포는 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction으로 조사한 IGF-I, IGF receptor 및 IGFBP-3의 발현수준이 저하되었다. 흥미롭게도 혈청을 첨가하지 않은 배양조건 하에서 IGFBP-3에 대한 anti- sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide를 10 M 수준으로 첨가하여 IGFBP-3 mRNA의 해독을 차단하고 24시간 배양했을 때도 표적 mRNA는 물론 세포 수도 줄었다. 종합하자면, C6 cell에서 리튬의 독성 효과의 일부는 이 제제에 의한 IGF system components의 발현 억제 효과에 의해 매개될 소지가 크다. 이러한 관점에서 IGFBP-3는 적어도 이 세포의 정상적인 증식을 위해 꼭 필요한('permissive') 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

The insulin-like growth factor(IGF) system, consisting of IGFs-I and -II ligands and their receptors and six IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs), plays an important role in survival, proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Lithium is a known modulator of survival and proliferation of many cell types in vitro. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between LiCl-induced changes in cell survival and growth and the expression of the IGF system components in C6 rat glioma cell line which, besides IGF-I and its receptor, is known to express IGFBP-3 as its major IGF carrier. When C6 cells were cultured for 24h in the absence or presence of 2mM or 5mM LiCl in a 10% serum-containing medium, the viability and the number of cells were not affected by added lithium. In 72-h culture, however, C6 cells clearly exhibited a dose-dependent response to added LiCl. The cells cultured for 72h in the presence of 0, 2mM and 5mM LiCl exhibited a typical mitotic, a growth-arrested and an apoptotic appearances, respectively. Moreover, the apoptotic cells were accompanied by reduced expression of IGF-I, IGF-I receptor and IGFBP-3 as examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, blockade of IGFBP-3 mRNA translation by addition of 10 M IGFBP-3 anti-sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide in serum-free, 24-h culture resulted in a decrease in the number of cells as well as relative abundance of the target mRNA. In summary, results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of lithium in C6 cell is likely to be mediated, in part, by suppression by this agent of the expression of the IGF system components. In this regard, IGFBP-3 may play at least a 'permissive' role in normal proliferation of this cell.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study also developed an optimized system for complete combustion of smoke generated by institutions using diesel engines in low-temperature exhaust gases. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.

Dopamine is an effective pressor for the treatment of shock and hypotension when patients do not respond to plasma volume expansion. Two dopamine intravenous delivery systems are currently available in Korea. The objective of this study was to compare dopamine premixed with prefilled system in terms of supply costs (preparation costs + personnel time), contamination rates and convenience. Time-and-motion studies were conducted to determine the time and costs associated with preparation and administration of the two systems. They were analyzed and compared by Mann-Whitney test. To evaluate the contaminaton rates of the two systems, both systems were prepared in an open environment similar to that of practical situations. Premixed and compounded solutions were then filtered by membrane filters, which were cultured at for 10 days and their contents were visually checked for bacterial contamination. The convenience of the two systems was compared by itemized user assessments on preparation, dose calculation, admixture, administration and disposal of waste matters. They were analyzed by Wilcoxon's signed rank test and 100 part percentage. It was found that the preparation costs for premixed and prefilled systems were (Korean currency) and , respectively. The preparation time for premixed system was while at for prefilled system was (n=59 each, p<0.001). No bacterium was observed in the samples of both systems (n=20, each). User assessments indicated that the premixed system was more convenient than the prefilled system except for the item of dose calculation (n=24, p<0.001). Subjective evaluations have proven that the use of the dopamine premixed system resulted in increased efficiency of intravenous preparation by allowing personnel to devote more time to other labor-intensive duties and lower total medical costs.

The purpose of this investigation is that, the combination of resistance training exercise based on the way cortisol, IGF-1, testosterone and agonist of the iEMG, MEF changes, total momentum was to compare the effects. After the measurement of 1RM from 12 Physical Education Students in good health. Light to Heavy system and Heavy to Light system was conducted at random for them. Blood samples were collected throughout the pre and post. Result of the investment is that cortisol levels were higher in the LTH system, but IGF-1, testosterone, there was no significantly different. After the bench press, pectoralis major muscle, and triceps brachii’s iEMG were significantly higher in the LTH system. In the HTL system from a set of triceps brachii were significantly higher. The result of comparison about total momentum, the LTH system were significantly higher at 1st set, and the HTL system were higher at 2nd and 3rd set. In conclusion, the secretion of cortisol is depending on the degree of stress, in the case of IGF-1, the secretion is activated with low degree of stress. Started from a low-intensity momentum is more effective way.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study also developed a burner system in a smoke reduction device suitable for exhaust engines to completely burn smoke generated by institutions using diesel engines in low-temperature exhaust gases. Following the development of the existing high-performance heater, burner structure capable of maintaining ignition state in exhaust flow, pulsation generated by diesel engines, and exhaust flow control unit, the actual configuration, function and effect of the device, development contents, basic data and abnormalities of the vehicle, and comparison with other developed products.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study is also to develop an exhaust flow control unit suitable for an exhaust engine to completely burn smoke generated by an engine using a diesel engine in a low temperature exhaust gas. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study also developed a burner system in a smoke reduction device suitable for exhaust engines to completely burn smoke generated by institutions using diesel engines in low-temperature exhaust gases. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.