Earticle

사회과학자들은 오랜 기간 동안 주관적 웰빙(SWB)에 대한 방대한 연구를 진행하여 SWB에 영향을 미치는 다양한 결정요인들을 밝혀냈다. 대표적 SWB 결정요인으로는 성격, 사회경제적 지위, 사회관계망 등이 있다. 직접적 결정요인들과 SWB 사이에서 조절역할을 하는 도메인(Domain) 요인들의 기여도 주목받아 왔다. 본 연구는 SWB 결정요인들과 도메인 요인들이 일상의 사건들을 어떻게 해석하고 반응하는지, 심리적 적응과정에 어떻게 개입하는지에 대한 주요 메타분석 논문들을 체계적, 통합적으로 분석하여 SWB 결정요인들의 상대적 중요성과 도메인 요인들의 조절역할을 재조명하고 SWB 요인들이 SWB에 이르는 로드맵을 통합구조모형으로 제시한다. 통합구조모형은 네 가지 중요한 결론을 도출한다: 1) 전통적 SWB 결정요인인 성격, 사회경제적 지위, 사회관계망은 여전히 SWB를 변화를 주도하는 유의한 변인들이다; 2) 전통적 SWB 결정요인과 SWB 사이에서 조절역할을 하는 도메인 요인들의 역할에 주목해야 한다; 3) 다수의 선행연구의 결론과 마찬가지로 성격의 영향력이 다른 SWB 결정요인들(사회 경제적 지위와 사회관계망)의 영향력을 압도하지만 조절역할을 하는 도메인 요인들과 사회경제적 지위나 사회관계망의 상호작용을 동시에 고려한다면 상이한 결과를 얻을 가능성도 충분하다; 4) 통합구조모형에 걸맞은 통합적 특성을 지닌 SWB 측정변수가 필요하다.

Social scientists have long been interested in the determinants of subjective well-being (SWB) and found a long list of factors that play the role of interpreting and responding to various life events and manifest themselves in daily psychological adjustments. To further develop this tradition, the current study aims at systematically reviewing major meta-analytic studies on SWB and its influential determinants and integrating the effect sizes found in earlier studies into a comprehensive structural model. The comprehensive structural model: 1) confirms that personal and socio-economic factors like personality, economic status, and social capital have significant influences on SWB; 2) partially reveals that it is essential for SWB studies to incorporate domain satisfaction variables - job, marital, and health - into consideration; 3) shows that consistent with existing studies, personality appears to be a dominant SWB determinant and simultaneously implies that this typical tendency can change if the moderating effects of domain satisfaction variables are fully manifested; and 4) suggests that future SWB studies reach a consensus on an aggregate measure of SWB. Future research on SWB including more meta-analyses from different disciplines, on more advanced systematic review technique, and on the comprehensive structural model with more interactive terms between SWB variables is warranted.

본 연구는 독거노인의 자살생각에 대한 구조모형 분석을 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구는 C 지역에 거주하는 독거노인 300명을 대상으로 한 서술적 조사연구이며 빈도분석, Pearson's correlation coefficients 산출 및 다중희귀분석, AMOS 통계를 실시하였다. 자료수집은 2016년 10월 1일부터 2016년 12월 31일 까지다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 가족지지, 사회활동은 자살생각에 부적상관관계를 보였다. 가족지지는 경제활동, 종교활동, 자원봉사, 지역사회참여에 직접효과를 나타냈고 통계적으로 모두 유의한 차이(p<.05)가 있었다. 가족지지는 자살생각(자살욕구β=-362, p=.000, 삶에 대한 부정적 태도 β=-.259, p=.001)에 직접효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 독거노인의 가족지지 및 사회활동을 강화시켜 자살생각을 줄이고 사회적 안전망을 구축하여 정서적 안정감을 초래하고 관련된 정책수립이 우선적임을 시사한다.

This study was conducted to analyze the model of suicide ideation in the elderly living alone. This study is a descriptive research study of 300 elderly living alone in C-region. It is a frequency analysis, correlation analysis, simple rare analysis. AMOS statistics were performed. Data collection was from October 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. The results of this study are as follows. Family support has a direct effect on suicidal ideation(need for suicide β=-.362, p=.000, negative attitudes toward life β=-.259, p=.001). The results of this study suggest that strengthening the family support and social activities of the elderly living alone reduces the suicidal ideation and builds the social safety net, which leads to the emotional stability and the related policy establishment.

본 연구에서는 구조적 모형을 이용하여 실업급여제도의 효과를 분석한다. 이를 위해 일자리 탐색모형을 수립하고, 모형에서 개인들의 행동을 규정하는 모수값을 자료를 이용하여 결정한 뒤, 여러 가지 정책실험을 하여 조기재취업 수당제도의 효과를 분석하고, 실업급여 수급기간과 수급액의 증가가 탐색행위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석한다. 조기재취업 수당이나 실업급여 수급액이 탐색행위, 후생, 예산지출에 미치는 영향은 미미하며, 실업급여 수급기간은 탐색행위에 커다란 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.

This paper evaluates the effects of unemployment insurance in Korea using a structural model. I construct a job search model and calibrate a set of structural parameters underlying individuals job search behaviors. Using the model I make some counterfactual experiments to evaluate the effect of Early Reemployment Bonus program. This paper also addresses the question how the increases in benefit periods and replacement rates affect job search behaviors. Results show that the Early Reemployment Bonus program has little effects on search behavior, welfare, and expenditure. The benefit periods greatly affect search behavior.

본 연구의 목적은 노인의 건강체력, 우울 및 삶의 질 변인 간의 통합적 인과성을 규명하고자 한다. 자료 수집은 서울·경기 소재의 노인복지관과 노인정에서 동의를 얻은 자발적 참여자 385명을 대상으로 인구통계학적 특성과 인지기 능, 삶의 질 및 우울의 설문지와 하체ㆍ상체 근력, 동적평형성 및 민첩성, 악력과 전신지구력을 측정하여 자료를 수집하 였다. 이에 일련의 절차를 걸쳐 도출된 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인의 인지기능과 건강체력, 우울 및 삶의 질 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 나타났다. 둘째, 노인의 인지기능과 건강체력, 삶의 질 및 우울의 통합적 관계성 에 대한 결과 모든 변인 간에 통계적으로 유의성이 나타났다. 셋째, 노인의 건강 체력이 삶의 질과 우울에 미치는 영향 에서는 인지기능의 부분 매개효과가 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between health related physical fitness, cognitive function, depression and quality of life variables of elderly people in a comprehensive way based on quantitative evaluation. The subjects of this study were 385 people who voluntarily participated in the elderly welfare center in Gyeonggi and Seoul the elderly people. As for the data collection methods, were measured the characteristics, depression and quality of life, cognitive function questionnaires along with measures of lower and upper body strength, dynamic equilibrium and agility, total endurance and grip strength. As a result, the first was a statistically significant correlation between integrated health of the elderly, cognitive function, quality of life and depression. Second, the analysis of cognitive function, elderly integrated health, quality of life, and depression revealed statistical significance among all variables. Third, there was the partial intervention effect of function in the quality of life and depression of the elderly.

The formation of default boundaries is one of the most important factors to characterize structural models and to explain observed credit spreads. According to empirical studies, we need to take into account market-wide indicators that have exploratory powers for observed credit spreads. Other literature shows that historical credit spreads display countercyclical movement. Since the attribute of default boundaries determines that of credit spreads, this paper introduces a simple structural model where a default boundary of the firm is countercyclical. The purpose of the paper is to capture observed credit spreads through the default boundary affected by the stock market performance as a proxy of a market-wide factor. Since this model has a simple default boundary, we can easily obtain risky bond prices and credit spreads implied in the model. Compared with the existing structural model that considers stock market performance, this paper shows that this countercyclical default boundary model can generate credit spreads that are much closer to observed credit spreads.

Korean Standard Certificate, suitable for the korean industrial standards is one which was designed not only to spread and utilize the industrial standard established for the industrial standardization, but to protect the consumer. In this study, the practical effects of the Korean Standard Certificate will be examined in various fields, based on the small medium enterprises which achieved the KS Certificate. In order to look into how the system has effects on the performance of the management in a company, the method of the actual approach will be used. In the end, the purpose of this study is to find the plan in which KS Certificate can be helpful to the development of the company.

This paper presents a pricing formulas of the defaultable bond under the reduced-form model. The market value of the firm ’s asset, as the first state variable, is assumed to follow the jump-diffusion process which reflects the sudden changes of the firm value, and to exhibit a mean reverting. A new probability measure, “default risk adjusted forward measure", is defined and used to price the FRN. This new measure has a strong advantage of calculating interest rate derivatives with the default risk. The model is also extended to price the defaultable bond with the counterparty default risk.

Purpose: Person-centered care emphasizes the therapeutic relationship between medical staff and patients, founded on mutual trust and understanding. In intensive care settings, there is growing recognition of the need to improve the care environment and promote patient-focused nursing. This study aimed to construct and validate a predictive model explaining person-centered care in intensive care units. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design involving 230 intensive care unit nurses working in a tertiary hospital, each with more than one year of direct patient care experience. Data were collected online between March 2 and March 30, 2023. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS ver. 26.0 and AMOS ver. 25.0. Results: Statistically significant pathways were identified from nursing competency to the nursing work environment and person-centered care; from communication competence to teamwork and person-centered care; from nursing professionalism to teamwork and the nursing work environment; and from the nursing work environment to person-centered care. Nursing professionalism indirectly influenced person-centered care through teamwork and the nursing work environment. Conclusion: Enhancing person-centered care in intensive care units requires recognizing the critical roles of communication competence, nursing competency, and the nursing work environment. Developing and implementing educational programs that strengthen communication and nursing competencies, alongside initiatives that improve the nursing work environment, are essential.

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and validate a model of the quality of working life (QWL) among cancer survivors returning to work. Methods: A cross-sectional study was developed. Participants included 204 cancer survivors in the extended cancer survivor stage, 6 months after returning to work, who were treated at two tertiary hospital cancer centers. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 20.0 for confirmatory factor analysis to assess the hypothesis fit and verify the hypothesis. Results: Factors affecting cancer survivors’ quality of working liferesulted in cancer stigma and social support (explanatory power was 43.1%) and the model showed acceptable goodness of fit. In the final model, cancer stigma had a significant direct effect on social support and indirect effect on organizational health, employee health, and QWL. Additionally, social support had significant direct effect on organizational health, employee health and QWL. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there is a need to develop strategies and effective intervention programs that can increase the support of supervisors and colleagues for improving overall quality of work life. Furthermore, the development of policies and intervention programs to reduce cancer stigma for the purpose of transforming perceptions through education and public relations which are indirect factors that affect the quality of work life, can contribute to improving the quality of work life for cancer survivors.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify variables influencing the psychosocial adjustment of North Korean adolescent refugees in order to establish a structural equation model and design an intervention strategy to improve psychosocial adjustment. Methods: The subjects included 290 North Korean adolescent refugees aged 16~24 years who were enrolled in alternative schools or regional adaptation centers. They were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Results: The goodness of fit measures of the model were as follows: x2=131.20 (p<.001), GFI=.93, CFI=.91, TLI=.86, RMSEA=.08, and SRMR=.07. The results estimated from the structural equation model indicated a good fit of data to the hypothesized model, which proposed that stress and emotional intelligence are associated with psychosocial adjustment. The major variables influencing psychosocial adjustment were stress, emotional intelligence, which was a significant direct effect, whereas attitude of parenting showed an indirect effect on psychosocial adjustment through emotional intelligence. These variables account for 50.0% of psychosocial adjustment. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop a program and intervention plan that can enhance emotional intelligence and thereby relieve the stress of North Korean adolescent refugees. The program should also include parenting education so that parents have positive attitude of parenting.

Purpose: This study investigated the mediating effects of loneliness and depression on the relationship between adult attachment and smartphone addiction in university students. Methods: A total of 200 university students participated in this study. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: There were significant positive relationships between attachment anxiety, loneliness, depression, and smartphone addiction. However, attachment anxiety was not significantly correlated with smartphone addiction. The results also showed that loneliness did not directly mediate between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction. In addition, loneliness and depression serially mediated between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction. Conclusion: The results suggest there are mediating effects of loneliness and depression in the relationship between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction. The hypothesized model was found to be a suitable model for predicting smartphone addiction among university students. Future study is required to find a causal path to prevent smartphone addiction among university students.

Purpose: The prevalence of psychological distress is frequently observed among old adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). However, current researches are insufficient to clarify the correlation among these relevant factors. This study examined the effects of symptom burden, psychological resilience, coping styles, and social support on psychological distress. Methods: Two hundred fifty five elderly patients with AECOPD were conveniently selected in Taian, Shandong Province. The General Information Questionnaire, Distress Thermometer, The Revised Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale were used to investigate. The relationship among factors was estimated by using a structural equation model. Results: Psychological distress score of elderly patients with AECOPD was (5.25 ± 1.01); coping styles, psychological resilience, symptom burden, and social support directly affected psychological distress (the direct effects were -.93, .17, .17, and -.09); coping styles had the largest total effect on psychological distress (the total effect was -.93); psychological resilience indirectly affected psychological distress through coping styles (the indirect effect was -.74); symptom burden indirectly affected psychological distress through psychological resilience (the indirect effect was .25); social support indirectly affected psychological distress through symptom burden, psychological resilience, and coping styles (the indirect effect was -.80). Conclusion: The psychological distress of elderly patients with AECOPD is at a moderate level; coping styles, psychological resilience, and social support have positive effects on alleviating the psychological distress of elderly patients with AECOPD; symptom burden is negatively correlated with psychological distress. Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to elderly patients with AECOPD who are particularly prone to experience higher levels of psychological distress, especially in the presence of low coping style, limited psychological resilience, inadequate levels of social support, and high symptom burden.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test a model for intention to discontinuation drinking high caffeinated beverages among undergraduate students. This model was based on the Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Becker’s health belief model. Methods: Participants consisted of 201 undergraduate students. Data were collected by questionnaires from March 11 to May 24, 2019. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0, AMOS 22.0 program. Results: The assessment of the model indicated an acceptable fit (normed x2=1.65, goodness-of-fit index [GFI]=.83, adjusted GFI=.79, comparative fit index [CFI]=.92, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=.05, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=.91, normed fit index [NFI]=.87, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=.07). Perceived behavior control, subjective norm, the subjective attitude was found to have a significant direct effect on the intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. The variances of this model explained 45.3% of the variance in intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. Conclusion: These results suggest that a need to increase awareness of adverse effects and potential risks of high caffeinated beverage consumption in undergraduate students. Besides, the university and government should provide education and campaigns to prevent excessive high-caffeinated beverage consumption.

Purpose: Authors develop a unified structural model that defines multirelationships between systematic factors causing excessive use of smartphones and the corresponding results. Methods: A survey was conducted with adolescents who live in Seoul, Pusan, Gangneung, Donghae, and Samcheok from February to March 2016. Authors used SPSS, version 22, and AMOS, version 22, to analyze the survey results at a 0.05 significance level. To investigate demographic characteristics of the participants and their variations, descriptive analysis was used. The maximum likelihood estimate method was adopted to verify the fitness of the hypothetical model and the hypotheses therein. Authors used c2 statistics, goodness-of-fit index, adjusted goodness-of-fit index, comparative fit index, normed fit index, incremental fit index, root mean square residual, and root mean square error of approximation to verify the fitness of our structural model. Results: (1) The proposed structural model demonstrated a fine fitness level. (2) The proposed structural model could describe the excessive use of a smartphone with 88.6% accuracy. (3) The absence of the family function and relationship between friends, impulsiveness, and low self-esteem were confirmed as key factors that cause an excessive use of smartphones. (4) Furthermore, impulsiveness and low selfesteem are closely related to the absence of family functions and relations between friends by 68.3% and 54.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Authors suggest that nursing intervention programs from various angles are required to reduce adolescents' excessive use of smartphones. For example, family communication programs would be helpful for both parents and children. Consultant programs about relationships with friends would also be helpful.

Purpose: Health literacy has been attracting increasing attention because low health literacy is considered an important predictor of adverse health outcomes in many chronic conditions, including diabetes. However, it is unclear how health literacy is associated with health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to formulate a hypothetical structural equation model linking health literacy to self-efficacy, selfcare activities, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and 459 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from outpatient clinics in two university hospitals. The patients completed a pack of questionnaires. The hypothetical model was tested using structural equation modeling analysis. Results: The values of multiple fit indices indicated that the proposed model provided a good fit to the data. Health literacy exerted not only a direct effect on self-care activities, but also an indirect effect on self-care activities via self-efficacy. However, health literacy exerted only an indirect effect on HRQOL. This structural model was invariant across hemoglobin-A1c-controlled and hemoglobin-A1c uncontrolled groups. Based on R2 values, the final model accounted for 20.0% of the variance in selfefficacy, 61.0% of the variance in self-care activities, and 16.0% of the variance in HRQOL. Conclusions: This study suggests that self-care activities are crucial to the link between health literacy and HRQOL. Both health literacy and self-efficacy need to be considered in clinical practice for enhancing self-care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes. This approach may ultimately improve HRQOL in these patients.

Purpose: This study employed structural equation modeling to verify the suitability and causality of a hypothetical model constructed based on Wilson and Cleary's health-related quality of life model. The aim was to explain and identify the factors that influence quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia. Methods: The study included 217 middle-aged men diagnosed with prostatic hyperplasia between February and March 2022 at the urology department of a general hospital in UJB city. The measurement tools used included biological characteristics, International Prostate Symptom Scores, functional health, general health perceptions, social support, and quality of life. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 programs. Results: The final model revealed that the variables with the highest explanatory power for quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia were general health perceptions, followed by the International Prostate Symptom Score, functional health, and prostate size. The explanatory power of the variables for quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia was 89.7%. Conclusion: The model used in this study was found to be suitable for assessing quality of life in middle-aged men with prostatic hyperplasia. Based on the study's findings, it is deemed necessary to foster competencies for managing the disease through the development of educational programs, nursing interventions, and countermeasures. These should be based on general health perceptions, symptoms, and functional health, with an accurate knowledge of the characteristics of prostatic hyperplasia, as per Wilson and Cleary (1995)'s health-related quality of life theory.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explain the health promotion behavior of Chinese international students in Korea using a structural equation model including acculturation factors. Method: A survey using self-administered questionnaires was employed. Data were collected from 272 Chinese students who have resided in Korea for longer than 6 months. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The p value of final model is .31. The fitness parameters of the final model such as goodness of fit index, adjusted goodness of fit index, normed fit index, non-normed fit index, and comparative fit index were more than .95. Root mean square of residual and root mean square error of approximation also met the criteria. Self-esteem, perceived health status, acculturative stress and acculturation level had direct effects on health promotion behavior of the participants and the model explained 30.0% of variance. Conlcusions: The Chinese students in Korea with higher self-esteem, perceived health status, acculturation level, and lower acculturative stress reported higher health promotion behavior. The findings can be applied to develop health promotion strategies for this population.

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and test the structural relationships between self efficacy and clinical performance among undergraduate nursing students. The model was based on Bandura’s self efficacy theory and a review of previous studies. The hypothesized model included emotional intelligence as a personal factor, self efficacy as self efficacy beliefs, problem solving ability as a skill, and clinical performance as a performance. Methods: Data were collected from June 23 to August 11, 2014 using structured questionnaires. The study sample was 205 senior nursing students. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Results: The hypothesized model was shown to be x²=183.186 (dF=118), Goodness-of- Fit Index (GFI)=.91, Normed Fit Index (NFI)=.91, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=.96, and Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA)=.05. Self efficacy (β=.29 p=.033) and problem solving ability (β=.42 p=.007) had a direct effect on the clinical performance. Furthermore, self efficacy had mediating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical performance. Conclusion: These findings provide that when developing nursing curriculum and intervention programs, self efficacy and problem solving ability should be considered as key factors facilitating the clinical performance of nursing students. Moreover, consideration should be given to the indirect effects of emotional intelligence subscales on clinical performance via self efficacy and problem solving ability.

Purpose: This study explored the direct and indirect effects of risk factors of work-related musculoskeletaldisorders (WRMDs) in nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs). Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. ICU nurses from 28 tertiary hospitals in the Hunanand Guangdong provinces participated in a survey conducted via a self-reported online questionnaire. Astructural equation model was used to fit the data and to evaluate associations among WRMDs and riskfactors. Results: Valid questionnaire samples were submitted by 984 ICU nurses. The prevalence of WRMDswithin the previous year among ICU nurses was 96.8%. A valid structural equation model was constructed,and a good fit was shown: Chi-square value/degrees of freedom ¼ 2.248; comparative fitindex ¼ .931; normal fit index ¼ .905; goodness-of-fit index ¼ .978; adjusted goodness-of-fit index ¼.966; and root mean square error of approximation ¼ .036. All regression coefficients for direct effectreached significant levels (critical ratio > 1.96 and p < .05). In the structural equation model, theoccurrence of WRMDs was directly affected by the following: physical factors, risk perception, and jobstress. Physical factors and a safe environment indirectly affected WRMDs through risk perception andjob stress. The strongest correlations with WRMDs were physical factors. Conclusion: The model provided a new perspective for understanding the associations among physicalfactors, workplace safety environment, risk perception, job stress, and WRMDs. To improve the practicesetting of the ICU, efforts should be made to help prevent WRMDs from physical, psychosocial, andenvironmental factors.