Earticle

본 연구는 부석사 조사당 벽화의 벽체 바탕에 대한 재료와 구조를 과학적으로 조사⋅분석하 여, 벽체 바탕의 제작기술과 원재료의 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 부석사 조사당 벽화 벽체 바탕의 구성요소는 가시새, 외가지, 외엮기 줄로 확인되었다. 벽체 바탕 요소 중 가시새는 졸참나무류(Prinus Section)로 식별되었으며, 일정 규격의 직사각형 각재로 가공하여 벽화별로 6∼11개가 설치되었다. 가시새의 배치 구조는 상⋅하부는 조밀하게 중앙 부분은 넓게 배치한 특이점이 확인되었다. 외가지 는 소나무류(Hard pines)로 식별되었으며, 단면 지름 20mm 이내의 나뭇가지를 그대로 사용하거나 유사한 규격으로 가공하여 비교적 일정한 간격으로 설치되었으며, 설외와 눌외 배치간격의 차이점은 없었다. 외엮기 줄은 볏짚으로 만든 새끼줄이 사용되었고 가시새와 외가지를 대각선으로 엮어 벽체 바탕을 안정적으로 고정하였다. 방사성탄소연대 분석 결과, 벽체 바탕 재료의 보정연대는 13∼14세 기로 조사당 건축연대로 추정되는 14세기 말과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 확인하였다.

This study analyzed the materials and structure of the wooden wall framework of a mural painting at the Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple to identify the manufacturing techniques and characteristics of the used raw materials. The observed components of the wooden wall framework included Gasisae, laths, and straw ropes. The Gasisae wood species was identified as belonging to the Prunus section. Its shape was confirmed to be rectangular and processed into uniform dimensions, with the number of installed pieces ranging from 6 to 11. The arrangement of Gasisae exhibited a distinctive feature: dense placement in the upper and lower parts and wider spacing in the central part. The wood species of the laths was identified as hard pines with branches of 20 mm or less in diameter, used either in their natural form or processed, and arranged at relatively uniform intervals. The spacing between the vertical and horizontal laths was similar. The straw rope was identified as an Oryza-type plant material used to diagonally tie the Gasisae and laths, providing stable reinforcement for the wooden wall framework. Radiocarbon dating analysis confirmed that the calibrated age of the wooden wall framework was between the 13th and 14th centuries. This finding encompasses the 14th century, the construction period of the Josadang Shrine, indicating a close temporal relationship between the two.

본 연구는 인천광역시 소재 초·중·고 혁신학교 교사들을 대상으로 수집된 패널 데이터를활용한 구조방정식 모형(SEM)을 적용하여 학교자치가 교사의 내면적·행위적 특성에 미치는구조적인 영향 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 이에 학교자치를 독립변인으로, 교사효능감, 교사소진, 교사 행위주체성을 종속변인으로 설정한 연구모형을 통해, 변인 간의 직접적 및 간접적영향 관계를 구조적으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교자치는 교사효능감에 통계적으로 유의미하고 강력한 정적 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 교사에게 학교운영에 대한 실질적인 의사결정 참여 기회를 부여하는 것이 교사의 전문성을 존중하고 자기능력에 대한 신념을 강화하는 핵심 기제임을 시사한다. 둘째, 교사효능감은 교사소진에 유의한 부적 효과를, 교사행위주체성에는 유의한 정적 효과를 미치는 핵심적인 심리적 자원으로기능함이 입증되었다. 셋째, 교사소진은 교사행위주체성에 유의한 부적 효과를 미쳐, 정서적고갈과 냉소가 교사의 주도적 실천 의지를 약화시키는 주요 저해 요인임을 확인하였다. 넷째, 학교자치는 교사행위주체성에 직접적인 영향을 미치기보다는, 교사효능감을 증진시키고 이를통해 교사소진을 완화함으로써 교사행위주체성을 촉진하는 간접 경로가 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 학교자치라는 구조적·제도적 변화가 교사의 행위적 변화로 이어지기 위해서는 교사효능감이라는 긍정적 심리 상태의 매개가 결정적으로 중요하다는 사실을 실증적으로 규명하였다.

This study aimed to analyze the structural impact of school autonomy on teachers' inner and behavioral characteristics by applying a structural equation model (SEM) using panel data collected for elementary, middle, and high school teachers in innovation schools located in Incheon Metropolitan City. Through a research model that set school autonomy as an independent variable, and teacher efficacy, teacher burnout, and teacher agency as dependent variables, the direct and indirect influence relationships between variables were structurally analyzed. The research results are as follows. First, school autonomy had a significant and strong positive effect on teacher efficacy. This suggests that providing teachers with meaningful opportunities to participate in school management is a key mechanism for recognizing their professionalism and reinforcing their self-belief. Second, teacher efficacy was found to be a critical psychological resource, exerting a significant negative effect on teacher burnout and a positive effect on teacher agency. Third, teacher burnout had a significant negative effect on teacher agency, confirming that emotional exhaustion and cynicism are major barriers to teachers' proactive engagement. Fourth, the analysis revealed that school autonomy did not directly affect teacher agency. Instead, a significant indirect pathway was found where school autonomy fostered teacher agency by enhancing teacher efficacy and, consequently, alleviating teacher burnout through that enhanced efficacy. In conclusion, this study empirically demonstrates that the mediating role of teacher efficacy is critical for the structural changes of school autonomy to translate into behavioral changes in teachers.

본 연구는 부석사 조사당 벽화 토벽체의 구조와 재료를 과학적으로 조사⋅분석하여 제작 특성을 규명하였다. 벽체는 초벽층, 중벽층, 마감층으로 구성되어 있으며, 흙은 풍화토를 층위별 기능에 맞게 정선하여 사용하였고, 섬유보강재로는 초벽층과 중벽층에 짚 섬유, 마감층 에 마 섬유를 사용하였다. 초벽층은 3∼4 cm의 두께로, 공극률 2.10%, 입도비율은 자갈 12.31%, 모래 41.60%, 미사 29.87%, 점토 16.23%로 분석되었다. 중벽층은 1∼2 cm의 두께로, 공극률은 2.17%, 입도비율은 자갈 5.96%, 모래 40.97%, 미사 35.66%, 점토 17.40%로 나타났다. 마감층은 약 6 mm의 균일한 두께로 제작되었으며, 공극률 4.70%, 입도비율은 모래 53.51%, 미사 38.57%, 점토 7.92%로 확인되었다. 즉, 초벽층과 중벽층은 분급이 불량한 입자로 치밀한 구조를 형성하 여 내구성을 높이고, 마감층은 평활성과 균일성에 중점을 둔 제작이 이루어진 것으로 판단된다.

This study scientifically investigated and analyzed the structure and materials of the earthen wall of the mural painting in Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple to identify its manufacturing characteristics. The wall comprises three layers: the support layer, the middle layer, and the finishing layer. The clay used was weathered soil that was refined according to the functional requirements of each layer. Straw fibers were used as reinforcements in the base and intermediate layers, while hemp fibers were utilized in the finishing layer. The support layer has a thickness of 3–4 cm, with a porosity of 2.10% and a particle size distribution of 12.31% gravel, 41.60% sand, 29.87% silt, and 16.23% clay. The middle layer has a thickness of 1–2 cm, with a porosity of 2.17% and a particle size distribution of 5.96% gravel, 40.97% sand, 35.66% silt, and 17.40% clay. The finishing layer is approximately 6 mm thick and exhibits a porosity of 4.70% with a particle size distribution of 53.51% sand, 38.57% silt, and 7.92% clay. In summary, the support and middle layers were constructed with poorly graded particles to form a dense structure, enhancing durability, while the finishing layer was designed with a focus on smoothness and uniformity.

본 연구는 공공조직의 사회적 자본이 조직성과에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 또한 조직구조의 특성(집권화와 공식화)이 공공조직의 사회적 자본과 조직성과 간의 관계를 조절하는 지 여부를 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 분석 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 조직의 사회적 자본이 조직성과에 미치는 영향의 강도는 차이가 있지만, 구조적 사회자본, 관계적 사회자본 및 인지적 사회자본 모두 조직성과(서비스 질)에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 조직구조 특성에 따른 조직의 사회적 자본과 조직성과와의 조절효과 분석 결과는 다음과 같았다. 즉 집권화에 따른 구조적, 관계적 및 인지적 사회자본이 조직성과에 미치는 조절효과는 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 반면, 공식화는 구조적 사회자본과 조직성과와의 관계에서는 조절효과를 나타내었지만, 관계적 및 인지적 사회자본은 조절역할을 하지 못하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 구조적 사회자본이 활성화될수록 의사소통이 원활하여 조직성과를 높이는 것으로 판단된다. 조직구조의 공식성의 정도가 낮을수록 구조적 사회자본은 조직성과를 높인다는 것을 알 수 있다.

This study examined the effect of social capital on organizational performance. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the characteristics of organizational structure (centralization and formalization) have a moderating effect on the relationship between social capital and organizational performance of public organizations. The results of the study were as follows. First, Although there is a difference in the intensity of influence of organizational social capital on organizational performance, there is a positive effect on organizational performance (service quality) of structural social capital, relational social capital, and cognitive social capital. Second, According to organizational structure characteristics was as follows, the adjustment effect of organizational social capital and organizational performance. In centralization of organizational structure, structural, relational, and cognitive social capital have no effect on organizational performance. On the other hand, formalization has a moderating effect on the relationship between structural social capital and organizational performance, but relational and cognitive social capital does not play a moderating role. These results suggest that the more the structural social capital is activated, the more smooth the communication and the better the organizational performance. The lower the degree of organizational structure is, the higher the structural social capital increases the organizational performance.

This study a object, That outward form of human hair only looks beautiful image, not stop, not from changes that help the human body and the date of the internal image changchulin completely made that beautiful fully developed to produce new human beings can be seen as an important role. In addition, the representational aspect of postmodernism tend disciplines, as do one trillion aspects of postmodern dislocation of hair design is possible, you can understand. First, texture, form a line gateuna One length cut is another cut and commonly called Parallel cut heavy shot is reminiscent of the feeling. Pararel cut cuts only the formal concept of creating a modern sensibility designed by combining the classic styling of the results, rather than a massage Name when directed geotmareumeuro curls were expressed as a youthful freshness. Second, the texture and the angle according to the treatment of mixed cut Graduation cut the angle and connected by a layer of fine representation of the scalp hair, depending on the angle perpendicular to the surface by creating a detailed layer is giving. In addition to patingseon, texture, cut, depending on the variety of techniques to make changes to be expressed. Mass media, especially the Graduation cut hairstyles people prefer the modern style has been featured frequently. Third, due to changes in the structural form of each procedure by the lines and angles in harmony Uniform layer cut any part of the scalp eseona set the reference point and if the cuts go over the structure of the head matches the natural length can be achieved. The result been postmodernism and get cut hair style when you want to change through the effective way to study the angle, shape and texture according to the changes in the style showed. Increase layer cut also cut with a feeling of lightness to the desired layer syagikeoteu, Kurt Wolf, etc. Pointing to use Stroke cut technique or by using the technique was able to give a lighter texture.

본 연구는 한국인의 고유한 정서로 알려져 있는 정(情)의 개념을 확장하여 브랜드에 대한 정의 척도를 개발하고, 그 구조를 파악하는데 주된 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 기존의 정에 대한 연구들과는 달리 심층인터뷰, 설문조사와 같은 사회과학적인 방법을 사용하였다. 연구 결과 브랜드에 대한 정은 다정다감, 허물없음, 우리성의 하위차원으로 구성되어 있었으며, 브랜드 정의 선행변수는 유용성, 접촉성, 항상성으로 구분되었으며, 결과변수로는 이성적 판단방해, 정서적 안정성, 애호도로 구성되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 최종적으로 브랜드 정의 차원은 다정다감 7항목, 허물없음 2항목, 우리성 4항목으로 이루어져 있고, 브랜드 정의 선행변수는 유용성 5항목, 항상성 4항목으로, 브랜드 정의 결과변수는 이성적 판단방해 8항목, 정서적 안정성 7항목, 애호도 4항목으로 구성되어 총 41항목으로 이루어진 브랜드 정의 구조를 측정하기 위한 척도를 개발하였다. 이 척도는 향후 단순한 감성마케팅이 아닌 한국인 정서에 맞는 정 마케팅을 실시하는데 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale of “Jeong-toward-the-brand”(Jb hereafter) by examining and extending the concept and construct of “Jeong,” which is known as a unique Korean trait. In comparison to the past research on “Jeong,” the present study is distinguished by using sociological methods such as in-depth interviews and questionnaires. The findings show that the Jb is characterized by the subdimensions of sentimentality, unceremoniousness and ourness, that the cause variables of the Jb are composed of usefulness, brand contact, and constancy, and that the effect variables of the Jb are of the disruption of rational judgment, emotional stability, and patronage (affinity). In sum, the scale of Jb has been developed: the Jb is constructed by total 41 items--13 items in the dimension of the Jb (7 in sentimentality, 2 in unceremoniousness, and 4 in ourness), 13 items in the independent variables of the Jb (5 in usefulness, and 4 in constancy), and 19 items in the effect variables of the Jb (8 in the disruption of rational judgment, 7 in emotional stability, and 4 in patronage). The scale of Jb will contribute to the execution of Jeong marketing, instead of mere sentimental one, proper to Korean sentiment in the future

Achievement emotions significantly influence students' well-being, learning quality, and academic performance. This study addresses the overlooked achievement emotions in nursing by investigating their relationship with mindfulness and academic performance, with an emphasis on the mediating effects of achievement emotions. This study employed a cross-sectional design involving 203 nursing students in a university in C province. Participants responded to a survey designed to assess their level of mindfulness, achievement emotions, and academic performance. Structural relationships among mindfulness, achievement emotions, and academic performance were tested using data-driven and computational analyses, including structural equation modeling (SEM) with Mplus 8. In addition, path analysis with bootstrapping was conducted to validate the hypothesized pathways and to examine the mediating effects of achievement emotions. Mindfulness was positively related to positive achievement emotions and negatively related to negative achievement emotions. While positive achievement emotions enhanced academic performance, negative achievement emotions had an adverse effect. However, mindfulness did not directly influence academic performance. Notably, achievement emotions served as a complete mediator in the association between mindfulness and academic performance. The results suggest that mindfulness benefits nursing students' academic performance by amplifying positive achievement emotions and diminishing negative ones. The mediation effect highlights the importance of achievement emotions in nursing education, highlighting the necessity of educational programs that enhance students' emotional experiences. These findings can serve as a crucial foundation for designing initiatives fostering mindfulness, achievement emotions, and effective learning among nursing students.

Streptomyces avermitilis genome includes 33 genes encoding monooxygenation-catalyzing cytochrome P450 enzymes. We investigated the structure of CYP107P2 and its interactions with terpenoid compounds. The recombinant CYP107P2 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified enzyme exhibited a typical P450 spectrum upon CO-binding in its reduced state. Type-I substrate-binding spectral titrations were observed with various terpenoid compounds, including α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate, and (+)-3-carene. The calculated binding affinities (Kd) ranged from 15.9 to 50.8 µM. The X-ray crystal structure of CYP107P2 was determined at 1.99 Å resolution, with a well-conserved overall P450 folding conformation. The terpenoid compound docking models illustrated that the structural interaction between monoterpenes and CYP107P2, with the distance between heme and terpenes ranging from 3.4 to 5.4 Å, indicates potential substrate binding for P450 enzyme. This study suggests that CYP107P2 is a Streptomyces P450 enzyme capable of catalyzing terpenes as substrates, signifying noteworthy advancements in comprehending a novel P450 enzyme's involvement in terpene reactions.

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a global threat to modern healthcare systems and has nullified many commonly used antibiotics. β-Lactam antibiotics are among the most successful and occupy approximately two-thirds of the prescription antibiotic market. They inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall by mimicking the D-Ala-D-Ala in the pentapeptide crosslinking neighboring glycan chains. To date, various β-lactam antibiotics have been developed to increase the spectrum of activity and evade drug resistance. This review emphasizes the three-dimensional structural characteristics of β-lactam antibiotics regarding the overall scaffold, working mechanism, chemical diversity, and hydrolysis mechanism by β-lactamases. The structural insight into various β-lactams will provide an in-depth understanding of the antibacterial efficacy and susceptibility to drug resistance in multidrug-resistant bacteria and help to develop better β-lactam antibiotics and inhibitors.

In this study, we determined the effect of 24 different synthetic 4-benzylpiperidine carboxamides on the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (DA), and characterized their structure-activity relationship. The compounds with a two-carbon linker inhibited DA reuptake with much higher potency than those with a three-carbon linker. Among the aromatic ring substituents, biphenyl and diphenyl groups played a critical role in determining the selectivity of the 4-benzylpiperidine carboxamides toward the serotonin transporter (SERT) and dopamine transporter (DAT), respectively. Compounds with a 2-naphthyl ring were found to exhibit a higher degree of inhibition on the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and SERT than those with a 1-naphthyl ring. A docking simulation using a triple reuptake inhibitor 8k and a serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 7j showed that the regions spanning transmembrane domain (TM)1, TM3, and TM6 form the ligand binding pocket. The compound 8k bound tightly to the binding pocket of all three monoamine reuptake transporters; however, 7j showed poor docking with DAT. Co-expression of DAT with the dopamine D₂ receptor (D₂R) significantly inhibited DA-induced endocytosis of D₂R probably by reuptaking DA into the cells. Pretreatment of the cells with 8f, which is one of the compounds with good inhibitory activity on DAT, blocked DAT-induced inhibition of D₂R endocytosis. In summary, this study identified critical structural features contributing to the selectivity of a molecule for each of the monoamine transporters, critical residues on the compounds that bound to the transporters, and the functional role of a DA reuptake inhibitor in regulating D₂R function.

The effect of various levels of proteins, sulfates, and molecular weight ($M_w$) of a sulfated-glycoprotein ($NF_3$) from a sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, on nitric oxide (NO) releasing capacity from RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. The $NF_3$ derivatives had various amounts of proteins (4.8~11.2%) and sulfates (6.8~25.2%) as well as different $M_w$ ($640.3{\times}10^3{\sim}109.2{\times}10^3g/mol$). $NF_3$ was able to stimulate RAW 264.7 cells to release NO with lower protein contents, indicating that the protein moiety was not an important factor to stimulate macrophages. On the other hand, the NO inducing capacity was significantly reduced with decreased levels of sulfates and $M_w$, implying that sulfates and $M_w$ played a pivotal role in activating RAW 264.7 cells. It was not clear why sulfates and a certain range of $M_w$ were essential for stimulating macrophages. It appeared that certain levels of sulfates and $M_w$ of sulfated-glycoproteins were required to bind to the surface receptors on RAW 264.7 cells.

Offshore oil and gas process plants are exposed to hazardous accidents such as explosion and fire, so that the structural components should resist such accidental loads. Given the possibilities of thousands of different scenarios for the occurrence of an accidental hazard, the best way to predict a reasonable size of a specific accidental load would be the employment of a probabilistic approach. Having the fact that a specific procedure for probabilistic accidental hazard analysis has not yet been established especially for explosion and fire hazards, it is widely accepted that engineers usually take simple and conservative figures in assuming uncertainties inherent in the procedure, resulting either in underestimation or more likely in overestimation in the topside structural design for offshore plants. The variation in the results of a probabilistic approach is determined by the assumptions accepted in the procedures of explosion probability computation, explosion analysis, and structural analysis. A design overpressure load for a sample offshore plant is determined according to the proposed probabilistic approach in this study. CFD analysis results using a Flame Acceleration Simulator, FLACS_v9.1, are utilized to create an overpressure hazard curve. Moreover, the negative impulse and frequency contents of a blast wave are considerably influencing structural responses, but those are completely ignored in a widely used triangular form of blast wave. An idealistic blast wave profile deploying both negative and positive pulses is proposed in this study. A topside process module and piperack with blast wall are 3D FE modeled for structural analysis using LS-DYNA. Three different types of blast wave profiles are applied, two of typical triangular forms having different impulse and the proposed load profile. In conclusion, it is found that a typical triangular blast load leads to overestimation in structural design.

In order to shorten construction duration in high-rise project, construction company tried to make various system method toward simplifying construction method and shortening construction duration. Though high-rise tower-type residential project are growing, there are few case study. Then, the data for preliminary schedule planning in high-rise tower-type residential project are rare. This purpose of research shows construction method in structural work in high-rise tower-type residential project, suggests schedule planning in structural work through case studies. The structural work in high-rise tower-type residential project was divided 1) completion of form in lower part and 2) the typical floor under penthouse. The statistical analysis were done in two parts, the data from analysis were used in simulation. Finally, researcher confirmed the difference between real construction duration and the figure from simulation. The results shows that the more construction duration is long, the less ACS's cost is low. It means the effectiveness is increasing in ACS, if the floor number is high.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to assess the degrees of foot abnormalities by comparing foot abnormalities after stroke using the FPI, and to investigate the relationship between the FPI and spasticity. Methods: 33 hemiplegic patients (patient group) and 39 healthy subjects (control group) were evaluated foot posture by the FPI. Spasticity in patient group was measured by the MAS. And the relationship between Foot posture and spasticity in patients group were investigated. Results: Hemiplegic feet in patients were supinated feet compare with non-hemiplegic feet in hemiplegic patients and the foot in control group. The degree of spasticity affected foot posture. Conclusion: Foot posture is related to stroke impairments, stroke patients with more severe spasticity have more severe foot abnormalities as supinated foot.

Polyphenolic compounds are reported to have various pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Although numerous papers explore their functional roles in many different cellular actions, not many studies handle their structural features in anti-inflammatory responses. In this study, therefore, we examined structural role of substituted transstilbenes in their NO inhibitory and NF-${\kappa}B$ suppressive activities. Of 10 compounds tested, 4 compounds (cinnamic acid, resveratrol, piceatannol and curcumin) displayed NO inhibitory activities in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, these compounds blocked LPS-induced cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells. All NO inhibitory compounds also inhibited $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, a hallmark for NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. However, these inhibitory compounds exhibited distinct suppressive pattern in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$- or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activation. According to structure-activity relationship study, polarity and size of ring B seem to be important for diminishing NO production. Therefore, our data suggest that substituted trans-stilbenes can be developed as novel anti-inflammatory drug or further developed as lead compounds for another improvement.

Structural alterations of wogonin were conducted to observe the role of each functional group at the A-ring of wogonin on the inhibitory activities against COX-2 catalyzed $PGE_2$ production from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Serial deletion of the functional groups at the A-ring of wogonin exhibited low to comparable bioactivity. The present study validated that all the functional groups at the A-ring of wogonin are important factors to exhibit the optimum inhibitory activities.

It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the structural performance of steel pipe splice for SD500 high-strength reinforcing bar, through a cyclic loading test. The experimental variables adopted in this study include the development length of rebar, the type of sleeve, and size of reinforcing bar, among others. The results of this study showed that the developed steel pipe splice system for SD500 high-strength reinforcing bar, retained the structural performance required in domestic, ACI and AIJ code. It is considered that the study result presented in this paper can be helpful in developing a reasonable design method for a steel pipe splice system for SD500 high-strength reinforcing bar.

An electronic beam mis-landing phenomenon on the RGB (red/green/blue) -fluorescent surface has been considered as one of serious problems to be solved in cathode-ray tube (CRT), which is generally caused by mechanical shock and vibration. In this work, structural design concepts on the major parts of the CRT, such as a frame, a shadow mask, and a spring, are studied to improve the mechanical shockproof character of a CRT by FEM-analyses and experimental approaches ; a frame is newly designed to have strength employing the double-corner-beads which reduces considerably the distortion of the frame and the shadow mask : the edge-bead of a shadow-mask is redesigned to maintain the wide curved surface of a shadow-mask after mechanical shock : finally, a spring supporting the frame and the shadow-mask is designed to have enough flexibility along drop-direction. As an example, a conventional type of a 15inch CRT was utilized to demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of this work. Overall, some favorable information on the structural design of the CRT is achieved, and the mechanical shockproof character of a 15-inch CRT is improved in the degree of 3G $(1G=9.81m/s^2)$ as an average-value.

High-precision centerless grinding machines are emerging as a means of finishing the outer diameter grinding process required for ferrules, which are widely used as fiber optic connectors. In this study, a structural characteristic analysis and evaluation were carried out using a virtual prototype of a centerless grinding machine to realize systematic design technology and performance improvements required to manufacture ferrules. The prototype consisted of a concrete-filled bed, hydrostatic grinding wheel (GW) and regulating wheel (RW) spindle systems, a hydrostatic RW feed mechanism, a RW swivel mechanism, and on-machine GW and RW dressers. The loop stiffness values of the centerless grinding machine were estimated based on the relative displacements between the GW and RW caused by grinding forces. The simulated results illustrated that a concrete-filled bed considerably improved the structural stiffness and accuracy of a high-precision centerless grinding machine.