Earticle

최근 부산항 신항에서는 허용침하를 초과하는 잔류침하 발생으로 유지관리 비용이 증가하고 있다. 레벨 현황 레측량을 통한 2022년 기준 신항 내 잔류지반침하는 대부분 허용침하량을 초과하였다. 컨테이너 5부두의 경우 허용침하량 10 cm을 크게 초과하는 47.5 cm 침하가 발생하였다. 잔류침하 문제는 수평배수층의 단면변화에 따른 기능저하와 밀접한 관련이 있어, 본 연구에서는 지반개량에 따른 수평배수층의 변형을 기존자료를 통해 검토하고, 현장시험에서 지표침하, 간극수압, 지하수위, 층별침하를 측정하여 배수층의 변형을 확인하였다. 부산항 신항 각 공구별 계측 자료 분석 결과, 재하성토 초기(성토 높이 0~4.0 m)에 침하 및 융기변형 경향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 현장시험 계측결과, 성토관리(1회 성토 높이 0.5 m, 성토속도 3.3 cm/일)를 실시하면 집수정간 이격거리가 60 m인 구간에서 수평배수층의 변형을 충분히 제어관리를 할 수 있어 그 역할에 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 제안된 속도로 성토 시 그로 의한 수평배수층의 급속한 침하나 융기는 발생하지 않았으며, 수평배수층 단면을 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 초기 성토관리가 양호할 경우 수평배수층의 기능이 감소하는 배수층의 단면 변형은 발생하지 않는 것을 계측결과로 확인하였다.

Recently, maintenance costs are increasing in Busan New Port due to residual settlement exceeding the allowable settlement. As of 2022, most of the residual settlement in New Port through leveling exceeded the allowable settlement. In the case of container pier 5, a settlement of 47.5 cm occurred, which greatly exceeded the allowable settlement of 10 cm. The residual settlement problem is closely related to the functional deterioration due to the deformation in the cross-section of the horizontal drainage layer. In this study, thus, the deformation of the horizontal drainage layer due to ground improvement was examined using existing measured data and confirmed by measuring surface settlement, pore water pressure, groundwater levels, and multi-layer settlement in field test. As a result of analyzing the measurement data for each section of the Busan New Port, it was found that the tendency for settlement and heaving was significant in the early stage of embankment fill (height of 0 to 4.0 m). Field test measurements showed that if embankment management is properly performed (a one-time fill of 0.5 m, rate of 3.3 cm/day), the deformation of the horizontal drainage layer can be sufficiently controlled when the separation distance between water collection wells is 60 m, ensuring no issues with its function. In other words, there was no rapid settlement or heaving of the horizontal drainage layer due to the fill, and the cross-section of the horizontal drainage layer remained intact. The measurement results confirmed that proper initial embankment management prevents cross-sectional deformation that would impair the horizontal drainage layer.

부패와 불공정은 내부로부터 공동체를 병들게 하고 와해시키는 심각한 사회적 질병이다. 부패는 특정한 업무와 관련한 공직자의 뇌물수수로부터 정책의 형성 내지 입법 과정에 특정한 이해관계집단의 이익이 반영되는 경우까지 그 범위가 다양하다. 부패를 예방하는 가장 효과적 수단이자, 공정성 확보의 토대가 되는 원리는 투명성이라 할 것인 바, 저자는 법적인 관점에서 투명성을 어떻게 담보할 것인지 주목하였다. 부패를 차단하기 위한 다양한 실정법들이 있지만, 공중의 감시가 가능하도록 투명성을 확보하는 것은 그 경직성으로 인해 실정법들에만 의존하는데 한계가 있다. 유럽연합 의회와 집행위는 시민들에게 연합의 정책형성에 영향을 미치고자 활동하는 사람들에 대한 정보를 제공할 목적으로 2011년 7월 공동으로 투명성 등록처를 설립하였다. 그 목적은 EU가 그 활동을 공중의 감시에 개방하고 책임을 지도록 하는데 있다. 지금까지 합동투명성 등록처의 운영에 관한 평가는 자발적 참여에 기초하는 연성규범을 이용하여 전반적으로 성공을 거두고 있다고 할 수 있다. 한편 EU 직원복무규정들은 공무원들로 하여금 퇴직 후에도 염결성과 주의의무를 부담하도록 하고 있어 직급과 관계없이 퇴직한 모든 공무원들은 직업을 갖게 될 경우 전직 기관에 통보하도록 하고 있다. 위와 같은 연구분석결과를 바탕으로 필자는 마지막 부분에서는 우리의 기존법률들에 대한 개정안을 포함하여 부패를 막고 공직의 염결성을 확보하기 위한 몇 가지 대안을 제시하고자 하였다.

Corruption and unfairness are serious social diseases which make the community to get sick and be collapsed. The extent of corruption covers a broad spectrum, from merely committing a bribe crime to influencing unfairly on the policy -shaping and legislation on behalf of certain interested groups. With the belief that 'transparency' is the most effective measure to prevent corruption and be able to provide the basis for the fairness in pubic decision-making, the author have took note of how to secure the transparency from the legal point of view. Even though there are many positive laws, they are so rigid that just relying on those hard core norms cannot be sufficient to ensure the transparency to be under the public monitoring. EU Parliament and Commission have jointly set up the Transparency register to provide citizens the information about those who are acting to influence on the policy-shaping process since Jul. 2011. The aim is to secure that EU is open to public scrutiny and accountable for its work. Until now the overall results of evaluating the running of TR can be said to be successful by using soft law based on voluntary participation. Meanwhile, according to the Staff Regulations EU requires its officials to be bound by the duty to behave with integrity and discretion after their retirement, so every retired person must inform their institution to engage in an occupational activity irrespective of their previous position. In conclusion, based on the abovementioned analysis, the author tries to suggest some alternatives to thwart corruption and to ensure official's integrity including some proposition to the existing laws.

A smart home refers to a house or building equipped with advanced systems that allow users to remotely control various electronic devices. This paper proposes a novel approach utilizing an Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to address the nonlinear challenges faced by conventional sensor-based smart home security systems. The proposed system uses multiple sensors to detect internal threats (e.g., fire, gas leaks) and external threats (e.g., theft, intrusion), analyzing sensor data to identify abnormalities. Designed with a multi-output ANFIS model, the system dynamically responds to various scenarios and provides optimal security decisions. Additionally, it features real-time transmission of security analysis results to relevant agencies or users via the internet. The findings demonstrate that ANFIS significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of smart home security systems compared to traditional fuzzy logic-based methods.

This research contributes to the on-going research effort by exploring alternate methods for soft computing optimization the highly nonlinear and uncertain systems. This research addresses two basic issues related to the control of an uncertain system; (1) design of a robust feedback controller, and (2) the design of a parallel artificial intelligence based optimization to increase the result qualification. The robust backstepping controller proposed in this research is used to further demonstrate the appealing features exhibited by the continuum robot. Robust feedback controller is used to position control of continuum robot in presence of uncertainties. Using Lyapunov type stability arguments, a robust backstepping controller is designed to achieve this objective. The controller developed in this research is designed in two steps. Firstly, a robust stabilizing torque is designed for the nominal continuum robot dynamics derived using the constrained Lagrangian formulation. Next, the fuzzy logic methodology applied to it to solution uncertainty problem by parallel optimization. The fuzzy model free optimization is formulated to minimize the problem of nonlinear formulation of uncertain systems.

In order to start belt conveyor softly, automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is used as a new soft-starting device. Constant belt acceleration control is proposed as a method for AMT’s application in belt conveyor’s soft starting. Belt velocity is adopted as the single parameter for shift schedule. Based on the idea of half engagement point, fast-slow-fast law is taken for clutch engagement. Simulation model is established in AMESim environment. On the basis of horizontal belt conveyor driven by one induction motor with 110 KW power, simulation research on start-up process in first gear and shift process from first gear to eighth gear are carried out respectively. Simulation results show that the constant belt acceleration with 0.2 m/s2 could achieve the purpose of AMT’s application in belt conveyor’s soft starting. The phenomenon of short-time belt acceleration mutations appears during shift process. The maximum value of belt acceleration is less than 1 m/s2 while the clutch is just at the beginning of engagement. Under the influence of belt acceleration mutations, main characteristic parameters of the system are within their allowable limits, such as belt maximum tension and driving pulley torque. After the completion of upshift process, the belt maximum tension and other parameters curves tend to be stable.

본 논문에서는 귤과 육류와 같은 연성 식품을 손상 없이 자동 취급하기 위해, 코끼리 코 구조를 모사한 현수형 소프트 그리퍼 어레이와 라인트래킹 이동 플랫폼을 결합한 이동 매니퓰레이션 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 3축 공압 소프트 액추에이터는 Dragon Skin 30 실리콘과 PET 제한층으로 제작되며, 일체형 공압 채널을 포함하도록 몰드를 재설계하여 굽힘 성능과 내구성을 향상하였다. 굽힘 실험 결과, 최대 곡률은 약 0.025 mm^-1로 동일 압력 조건에서 상용 소프트 그리퍼 대비 약 3배 높은 값을 보였으며, 50 kPa까지 파손 없이 견디는 것으로 확인되었다. 소프트 그리퍼는 6자유도 로봇 팔, 베이스 장착 RGB-D 카메라, ROS 기반 제어 프레임워크와 통합되어, 인식 결과를 경로 계획과 연계함으로써 현수된 상태의 식품을 이동 중에도 파지한 채 이송할 수 있다. 비전 모듈은 YOLOv11 기반 객체 검출과 ArUco 마커를 이용해 귤과 육류 시편의 3차원 자세를 추정하고, 모션 플래닝 파이프라인을 통해 인식-접근-파지-이송-분류로 이어지는 end-to-end pick-transport-place 작업을 자동 수행한다. 실험 결과, 비전 인식 성공률은 각각 88%, 82%, 정지 파지 성공률은 98%, 96%, 이송 파지 성공률은 89.7%, 83.3%, 비파손율은 88%, 82%로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 제안 시스템이 손상을 최소화하면서 유연한 식품 이송 및 공정 물류에 적용 가능함을 보여준다.

This paper proposes a mobile manipulation system that combines an elephant-trunk-inspired hanging soft gripper array with a line-tracking mobile platform to gently handle fragile foods such as mandarin and meat. The proposed three-axis pneumatic soft actuator is fabricated from Dragon Skin 30 silicone with a PET strain-limiting layer, and its mold is redesigned to include an integrated pneumatic channel, thereby improving bending performance and durability. Bending experiments show a maximum curvature of approximately 0.025 mm^-1, which is about three times higher than that of a commercial soft gripper under the same pressure, while withstanding up to 50 kPa without failure. The soft gripper is integrated with a 6-DOF robot arm, a base-mounted RGB-D camera, and a ROS-based control framework so that grasped foods can be transported while hanging during motion by linking perception results to motion planning. A YOLOv11-based detector and ArUco markers are used to estimate the 3D poses of mandarin and meat samples, and a motion-planning pipeline automatically performs an end-to-end pick-transport-place sequence from detection to grasping, transport, and sorting. Experimental results show vision success rates of 88% and 82%, static grasp success rates of 98% and 96%, transport grasp success rates of 89.7% and 83.3%, and undamaged rates of 88% and 82% for mandarin and meat, respectively, demonstrating that the proposed system minimizes damage while being applicable to flexible food transfer and in-process logistics automation.

Objective: The aim of this study is to describe several issues which should be considered in the human reliability analysis of soft control operations in nuclear power plants. Background: The operational environment of advanced main control rooms is totally different from that of conventional control rooms. The soft control is one of the major distinguishable features of the advanced main control rooms. The soft control operations should be analyzed to estimate the effects on human reliability. Method: The literatures, about task analysis, simulation data analysis, and a human reliability analysis method for the soft control, were reviewed. From the review, important issues for the human reliability analysis of the soft control were raised. Results: The results of task and simulation data analysis showed that the soft control characteristics could have large effect on human reliability and they should be considered in the human reliability analysis of the soft control operations. Conclusion: The soft control may affect human error and performance of operators. The issues described in this paper should be considered in the human reliability method for the advanced main control rooms. Application: The results of the soft control operation analysis might help to design more efficient interface and education/training program for preventing human errors. The described issues might help to develop a human reliability analysis method for soft control operations.

This paper presents the comparison of starting current characteristics of a three-phase induction motor fed by two types of soft starters. The first soft starter under investigation is a conventional AC voltage controller on the basis of a phase-control technique. The other is the proposed asynchronous PWM AC chopper which is developed from the conventional synchronous PWM AC chopper. In this paper, the proposed asynchronous PWM AC chopper control scheme is developed by generating only two asynchronous PWM signals for a three-phase main power circuit (6 switching devices) from a single voltage control signal which is compared with a single sawtooth carrier signal. By this approach, the PWM signals are independent and easy to implement since the PWM signals do not need to be synchronized with a three-phase voltage source. Details of both soft starters are discussed. The experimental and simulation results of the starting currents are shown. It is found that the asynchronous PWM AC chopper efficiently works as a suitable soft starter for the three-phase induction motor due to that the starting currents are reduced and are sinusoidal with less harmonic contents, when being compared with the starting current waveforms using the conventional phase-control starting technique. Also the proposed soft starter offers low starting electromagnetic torque pulsation.

Gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against a postharvest bacterial pathogen, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc). Gamma irradiation in a bacteria cell suspension resulted in a dramatic reduction of the viable counts as well as an increase in the amounts of DNA and protein released from the cells. Gamma irradiation showed complete inactivation of Ecc, especially at a dose of 0.6 kGy. In addition, scanning electron microscopy of irradiated cells revealed severe damage on the surface of most bacterial cells. Along with the morphological changes of cells by gamma irradiation, it also affected the membrane integrity in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms by which the gamma irradiation decreased the bacterial soft rot can be directly associated with the disruption of the cell membrane of the bacterial pathogen, along with DNA fragmentation, results in dose-dependent cell inactivation. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation has potential as an antibacterial approach to reduce the severity of the soft rot of paprika.

The three-level voltage source inverter (VSI) is good topology for high voltage and high power applications where no semiconductor devices are available. However, it has an inherent problem of switching loss and midpoint charge balance. Therefore, this paper presents two ways. The one is to adopt ZCT soft-switching method to the conventional three-level VSI. The another is to be proposed the method of the midpoint charge balance in three-level VSI. To prove the proposed topology, the paper presents a comprehensive evaluation with theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results.

As the competition in the global car industry intensified, developments of embedded SW technologies with high stability and functionality has been much emphasized. This phenomenon not only includes the car market in Korea but also the countries with highly developed car industries, in the sense that they are focusing on ways topeneturatethe car embedded SW market. Furthermore, as the recent issues of high oil price, environmental regulations, and reliability and ease for drivers have been emphasized, the development of ECU embedded SW is being accelerated, necessitating the need for understanding the market as well as strategies for industrialization. It is inevitable to establish the strategies regarding industrialization of the ECU embedded SW,as these have implications on major worldwide market share and on the economy. Suggestions for the Korean car industry to become one of the four Powers in the worldwide car market are offered by the author. First, an export-orientation has to be made. Second, a strategic re-structuring is necessary for specialization, expansion, and modularization. Third, an expansion of FTA and subsequent creation of an appropriate export environment is needed. Fourth, comprehensive support system for embedded SW parts supply source has to be established.

This work proposes a switched-capacitor (SC) converter for high voltage generation required for medical ultrasound imaging system. The SC converter is quite advantageous for the implementation of an integrated circuit (IC) in terms of area. Besides, the SC converter has relatively less conduction loss than an inductive DC-DC boost converter. For these reasons, the SC converter is suitable for generating high voltages in ICs. However, the power loss of the SC converter can be analyzed by dividing it into three major losses. This work analyzes these losses and applies techniques to reduce them in order to improve the conversion gain and power efficiency. As a result, an on-chip Cockcroft-Walton SC converter using split-phase control for improved soft-charging with conversion gain 9.72 and power efficiency 70.1% suitable for the portable ultrasound imaging device is implemented. However, the measurement results of this study were worse than the simulation results due to mismatched control clock.

세균성 무름병은 배추와 같은 채소의 주요 질병중의 하나이며, 특히 김치의 주원료인 배추의 저장에 있어서 발생할 경우, 품질 저하로 인한 경제적 손실을 유발한다. 우리는 무름병이 발생한 배추로부터 원인이 되는 세균들을 분리하였고, 해당 세균이 신선한 배추 조직에 인위적으로 접종하였을 경우, 무름병이 발생하는 것을 확인하였다. 해당 원인균 2종을 동정한 결과, Pseudomonas kribbensis와 Pantoea vagans로 확인되었다. 이러한 원인 세균을 제어하기 위하여 차아염소산수 처리와 항균활성 유산균의 배양 상등액을 이용하여 제어하는 테스트를 진행하였다. 본 테스트에 사용한 항균활성 유산균은 리스테리아와 같은 병원성 미생물과 Pseudomonas 속 계열을 저해하는 Lactobacillus plantarum PL203 유산균을 선별하여 사용하였다. 제어 테스트는 정상 배추 조직에 무름병 원인균 2종을 각각 10⁵ cfu/g 이 되도록 접종한 후, 차아염소산수를 농도별로 분무하거나 항균활성 유산균 배양상등액을 0.5 mL 분무한 후, 25℃에서 5일간 배양한 결과, 차아염소산수 120 ppm 이상 첨가한 구간과 항균활성 유산균 배양 상등액을 처리한 구간에서 대조구와 비교하여 배추 무름 원인세균을 완전하게 제어하는 것을 확인하였다.

The bacterial soft-rot disease is one of the most critical diseases in vegetables such as Chinese cabbage. The researchers isolated two bacteria (Pseudomonas kribbensis and Pantoea vagans) from diseased tissue samples of Chinese cabbages and confirmed them as being the strains that cause soft-rot disease. Lactic-acid bacteria (LAB), were screened and used to control soft-rot disease bacteria. The researchers tested the treatments with hypochlorous acid water (HAW) and LAB supernatant to control soft-rot disease bacteria. The tests confirmed that treatments with the HAW (over 120 ppm) or LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum PL203) culture supernatants (0.5 mL) completely controlled both P. kribbensis and P. vagans.

We demonstrated a solvent-assisted soft-lithographic patterning method for producing patterned structure and patterned ordering with lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) film. Experimental results showed that the liquid crystalline ordering of lyotropic film could be controlled by shearing effects of the fluidic solvent though the patterned mold channels. In this work, two types of lyotropic LCPs were used to investigate the effects of the alkyl chain length of the lyotropic LCP on producing liquid crystalline ordering through the solvent-assisted fluidic patterning.

This paper aims to derive a mathematical model of the dynamics of handling tasks in robot fingers which stably grasps and manipulates a rigid object with some dexterity. Firstly, a set of differential equation describing dynamics of the manipulators and object together with geometric constraint of tight area-contacts is formulated by Lagrange's equation. Secondly, problems of controlling both the internal force and the rotation angle of the grasped object under the constraints of tight area-contacts are discussed. The effect of geometric constraints of area-contacts on motion of the overall system is analyzed and a method of computer simulation for differential-algebraic equations of overall...

The identification step of raw drug materials is an indispensible procedure in the GMP manufacturing process within the pharmaceutical industry. However, wet chemistry methods for identification of drug materials, used by the various Pharmacopeia are time-consuming and expensive steps. In this paper, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been developed for identifying eleven drug substances including calcium pantothenate, cefaclor, cefoperazone, cephradine, dextromethorphan, ehtambutol, nicotinamide, pyrozinamide, tramadol, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Also the aim of ths work is to consturct a new algorithm for calibration model using soft independence modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) with Malinowskis Indicator Function (IND), which is used for finding the number of principal components of each class of the SIMACA model. The use of NIR technique with pattern recognition to qualify raw materials can make it possible to monitor process in real time as well as to control all procedures in the pharmaceutical industry. As the result, the samples identified of 183 different batches from 11 different compounds were separated clearly by SIMCA with 2nd derivative spectra in the NIR region of 1100∼2400 nm.

In battery energy storage systems, the battery and DC bus voltages vary greatly. This makes it difficult for the battery storage converter to maintain high efficiencies under all circumstances. A current-fed isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter is presented in this paper. This converter contains two series transformers, two conventional current-fed half-bridges at the battery side and two half-bridges at the DC bus side. PWM plus dual phase shift modulation with equal duty cycles and voltage-matched control is applied to ensure ZVS of all the switches and low conduction losses. The average and backflow power transmission equations and soft-switching conditions for all of the operation modes in the full operation range are analyzed comprehensively in this paper. Then six recommended modes are addressed based on the above analyses. Moreover, the control scheme and hardware design guidelines are addressed. Finally, the above theoretical analyses and control strategy are verified by experimental results.

신재생에너지를 이용한 발전 기술 중에 있어서 풍력발전기술은 특히 발전하고 있다. 그 결과, 풍력발전으로 생산한 전력량은 매년 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 풍력발전기의 계통연계를 위한 소프트스위칭이 가능한 3상/단상 직접형 전력변환시스템의 SV-PWM 제어기법을 제안한다. 또한 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 알고리즘의 유효성을 검증한다.