Earticle

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of scene direction for each section of the tunnel by spatial storytelling and to provide drivers with a safe and enjoyable driving experience and increase driving comfort. In addition, this study is expected to serve as the foundation for the design development of the tunnel, which plays the role of a new medium to communicate with the driver. By the analysis, we found that compared to the past, there are some efforts to relieve visual fatigue and increase visibility to the driver through scene direction using various components of entry and exit area, entrance, and inside when planning the current tunnel. It is believed that the situation is limited only to functional interpretation focusing on facilities. In particular, the pattern design and color design that are repeatedly produced to emphasize only the location of the emergency exit from the inside is thought to be able to amplify psychological anxiety for drivers who stay in a closed and narrow interior for a long time. Therefore, to provide a pleasant driving experience for the driver in the tunnel while providing a pleasant driving environment, it is considered that there is a need to continuously seek an efficient design method that can reduce psychological anxiety.

이 연구의 목적은 스포츠기사의 문장길이 특성을 다른 취재 영역별, 일간종합지 매체별 그리고 스포츠종목별에 따라 파악하는 것이다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 조선일보, 동아일보, 경향신문 그리고 스포츠전문매체인 MK스포츠가 배포한 기사를 수집하여 문장의 길이를 분석하였으며, 일원변량분석과 사후검증으로써 scheffe 분석을 실시하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해 다음의 3가지 결론이 도출됐다. 첫째, 신문기사의 문장길이는 취재영역별에 따라 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 구체적으로 정치기사의 문장길이가 가장 길었으며, 다음으로 경제, 사설 순이었고, 스포츠 기사가 가장 짧다. 둘째, 스포츠기사의 문장길이는 언론매체별 차이가 있다. 구체적으로 스포츠전문매체인 MK스포츠가 다른 종합일간지인 조선일보, 동아일보 그리고 경향신문보다 스포츠기사의 문장길이가 짧다. 셋째, 스포츠기사의 문장길이는 스포츠종목에 따라 차이가 있다. 구체적으로 골프가 가장 길며, 농구, 축구 순으로 길며 야구가 가장 짧다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristic of the length of sentence of sports news articles compared with other sections, other newspaper and sports events. In order to achieve this purpose, 4 daily newspapers(Chosun Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, Kyunghyang Shinmun and MKsports) were selected as research sources. The length of sentence of collected articles was analyzed by One way ANOVA and Scheffe as post-hoc. The results of these analyses are summarized into three as follows: First, the length of sentence of news articles has significant difference by sections. To put it concretely, the sentences in politics section were the longest, and then economy, editorials comes. The sports section has the shortest sentences. Second, the length of sports articles has significant difference by newspapers. In particular, MK sports which is a sports-oriented newspaper has the shortest in the length of sentence of sports articles than other newspapers such as Chosun, Dong-A and Kyunghyang. Third, the length of sentence of sports articles has significant differences by the sports events. More specifically golf is the longest, and then basketball, soccer and baseball follows.

In this paper, the loyalty of many seonhak Honam conscious people who mentioned in literature, the discussion is that what was evident. To this end, the literature of Honam is the most representative artists of the 16th century, who phrases mokreungseongse reul imeokryeong gwa Cheongchul works by targeting a limited time for discussion was deployed. Imeokryeong him well in imbaekryeong gwaui deureonadeut anecdotes section was a determined scholar. Literary works, and how these generic plain looked at whether they are embodied. Imeokryeong yi who pursue life with him at work showing a good attitude who gyoyu breakfast to discuss the work of the plain as the target of sihwadoen will host. As a result, a significant portion imeokryeong literary life, as in the section Sihwa could notice that. Cheongchul in the figures hyowoocheonggae hayeotdaneun is being evaluated. Cheongchul's hyowoocheonggae gareul in literature, I've seen has been poets particularly large proportion Cheongchul political figures of the 16th century, many different paths through history has been passed today. This part of the record to reflect the thesis was to deploy more capacity. Cheongchul was shown in the gukmun market consistently in the literature reveals a limited time bliss was chungeul. Spirit of Honam cool looking, it's the first study to refine the area of operations to consolidated hanmunhak today would consider an acceptable methodology to be.

기존 악성코드를 기반으로 만들어지는 변종 악성코드들은 약간의 패턴 변화로도 기존 보안체계를 쉽게 회피할 수 있고 제작 과정이 간단하여 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 악성코드는 일평균 160만개 이상 출현하고 있고, 사이버 공간 뿐아니라 피해규모가 큰 IoT/ICS로 점차 확대되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 자주 이용되는 Pattern기반 분석, Sandbox기반 분석, CFG/Strings 기반 분석 등이 아니라, 큰 의미를 부여하지 않았던 PE Section 및 DLL의 특징에 기반한 분석방법을 제안한다. 제안모델을 실제 구축 및 실험결과, 유의미한 탐지율과 오탐율을 기록했으며, 기존의 다양한 분석기술을 복합 운영 시 효과적인 악성코드 대응이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

Malware mutants based on existing malware is widely used because it can easily avoid the existing security system even with a slight pattern change. These malware appear on average more than 1.6 million times a day, and they are gradually expanding to IoT / ICS as well as cyber space, which has a large scale of damage. In this paper, we propose an analytical method based on features of PE Section and DLL that do not give much significance, rather than pattern-based analysis, Sandbox-based analysis, and CFG, Strings-based analysis. It is expected that the proposed model will be able to cope with effective malicious code in case of combined operation of various existing analysis technologies.

많은 학자들은 자료의 특성을 분석함으로써 장래를 예측하고자 끊임없이 노력하여 왔으며, 이는 아마도 확정론적 방법과 추계학적 방법으로 크게 대별할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 예측을 하기 전에 먼저 자료의 특성을 파악하는 것은 모형 구축과 예측을 실행하는데 있어서 매우 중요하다 할 수 있다. 이러한 견지에서 최근 확정론적 방법으로 알려진 비선형 동역학적인 방법이 여러 분야에서 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비선형 동역학 시스템을 해석하기 위하여 Poincare에 의해 제안된 기하학적 방법을 이용하여 기존에 알려진 자료들과 실제 수문자료에 대한 특성을 비교 분석하였으며 자료의 특성에 따른 예측가능성을 판정하였다. 즉, Poincare section을 통해 Poincare map을 구축함으로써 자료의 특성을 파악하여 자료의 선형, 비선형성 뿐만 아니라 자료가 어떤 모형에 적합한지를 판단할 수 있었다.

Many researchers have been tried to forecast the future as analyzing data characteristics and the forecasting methodology may be divided into two cases of deterministic and stochastic techniques. However, the understanding data characteristics may be very important for model construction and forecasting. In the sense of this view, recently, the deterministic method known as nonlinear dynamics has been studied in many fields. This study uses the geometrical methodology suggested by Poincare for analyzing nonlinear dynamic systems and we apply the methodology to understand the characteristics of known systems and hydrologic data, and determines the possibility of forecasting according to the data characteristics. Say, we try to understand the data characteristics as constructing Poincare map by using Poincare section and could conjecture that the data sets are linear or nonlinear and an appropriate model.

When generating layout schemes, both the material usage and practicality of the cutting process should be considered. This paper presents a two-section algorithm for generating guillotine-cutting schemes of rectangular blanks. It simplifies the cutting process by allowing only one size of blanks to appear in any rectangular block. The algorithm uses an implicit enumeration and a linear programming optimal cutting scheme to maximize the material usage. The algorithm was tested on some benchmark problems in the literature, and compared with the three types of layout scheme algorithm. The experimental results show that the algorithm is effective both in computation time and in material usage.

In long-haul optical communication system consisting of standard single-mode fiber spans and fiber amplifiers, such as the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, performance is deteriorated by signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity of the fiber. A combination of dispersion management and optical phase conjugation is an effective technique to compensate for the distortion. In an optical link configured by this combination, a dispersion map mainly affects the compensation of the distorted optical signals. This paper proposes new dispersion maps configured by the decaying or expanding distribution of residual dispersion per span (RDPS) in a dispersion-managed link combined with a midway optical phase conjugator. The effect of the proposed dispersion maps on the compensation for distorted 24 channel × 40 Gbps wavelength-division multiplexed signals was assessed through numerical simulation. It was confirmed that all the proposed dispersion maps are most appropriate for the compensation and, furthermore, for the flexibility of link configuration than conventional links.

In earthquake engineering, dynamic analyses are usually conducted by using a nonlinear analytical model of the entire building in order to identify the performance against earthquakes. At the same time, a large number of dynamic analyses are required to consider uncertainties on analytical models and ground motions. Therefore, it is necessary for the analytical model to be adequate, that is to say, the runtime should not be too long as the entire building is modeled to be in much detail, or the nonlinear model should not yield outputs very far from the actual ones by excluding important behaviors too much. The analytical model is usually developed based on experimental results, which have been already conducted for reinforced concrete columns with relaxed details. Therefore, this study aimed at making analytical models to be able to simulate the hysteretic behavior of the columns simply and easily. The analytical model utilizes a lumped hinge model to represent nonlinear moment-rotation hysteretic behavior of RC columns, which is feasible for nonlinear dynamic analyses usually conducted in earthquake engineering and for matching the analytical model to test results. For the analytical model, elements and material models provided by OpenSees are utilized. The analytical model can define the envelope curve, pinching, and unloading stiffness deterioration, but shortcoming of this model is not to be able to consider axial force-moment interaction directly and to simulate strength deterioration after post-capping completely. However, the analytical model can still represent test results well by considering that the goal of this study is to propose a general way to represent the hysteretic behavior of RC columns with relaxed details, not to provide parameters for a refined hysteretic model that can be just applied case by case.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare smoking prevalence and risk factors of smoking between Korean and Korean-Chinese middle school students. Methods: Data was collected from seventh and eighth grade students from 12 schools in Korea and 6schools in China. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and t test were performed. Results: For data analysis 10,002 usable surveys were utilized. The smoking prevalence was higher in Korean-Chinese students than in Korean students. Risk factors, such as father smoking, friends smoking,gender, grade, academic achievement, alcohol use, and family income were associated with current smoking, and the differences in the two samples were significant. Korean-Chinese students were more likely than Korean students to have friends who smoked and a father who smoked. Smokers had a significantly higher rate of friends smoking, father smoking, and alcohol use. Korean-Chinese male students smoking prevalence was more than three times higher than Korean students. Korean students could sense a more anti-tobacco atmosphere in their environment. Korean-Chinese students were more likely than Korean students to perceive that it was easy to buy cigarettes and to smoke cigarettes in a public computer room. Conclusion: These results highlight the differences of smoking prevalence and risk factors between Korean-Chinese students and Korean students. The findings may help health educators and researchers to better understand adolescent smoking and risk factors cross culturally and aid in the development of more effective education programs, which could lead to preventing tobacco use among these populations.

Purpose The purposes of this study were to explore postpartum stress and breast symptoms in postpartum breastfeeding of parturient mothers as well as to identify the factors influencing the breast symptoms in breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 162 breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery were recruited from five hospitals in Taiwan. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Results The five highest postpartum stress comes from the flabby flesh of maternal belly, the baby getting sick suddenly, interrupted sleep, insufficient breast milk, and discomfort due to breast engorgement. The most two common breast symptoms in breastfeeding encountered by subjects in this study were breast engorgement and breast hardening, whereas the least common one was nipple bloody discharge. Cesarean section women with early suckling on the operating table had more breast symptoms in postpartum breastfeeding; and the higher the postpartum stress of them, the more the breast symptoms. Conclusions Breastfeeding in a comfortable condition is a key factor of precipitating breast milk secretion,so early suckling on the operating table may result in discomfort and stress of the woman and interfere with the secretion or production of breast milk. Additionally, it is a crucial factor of the success in breastfeeding that the nursing personnel can provide women help in maintaining breast milk production and secretion, taking care of a baby, and reminding women’s families (especially their husbands) of giving their assistance, encouragement and praises to relieve women’s postpartum stress.

Herein, we propose a document analysis system that analyzes papers or reports transformed into XML(Extensible Markup Language) format. It reads the document specified by the user, extracts keywords from the document, and compares the frequency of keywords to extract the top-three keywords. It maintains the order of the paragraphs containing the keywords and removes duplicated paragraphs. The frequency of the top-three keywords in the extracted paragraphs is re-verified, and the paragraphs are partitioned into 10 sections. Subsequently, the importance of the relevant areas is calculated and compared. By notifying the user of areas with the highest frequency and areas with higher importance than the average frequency, the user can read only the main content without reading all the contents. In addition, the number of paragraphs extracted through the deep learning model and the number of paragraphs in a section of high importance are predicted.

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A nonlinear analytical model has been proposed for two-span two-story reinforced concrete frames with relaxed section details. The analytical model is composed of beam, column, and beam-column joint elements. The goal of this study is to develop a simple and light nonlinear model for two-dimensional reinforced concrete frames since research in earthquake engineering is usually involved in a large number of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Therefore, all the nonlinear behaviors are modeled to be concentrated on flexural plastic hinges at the end of beams and columns, and the center of beam-column joints. The envelope curve and hysteretic rule of the nonlinear model for each element are determined based on experimental results, not theoretical approach. The simple and light proposed model can simulate the experimental results well enough for nonlinear analyses in earthquake engineering. Consequently, the proposed model will make it easy to developing a nonlinear model of the entire frame and help to save time to operate nonlinear analyses.

Hot-wire measurements of the full mapping of the velocity and Reynolds stress components are reported for developing turbulent flow in a strongly curved 180 deg pipe and its tangents. A slanted wire is rotated into 6 orientations and the voltage outputs from wires are combined to obtain the mean velocity and Reynolds stress components. The strength of secondary flow reaches up to the 28% of bulk mean velocity. The strong counter-rotating vortex pair induced by the transverse pressure gradient and centrifugal force imbalance grows up to ${\theta}=67.5^{\circ}$ into the bend. But the vortex pair breaks down into two cell pattern after ${\theta}=90^{\circ}$ Core vortex formation and reversal. of secondary flow direction along the bend symmetry plane is cleanly found in the secondary vector plot. At ${\theta}=67.5^{\circ}\;and\;{\theta}=90^{\circ}$ into bend a large 'trough' develops in the longitudinal velocity toward the inside of the bend due to the breakdown of secondary flow. In the bend, the mean longitudinal velocity component changes little after ${\theta}=90^{\circ}$, but secondary flow never achieves fully-developed state. Similar behaviors are observed in the radial and circumferential stresses.

The ship wave phenomena in the restricted waterway were investigated by a numerical analysis. The Euler and continuity equations were employed for the present study. The boundary fitted and moving grid system was adopted to enhance the computational efficiency. The convective terms in the governing equations and the kinematic free surface boundary condition were solved by the Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP) algorithm in order to solve accurately wave heights in far field as well as near field. The advantage of the CIP method was verified by the comparison of the computed results by the CIP and the Maker and Cell (MAC) method. The free surface flow simulation around Wigley hull was performed and compared with the experiment for the sake of the validation of the numerical method. The present numerical scheme was applied to the free surface simulation for various canal sections in order to understand the effect of the sectional shape of waterways on the ship waves. The wave heights on the side wall and the shape of the wave patterns with their characteristics of flow are discussed.

본 논문은 sequential U.S. trade and industrial policies—Trump 시대의 Section 232/301 관세와 바 이든 행정부의 인플레이션 감축법(IRA)상의 현지화 요건 및 외국우려기관(FEOC) 규정이 한국 배터리 공급망의 지정학에 미치는 차별적 효과를 일본 기업과의 비교를 통해 분석한다. 이를 위해 LG에너지솔루션, SK온, 삼성SDI와 Panasonic에 대한 2018–2025년 기업 수준 패널 데이터 를 활용하여, Hirschman의 권력–의존 프레임워크와 자원의존이론(RDT), 거래비용이론(TCE)을 통합한 ‘정책 주도 의존 재정렬(policy‑driven dependence realignment)’ 모형을 제시하고, 관세 및 IRA 노출 강도에 기반한 이중차분, 이벤트 스터디, 무역 네트워크 분석을 수행하였다. 실증 분석 결과, 관세와 IRA에 대한 노출 강도가 높을수록 한국 기업의 중국 의존적 조달 비중은 더 크게 감소하고, 북미 및 FTA 파트너 기반 조달과 북미 생산능력 확대는 일본 기업에 비해 더 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 두 정책 강도의 상호작용 효과는 단일 정책 효과의 단순 합을 상회하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 무역 네트워크 지표는 이러한 기업 수준 조정이 한국 의 위치를 중국 중심 무역 클러스터에서 북미·동맹국 중심 모듈로 이동시키는 ‘프렌드쇼어링 (friend‑shoring)’ 패턴으로 집약되고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 트럼프 시기 관세와 바이 든 시기 IRA 조치가 EV 배터리 가치사슬에서 공급망 의존 구조를 재편하고 동맹국 간 정책 민감도의 이질성을 심화시키는 연속적(sequential) 정책 레짐으로 기능하며, 한국을 포함한 동 맹국의 통상·산업·기후정책 설계와 기업의 공급망 다변화 전략 수립에서 정책의 시계열적 결 합과 노출 강도를 함께 고려해야 함을 시사한다.

Purpose : This study analyzes how sequential U.S. trade and industrial policies—Trump‑era Section 232/301 tariffs and Biden‑era Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) localization and Foreign Entity of Concern (FEOC) provisions—have differentially affected the geopolitics of Korean battery supply chains relative to a Japanese benchmark. Research design, data, methodology : The paper develops a “policy‑driven dependence realignment” framework that integrates Hirschman’s power–dependence view with resource dependence theory and transaction cost economics, and tests it using firm‑level panel data for 2018– 2025 on Korean (LG Energy Solution, SK On, Samsung SDI) and Japanese (Panasonic) battery manufacturers. It constructs continuous measures of tariff and IRA exposure and applies intensity‑based difference‑in‑differences models, event‑study specifications, and trade‑network analysis to track changes in sourcing structures and North American production capacity. Results : The results show that higher exposure to U.S. tariffs and IRA provisions is associated with larger reductions in China‑linked sourcing, greater shifts toward FTA‑partner and North American suppliers, and stronger North American capacity expansion for Korean firms than for the Japanese comparator, with the interaction of tariff and IRA intensities producing more‑than‑additive effects. Trade‑network metrics confirm that these firm‑level adjustments correspond to Korea’s movement from China‑centric trade clusters toward a North America– and ally‑centered module. Conclusions : The findings indicate that Trump‑era tariffs and Biden‑era IRA measures function as a sequential policy regime that reorients supply‑chain dependence and accelerates friend‑shoring in EV battery value chains, with heterogeneous trade‑policy sensitivity among allied suppliers. This underscores the importance for policymakers of considering the design and sequencing of trade and climate‑industrial policies, and for firms of pursuing early diversification and strategic alignment with evolving U.S. content and localization requirements.

Pressurized gas pipelines are subject to harmful effects from both the surrounding environment and the materials passing through them. Reliable assessment procedures, including fracture mechanics analyses, are required to maintain their integrity. Currently, integrity assessments are performed using conventional deterministic approaches, even though there are many uncertainties to hinder rational evaluations. Therefore, in this study, a probabilistic approach was considered for gas pipeline evaluations. The objectives were to estimate the failure probability of a corroded pipeline in the gas and oil industries and to propose limited operating conditions for different types of loadings. To achieve these objectives, a probabilistic assessment program was developed using a reliability index and simulation techniques, and applied to evaluate the failure probabilities of a corroded API-5L-X52 gas pipeline subjected to internal pressures, bending moments, and combined loadings. The results demonstrated the potential of the probabilistic integrity assessment program.

The geometry of helical milling cutter with specific cross-section profile is normally generated with form cutter by the toolpath generating method. The general purpose CAD/CAM software can generate the cutter location file of this class of product only by the sculpturing method. To obtain the flexibility of machining process, this paper presents an interference-free toolpath generating method for semi-finish and finish machining of the helical milling cutter. The method for design and machining of the helical milling cutter is established based on the differential geometry and the enveloping theory. In the finish machining of helical milling cutter, the form grinding wheel profile is firstly derived. To reduce the cost and lead time of the generating method with the form-mill cutter for semi-finish machining, a toolpath generating method which combines the advantages of the generating method and sculpturing method was presented. The cutter location uses ball-nose conical end mill is derived according to the geometric characteristics of the enveloping element. The cutting simulations with solid model were performed to verify the proposed toolpath generation method.