Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 직렬연결 수직 및 수평 흐름 갈대 제올라이트 인공습지에 생활하수를 간헐적으로 주입하였을 때 처리효율을 조사하는 것이다. 각 항목별 유입수에 대한 평균 처리효율은 수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서 BOD 92.42%, CODCr79.02%, CODMn 80.62%, SS 98.33%, T-N 37.06%, NH4+-N 99.45%, T-P 57.96%이었으며 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서BOD 95.56%, CODCr 91.02%, CODMn 87.78%, SS 99.22%, T-N 45.87%, NH4+-N 99.88%, T-P 71.17%이었다. 최종 유출수 중T-N은 대부분이 NO3--N이었으며 NO2--N은 평균 0.04mg/L 이하이었다. 특히, 갈대 제올라이트 인공습지는 SS와 NH4+-N의처리에 탁월하였다

A sewage was treated using serially combined vertical and horizontal flow zeolite-filled reed bed. The sewage from thestudent dormitory of Changwon National University was fed into the reed bed for 10 minutes every 6 hours at thehydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day. The reed bed depth was 100㎝ and the zeolite mixture was filled in the reed bed. Themixture consisted of the same volume of two types of zeolite ; 0.5∼1㎜ and 1∼3㎜ in diameter. pH value decreased invertical bed, while it increased in horizontal bed. But DO concentration in the effluent of both beds was higher than that inthe influent. Average removal efficiencies of the entire treatment system were 99.22% SS, 95.56% BOD, 91.02% CODCr,87.78% CODMn, 45.87% T-N, 99.88% NH4+-N and 71.17% T-P. Most of T-N in the effluent was NO3--N. However, theconcentration of NO2--N in the effluent was lower than 0.04 mg/L. All removal efficiencies did not show a remarkableseasonal change

본 연구의 목적은 직렬연결 2단 수직 및 수평 모래 갈대 인공습지에 생활하수를 간헐적으로 주입하였을 때 각 수질항목별 처리효율을 평가하는 것이다. 하수는 수리학적 부하량 314 L/m2․day(수직 흐름 인공습지 기준)를 하루4(10분 동안 주입 후 5시간 50분 동안 중단)회 균등하게 간헐적으로 주입하였다. 평가 결과 pH는 유입수(7.27)보다수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수(5.81)에서 감소하였다가 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수(6.40)에서 다시 증가하였다. DO의농도는 유입수에 비하여 유출수에서 높았으며 겨울로 갈수록 증가하였다. 수직 흐름 인공습지의 산소 전달율(oxygen transfer rate: OTR)은 58.72 g O2/㎡ㆍday 그리고 수평 흐름 인공습지의 OTR은 7.72 g O2/㎡ㆍday이었다. 각 항목별 평균 처리효율은 SS 94.80%, BOD 90.77%, CODCr 85.87%, CODMn 87.72%, T-N 64.74%, NH4+-N 86.44%,T-P 87.70%이었다. 유출수 중 T-N의 반 정도는 NO3--N(7.21 ㎎/L)이었으며 NO2--N은 평균 0.64 mg/L이었다.

A sewage was treated using serially combined vertical(VFCW)and horizontal flow sand-filled reed constructedwetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding. The sand had 1∼3 ㎜ diameter. The sewage entering the sewage treatmentplant of Gyeonsang National University was fed into the reed constructed wetland bed for 10 minutes every 6 hoursat the hydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day based on the surface ares of the VFCW. In the VFCW effluent pH valueswere lower than those of the influent, whereas they were higher than those of the influent in the HFCW. DO valueswere increased in VFCW, but they were decreased in the HFCW. The OTR was 58.72 g O2/㎡ㆍday in the VFCWand 7.72 g O2/㎡ㆍday in the HFCW. Average removal efficiencies were SS 94.80%, BOD 90.77%, CODCr 85.87%,CODMn 87.72%, T-N 64.74%, NH4+-N 86.44%, T-P 87.70%. Nearly, half of T-N in the effluent was NO3--N butthe concentration of NO2--N in the effluent was less than 0.64 mg/L

본 연구는 미국 대통령 경호제도 및 경호시스템의 변화과정을 미국의 요인테러 양상의 변화를 토대로 역사적 제도주의 관점의 선행조건, 경로생성과정, 경로의존성 측면에서 분석하였다. 먼저 미국의 요인테러 경향은 1970년대 이후 서구권 국가들 중 매우 높은 수준을 유지해 왔으며, 최근 들어 더욱 고조되고 있는 것으로 분석되었 다. 특히 테러 원인이 정치적 양극화 등 이념을 초월해서 정신이상자 등 다양한 원인 에 의한 사건이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째 경호제도의 변화 측면에서 분석해보면 선행조건 면에서 우연성에 의한 Secret Service(SS)의 국가 경호기관 선정, 경로생성과정 측면에서 연이은 요인테러 사건으로 인한 SS에 대한 국가 경호조직 수행 요구, 경로의존성 측면에서 국가 내·외부적 요인과 지속된 요인테러사건의 대응 실패를 통한 경호제도의 변동을 들 수 있다. 셋째, 변화된 경호제도와 연계하여 경호시스템은 인력·정보·장비 등의 경호자원을 바탕으로 경호환경에 부합되게 경호요원의 신체와 무기에 의해 방어하는 위력경호에 서 잠재적 위협요인을 제거하는 예방경호, 첨단 ICT 기술 기반의 과학경호 시스템으로 패러다임이 변화하고 있다. 최근에는 예방경호 및 과학경호 측면에서 FBI 등 다양한 연방-주-지방 수준의 공공 및 민간 관계기관과의 거버넌스 협업체계를 강화하고 있다.

This study analyzed the process of change in the U.S. presidential security system from the perspective of historical institutionalism. First of all, evaluating the terrorist situation in the United States, religious terrorism in terms of Islamic extremism, which has been mainstream since the 2000s, has become vulnerable, and far-right terrorism has emerged as a strong threat. U.S. political assassination attacks have remained very high among Western countries since the 1970s. It has been analyzed that it has been escalating in recent years. In particular, the cause of terrorism was caused by various causes such as political polarization and psychotic people. Second, in terms of changes in the security system, the national security agency of the Secret Service was selected by chance in terms of prior conditions. In terms of the route creation process, it was required to perform a national security organization due to a series of assassinations. In terms of route dependence, the security system has changed through the failure to respond to internal and external factors and continuous factor terrorist incidents. Third, the bodyguard system is a power guard that is defended by the body and weapon of the bodyguard based on security resources such as manpower, information, and equipment. It is also a precaution to eliminate potential threats. In addition, the paradigm is changing to a scientific protection system based on advanced ICT technology. Recently, in terms of preventive and scientific protection, the governance cooperation system with various federal, state, and local related organizations such as the FBI has been strengthened.

국가안보 요인의 다양화 및 전 세계적인 테러위협의 증대로 국가정보활동에 있어서 선제적이고도 적극적 인 대응이 그 어느 때보다 중요한 시점이 되었다. 이런 이유로 우리나라역시 보다 효율적인 국가정보활동 을 위해 정보기관 간 정보공유 방안 마련을 비롯하여 국가정보기관의 조직체계나 활동방향 등에 대한 면 밀한 진단의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이에 이 연구는 국가정보활동 가운데 특히 국내정보활동에 초점을 맞추어 영국과 미국, 프랑스의 국내정보 조직체계 및 활동에 대한 비교 분석을 토대로 우리나라에 도입 가능한 ‘국내정보 전담조직’ 모델 검토와 함께 정보기관 간 정보공유 방안 제시에 주력하였다. 논의의 핵심은 대테러 및 방첩활동 등의 국내정보활동을 전담하여 수행할 ‘국내정보조직’의 형태에 있어 서 어떤 모델의 정보기구가 적당할 것인가의 문제로 귀결될 수 있는데,영국이나 미국, 프랑스의 예를 통 해 검토한 결과, 미국의 연방수사국(FBI)이나 국토안보부(DHS) 등 국내 정보조직의 여러 문제점을 통해서 볼 때, 영국의 보안부(SS)나 프랑스의국내일반안전국(DGSI)과 같이 별도의 정부부처 아래 방첩 및 대테 러 등의 업무를 수행하는 독립적인 국내정보전담 조직을 신설하거나 프랑스의 기존 조직형태인 국내중앙 정보국(DCRI)과 같은 경찰청 정보국 모델을 고려할 수 있는데, 이 경우 영국의 보안부 또는 미국의 국가 정보장(DNI) 산하 국가대테러센터(NCTC)나 국가정보센터(NIC)와 같이 유관기관간 적극적이고도 실질적 인 정보공유 및 협력을 위한 협의 및 실행조직 마련이 반드시 병행되어야 할 것이다. 또한, 미국의 연방수사국이나 국토안보부 등 국내정보전담 조직에서 법집행기능을 동시에 수행함으로써 빚어지는 여러 구조적 문제들을 함께 치유할 수 있는 대안 마련도 동시에고려되어야 한다.

Nowadays, proactive intelligence activities are required because of enhanced nation widethreats of terrorism and complexity of multidimensional factors of national security. SouthKorea not only need to draw up plans of information sharing among agencies for moreeffective national intelligence activities, but also have to evaluate the structure of DomesticIntelligence Agency and its right direction of activities. In this vein, this paper conductscomparative studies of structures and range of activities of intelligence Agencies by reviewingU.K, U.S.A, and France cases and suggests a potential model of ‘domestic informationspecified agency’ that we can adopt and methods to share information among agencies. The focus of this paper is on the reviewing of necessity of establishing new ‘domesticinformation specified agency’ which will mainly conduct anti-terrorism and counterintelligenceactivities, and its appropriate form. After reviewing the cases of U.K, U.S.A. and France,we conclude that overcoming the people’s distrust about an invasion of freedom and rightscaused by centralized and integrated independent intelligence agency is a prerequisite. Disputable issues of FBI, DHS, and South Korea’s intelligence agency cases suggest thatplans for restoring trust have to be considered if a new ‘domestic information specifiedagency’ is established in NIS. If it is established under government ministries such as MSPAfocusing on implementing anti- terrorism and counterintelligence activities, organizations suchas NCTC, NIC, that can carry out information sharing and cooperating with agenciesconcerned have to be established. Additionally, measures to solve structural problems causedby carrying out law enforcement functions by domestic information specified agency shouldbe considered.

본 연구에서는 2.7m×2.7m 의 밀식재배 과 원에서 기계톱과 전정가위로 축벌하는 방식으 로 1m, 1.5m 통로를 만들어 무인 소형 SS기 를 이용한 방제와 밀식과원 상태에서 관행방제 를 비교 실험하였다. 방제시간은 무인 소형 SS 기 방제 시 13초/주 소요되었으며, 밀식과원 상태에서 관행방제 시 소요시간은 21초/주로 관행방제 대비 소형 무인SS기 방제 시 약액 살포시간이 38.09% 짧았다. 약제 살포량은 무인 소형SS기 6 L/주, 관행방제 7.6L/주 소요 되어 관행방제 대비 무인소형 SS 방제 시 약 액 살포량 21.05% 낮았다. 감수지를 이용한 내·외부 약액부착율 실험결과 밀식과원 상태 에서 축벌로 1.5m 통로를 만들어 소형 무인 SS기를 적용하였을 때 약액부착율 수관외부 97.1%, 수관내부93.5%로 방제 효과가 가장 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. 검은점무늬병 발병도 를 조사한 결과 소형 무인SS기 방제군 1.6%, 관행 방제군 3%로 관행방제대비 소형 무인SS 기 방제 시 검은점 무늬병 발병도가 1.4% 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 병든과율은 0%로 같았다.

Most Jeju citrus orchards use a dense planting method in which trees are planted densely to pursue high productivity and yield. However, since this method is difficult to mechanize and automate pest control, the dependence on manual work increases. Fruit crops require frequent pesticide spraying due to the high incidence of pests, but this intensive cultivation method adds to the inconvenience of agricultural work and increases worker exposure during pesticide spraying. It also reduces the light absorption area and reduces crop and fruit quality. In this study, various experiments were conducted by applying a small unmanned high-speed spreader along with fruit tree pruning in a densely planted orchard environment. The pesticide spraying amount and spraying time were compared with manual control to evaluate the pesticide spraying effect and efficiency at the farm level. In the existing control group, the pesticide attachment rate was the highest when using a small unmanned speed spreader on a 1.5m wide road built in a 2.7m x 2.7m dense orchard, and the external attachment rate was 97.1%, the internal adhesion rate was the highest at 93.5%. The pesticide spraying time of the small unmanned high-speed spreader was 13 seconds per tree and the amount of pesticide was 6 L per tree, whereas the conventional manual control spraying time was 21 seconds per tree and the amount of pesticide was 7.6 L per tree. Therefore, when using an unmanned high-speed spreader by pruning a 1.5m path in a dense orchard, the time for spraying chemicals is reduced by 38.09% and the amount of insecticide sprayed by 21.05%, which is an effective insecticide spraying method.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). The Editor-in-Chief and ANR editorial board have decided to retract this article because the scientific integrity of the content cannot be guaranteed. The article shows evidence of redundant publication and falsification of instruments. This article was a duplicate of a paper that had already been published in Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society Vol 29, No. 3, May 2017 (doi 10.7465/jkdi.2017.28.3.585). The identical data collection period, study sample, variables, and instruments between these two papers show strong evidence of plagiarism. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. This article is published based on a master's thesis (Kim YE. The effects of the transformational leadership of managers perceived by public health nurses and their social capital on empowerment [master's thesis]. Dague (Korea): Kyungpook National University, 2016. p. 1-57.) and the author of this dissertation is deleted. Inappropriate use of master's thesis without appropriate disclosure and/or citation was made. The instruments [Multifactor leadership questionnaire (Kim DW. The relationship between transformational leadership and quality of nurses' care Service with nurses' organization citizenship behavior as a moderator. Health Soc Welf Rev. 2011; 31(2):206e36. Korean), social capital (Han JW, Woo HY, Ju ES, Lim SH, Han SS. Effects of nurses' social capital on turnover intention: focused on the mediating effects organizational commitment and organizational cynicism. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013; 43(4):517e25. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.4.517. Korean), and Organizational empowerment (Oh EH, Chung BY. The effect of empowerment on nursing performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in hospital nurses. J Korean Acad Nurs Admin. 2011; 17(4):391-401. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2011.17.4.391. Korean.)] used in this article were manipulated. The author admitted scientific misconduct and breach of publication ethics. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Sewage treatment facilities for small community were investigated to 1,404 place in whole country, and the facilities capacity was observed that correspond to 0.44% among whole sewage facilities capacity (22,469,000m3/day) by 98,402m3/a day. As the discharge quality of small scaled-sewage treatment showed better quality when the treatment capacity was big from all regulation item. Removal efficiency of BOD 91.2%, SS 92.2%, T-N 47.9% and T-P 55.1% was seen in facilities of more than 200m3/d, and facilities of less than 50m3/d showed low removal efficiency by BOD 86.9%, SS 87.9%, T-N 40.7% and T-P 45.0%. It is judged that relatively bigger treatment facility was showing good removal efficiency because those bigger facility was operated well than that of small scaled treatment facility. In the case of sewage treatment facility less than 50m3/d of capacity will be admitted to public sewerage after 2010 and then will be regulated by stringent new discharge regulation. However, because the sewage flow rate from the less than 50m3/d capacity is small quantity, the polluting effect to receiving body of water was not great and it is hard to satisfy water criteria because most existing small scaled facilities was designed by BOD and SS removal first.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of equation being used to estimate the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) in sheep. To compare the observed and estimated TDN contents [estimated TDN content=87.57-(0.737×ADF)], two varieties of WCRS from Nokyang (NS) and Samgwang (SS) as forage and food source, respectively, were used as a treatment. Nine female Corriedale sheep (average body weight: 49.2±6.3 kg) were used as the experimental animals. The ewes were fed according to their nutrient requirements at the maintenance level. To check the difference between the observed and estimated TDN contents, one sample non-parametric t-test was applied. The CP, NFE and CF contents of the NS were 43.6, 74.2 and 64.2%, respectively, and that of the SS were 46.2, 58.1 and 44.9%, respectively. The observed and estimated TDN contents of the NS were 63.5 and 61.5%, where there was no significant difference. The observed and estimated TDN contents of the SS were 48.9 and 59.0%, where there was significant difference (p<0.05) This research confirmed the validity of TDN estimation equation being used for estimation of TDN of WCRS as forage source, but further research is recommended on the equation for estimating TDN contents of WCRS as food source.

Coastal plantation is one of the key natural defence against the tidal surge induced tropical cyclones. In Bangladesh, a total of 81 km long coastal belt was established from Potenga to Muhuri in Chittagong. This study explores the wind protection efficiency of the coastal plantations at 28 observation points along the 81 km long Potenga–Muhuri irrigation project of Chittagong coastal belt. We found that wind protection efficiency was lowest (1.40% and 7.00%) at 1st observation point of outside the embankment (OE) and inside of the embankment (IE) than Sea Shore (SS), respectively. On the other hand, the highest (82.89% and 95.72%) wind protection efficiency was observed at 22th observation for Outside of the Embankment (OE) and Inside of the Embankment (IE) than Sea Shore (SS), respectively. This study also highlighted on species specific wind protection efficiency. The result revealed that 6-year old Casuarina, 6-year old mixed plantation and 10-year old Sonneretia apetala with the width of 20.12 m, 30.48 m, and 15.24 m can reduce wind speed up to 30 H, 30 H and 25 H at windward side, respectively. Analysis also showed that percentage of wind reduction was significantly higher at plantation coast than barren, and ship breaking yard coast. The findings of this study have great potentiality to contribute substantially to take more coastal embankment afforestation programs by the Government of Bangladesh and to choose the more wind resistant plant species throughout the coastal areas of the country.

현재의 자치경찰제 운영현황을 분석하기 위하여 자치경찰의 이념(필요성)을 기준으로 세종자치경찰 세종특별자치시 자치경찰이 추진하는 기본이념 및 현황을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 발전방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 첫째, 민주성(시민참여)이라는 측면에서는 지역경찰장 주민추천제, ‘으뜸마루’구성 ‧ 운 영, 주민자치회, 이통장협의회 순회간담회 실시, 홈페이지 운영 등 많은 영역에서 시행되 고 있으나 홈페이지 운영에서 시민들이 적극적으로 참여할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 것 이 필요하다. 둘째, 분권화(지역의 특성을 반영한 치안서비스 제공) 측면에서는 범죄취약지 환경개선 으로 균형 있는 치안 구축, 변화하는 학교폭력 환경에 선제적‧능동적 대응 등의 사업을 운영하고 있으나 보다 지역의 특성을 반영한 치안서비스 사업을 개발하는 것이 필요하다. (예) 경찰통계에서 특별경제범죄 비율이 기타 지방자치단체보다 높이 나타나므로 이에 대 한 대응이 필요하다. 또한 인구증가율이 기타 지역보다 높은 현황을 보이며 전국 연령에 서도 세종특별자치시는 비교적 연령이 낮으므로 이에 대응하는 치안서비스<데이트 폭력, 청소년 범죄 등> 제공이 필요하다. 셋째, 정치적 중립성(대표성)의 측면에서는 차기의 자치경찰위원회의 구성에 있어서 직 업 및 경력 부분을 충분히 고려하여 전문성과 대표성이 보다 반영된 지역치안서비스 공 급자로서의 역할이 필요하다.

In order to analyze the operation status of the autonomous police system, we tried to analyze the basic ideology and current status of the Sejong Autonomous Police based on the ideology (necessity) of the autonomous police and suggest the direction of development based on this. First, in terms of democracy (citizen participation), it is implemented in many areas, such as the local police chief's recommendation system, the formation and operation of the "Uteummaru", the conduct of a circuit meeting of the residents' council, and the operation of the website, but it is necessary to find ways for citizens to actively participate in the operation of the website. Second, in terms of decentralization (providing security services reflecting the characteristics of the region), it operates projects such as building balanced security by improving the environment of crime-prone areas and proactively responding to the changing school violence environment, but it is necessary to develop security service projects that reflect the characteristics of the region. Police statistics show that the rate of special economic crimes is higher than that of other local governments. Population growth is higher than in other regions. Sejong Special Self-Governing City provides security services to respond to relatively young people (Date violence, juvenile crimes, etc.) Third, in terms of political neutrality (representativeness), it is necessary to play a role as a local security service provider that reflects expertise and representativene1ss more by fully considering occupational and career aspects in the composition of the next autonomous police committee.

제올라이트로 충진된 수직 흐름 갈대 여과상에 인공하수를 주입하면서 처리효율을 조사하였다. 여과상 표면적 ㎡당 1일 314 L의 인공하수가 6시간마다 10분 동안 간헐적으로 주입되었다. 처리수의 pH는 원수보다 감소하였으며, 용존산소 농도는 원수보다 증가하였다. 수직 흐름 여과상에서 각 항목별 연중 평균 처리효율은 SS 89.9%, CODCr 86.1%, CODMn 81.2%, BOD 93.3%, T-N 34.0%, NH4 +-N, 97.3%,T-P 34.6%이었다. 처리수 중 T-N의 대부분은 NO3--N이었으며 NO2--N의 농도는 0.10 ㎎/L 이하이었다. 처리효율의 계절적 차이는 없었다. 수직 흐름 칼럼실험에서 여재인 제올라이트에 흡착된 인의 형태별 함량은 모든 깊이에서 Ca-P 〉Fe-P 〉환원가용성 Fe-P 〉Occluded p 〉Saloid P 〉Al-P 순이었다. 여과상 깊이별 Al-P를 제외한 모든 종류의 인화합물의 함량은 위층일수록 높았으며, 함량 비율은 깊이가 깊을수록 높아지는 경향이었다. 유기물 함량도 상층 (0~5 ㎝ 깊이)에 가장 높았으며, 그 이하의 깊 이에서는 별 변화가 없었다. 가동기간이 경과할수록 모든 깊이에서 유기물 함량이 증가하였다.

A sewage was treated using a vertical flow zeolite-filled reed bed. The sewage from the student dormitory of Changwon National University was fed into the reed bed for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day. The filtering height of the reed bed was 100 ㎝ and the zeolite mixture was filled in the reed bed. The mixture consisted of the same volume of two types of zeolite ; 0.5~1 ㎜ and 1~3 ㎜ in diameter. Annual average removal efficiency was SS 89.9%, CODCr 86.1%, CODMn 81.2%, T-N 34.0%, NH4 +-N 97.3% and T-P 34.6%. T-N of effluent was mostly NO3--N and the concentration of NO2--N in effluent was lower than 0.1 mg/L. All removal efficiencies did not show a remarkable seasonal change. The ranking of phosphorous fractions fixed to the zeolite in column test was Ca-P 〉Fe-P 〉reductant soluble Fe-P〉occluded P 〉saloid P 〉Al-P at all depths of the filter. All phosphorous fractions except for Al-P reduced at deeper filter layer, while their content ratios increased at deeper filter layer. Organic matter content was the highest at the highest layer(0~5 ㎝ from the top of the filter) and only small differences were observed at the deeper filter layer than 5 ㎝ from the top. Organic matter content increased at all depths of the filter with the operating time.

제올라이트로 충진된 수평 흐름 갈대 여과상에 실제하수를 간헐적으로 주입하면서 처리효율을 조사하였다. 여과상 표면적 m2당 1일 314 L의 하수가 6시간마다 10분 동안 간헐적으로 주입되었다. 처리수의 pH는 원수보다 감소하였으며, 용존산소 농도는 원수보다 증가하였다. 수평 흐름여과상에서 각 항목별 연중 평균 처리효율은 SS 88.5%, CODCr 86.1%, CODMn 81.0%, BOD 93.9%, T-N 48.6%, NH4 +-N, 97.1%, T-P 42.8%이었다. 수평 흐름 여과상에서 처리수 중 T-N의 대부분은 NO3 --N이었으며 NO2 --N의 농도는 0.10 ㎎/L 이하이었다. 처리효율의 계절적 차이는 없었다.

A sewage was treated using a horizontal flow zeolite-filled reed bed. The sewage from the student dormitory of Changwon National University was fed into the reed bed for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day. The filtering height of the reed bed was 100 ㎝ and the zeolite mixture was filled in the reed bed. The mixture consisted of the same volume of two types of zeolite ; 0.5～1 ㎜ and 1～3 ㎜ in diameter. Annual average removal efficiency was SS 88.5%, CODCr 86.1%, CODMn 81.0%, T-N 48.6%, NH4 +-N 97.1% and T-P 42.8%. T-N of effluent was mostly NO3 --N and the concentration of NO2 --N in effluent was lower than 0.1 mg/L. All removal efficiencies did not show a remarkable seasonal change.

법과학자들은 범죄현장 증거물의 동정, 개별화 및 사건 재구성을 하기 위해 증거물을 기록, 인식, 분석 및 해석 능력이 요구되므로 응용과학 분야 실무 교육과 연계된 지식을 필요로 한다. New York에 위치하고 1964년에 설립된 John Jay 대학의 Criminal Justice는 지방, 주와 연방법 집행인을 위한 교육시설의 선두자로써 국제적으로 인정받고 있으며 그 중 Forensic science(법과학)학과는 800명 이상의 학부생과 석사과정의 학생이 범죄학, 분자생물학, 독성학의 세 분야에서 전공교육을 받을 수 있다. 법과학 전 공의 졸업생들은 FBI, DEA, ATF, USPS, SS, CIA, DOJ, 군대와 United States fish and Wildlife Services 와 같은 연방, 주, 지방 정부기관과 법과학, 독성학 실험실, 검시관/coroner offices, 병원, 대학, 경찰서에 서 활동하고 있다. 특수지인 감열, 감압지에 유류된 지문에 1,2-indanedione으로 현출하고 PCR-STR DNA profiles를 위한 추출방법이 확립되었다. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorohism (AFLP) profiles의 방법으로 40 Acerrubrum trees 개별화에 의한 식물 증거물의 종을 결정하기 위한 방법으로의 이용 가능성 을 확인하였으며 법곤충학에서의 응용가능성 및 앞으로의 연구과제 등에 대해 소개하였다.

Every crime leaves traces. This physical record is used by Forensic Scientists for identification, individualization, and reconstruction of the sequence of events. John Jay College of Criminal Justice is the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice focus in the United States. Founded in 1964 John Jay College is internationally recognized as a leader in forensic science and research. The faculty in the Department of Sciences at John Jay College specialize in various areas in the physical and biological sciences. Nationally recognized experts in the field of Forensic Science are housed at John Jay College. Graduates of John Jay College are well equipped to take advantage of the many opportunities available in forensic science and related fields. The research environment at John Jay is diverse and stimulating. Student and faculty present their research at local, national, and international conferences and publish in top-tier journals in the field. The effect of 1,2- indanedione on the ability to generate PCR-STR profiles from fingerprints deposited on thermal and carbonless paper was discussed. The development of genetic markers for botanical material using AFLP was presented.

Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are important virulence factors that Gram-negative pathogen bacteria use to inject virulence related proteins into eukaryotic host cells. The T3SS have been found in many animal pathogens, such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chlamydia spp.. The T3SS apparatus spans the bacterial inner and outer membranes and exports proteins past the cell wall. Salmonella subspecies are able to invade, survive, and replicate in multiple cell types from a wide range of species. Salmonella encode two virulence-associated T3SS, Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). SPI-1 is expressed on the contact with host cells, and translocate effector proteins into host. In this study, we fused Salmonella SPI-1 effectors with model protein (lipase) to secret it into media. [This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(KRF-2008-313- D00304)]

최근 우리 농산업도 국제적인 시장 개방과 FTA 등 급변 하는 시대적 국가 간의 교역에 중요한 위치에 놓여 있게 되었 다. 그 중 매년 수출량이 증가 추세에 있는 백합 관련 종구 및 절화의 수출사업도 세계적인 시장 개방에 맞서 국제적 경 쟁력을 갖추고 수출 증진을 위해 많은 노력이 필요하다. 하지만 현재 백합 생산 현장은 대부분 산지별 혹은 소규모 의 지역별로 수출회사를 통하여 개별 브랜드로 해외로 수출 하고 있는 실정이며 백합 농가의 영세성 때문에 자본과 기술 의 부족 등으로 세계 시장 환경에서 경쟁력 저하가 우려된다. 따라서 본 연구는 백합 수출 증진을 위한 국가 브랜드 이 미지 강화를 위해 통합된 브랜드 전략을 하나의 대안으로 제안한다. 통합 브랜드 전략으로 “Lily Korea”라는 한국의 백합 이라는 직접적 표현으로 통합 브랜드 네이밍과 디자인을 제 안하며 더 나아가 수출시 소비자에게 직접 산매하는 방식이 아니라 화훼 경매 시장을 통해 판매되는 시장 환경에 따른 패키지 디자인을 제시하고자 한다. 패키지 디자인 레이아웃을 동일하게 사용함으로 수출 시장에서 소비자에게 상품의 브랜드와 디자인 인지도를 높이고 자 한다. 또한 색상으로 일반상품과 고급상품으로 구분하거 나 농가별, 산지별 그리고 상품의 등급별로 디자인을 구분 적 용시킴으로 각 상품의 신뢰성을 높이는 패키지 디자인을 제 안한다. “Lily Korea”라는 통합 브랜드 적용과 패키지 디자인의 질적 수준 향상으로 소비자가 타 브랜드와 혼돈하지 않고 상품 의 신뢰성을 바탕으로 재구매를 유도하여 상품의 명확성을 높이며 개별 브랜드의 약점인 영세 농가들의 마케팅 비용 절감과 수출 시장 진출 시 쉽게 우위를 다지는 시너지효과를 가 져 올 것으로 기대된다. 더 나아가 ‘Rose Korea’, ‘Tulip Kore a’ 등과 같이 화훼 시장에서 타 상품에 도 “Korea”라는 통합적인 아이덴티티를 적용하여 한국 상품에 대한 브랜드의 인지 도와 신뢰성을 높이는 레버리지 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다. 그 결과 브랜드의 명성을 통해 국가 브랜드로서 강력한 파워를 형성하여 구매 충성도를 높여 구매수요 증대와 시장의 확대를 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

We have recently Agricultural changing international market, such as openness and an effort to FTA on trade between countries became important positioned. The ann ual exports of cut flowers of lilies growing export busine ss in the world against the global economic market has opened for export promotion requires a lot of effort. Lilies for the promotion of exports, this study strengthen the national brand image for a unified brand strategy is proposed as an alternative. By integrating brand strateg y, "Lily Korea" Korea's a lily of the brand naming and logo incorporated into direct representation is proposed. When exporting direct sales to consumers, but flowers are sold through an auction market, the market for your environment for building integrated brand identity to packa ge design is presented. This study for the promotion of export of the lily to strengthen national brand image of a unified brand strategy is proposed as an alternative. By integrating brand strate gy, "Lily Korea" Korea's a lily of the brand naming and logo representation directly to suggestions. And buried alive when exporting directly to consumers rather than the way flowers are sold through an auction market integrati on based on market conditions for building brand identity and package design is to present. Package design, layout, by using the same product to consumers in export marke ts and increase brand awareness. In addition to color, gen eral merchandise and luxury items to increase the reliabil ity of each item separately on the package design is prop osed. "Lily Korea" a integrating brand and package design to improve the quality of the consumer is not confused with other brands, products based on the reliability of the lead to repurchase increases the clarity of the product. Weakn ess of the individual brand marketing costs for small-sca le farmers and exporters easy-to-market advantage, Dodge is expected to bring synergy. Furthermore, ‘Rose Kore a’, ‘Tulip Korea’ like flowers on the market in other products "Korea" to apply a unified identity for the product to increase brand awareness and credibility is expected to h ave a leverage effect. As a result, the brand's reputation as a strong power to get through a national brand loyalty and increase purchase and expand the market for buying and increased demand is expected to promote.

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a tool for bacteria to export proteins from the cytoplasm, through the membranes to the extracellular environment. The system is made up of more than 20 different proteins, about half of which are conserved (similarity in sequence) in most type III systems. This review would summarize the typical features of this system and discuss the potential in utilizing the T3SS to export recombinant proteins into the external environment as well as applicable capability in protein production technology by this novel apparatus. [This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(KRF-2008-313-D00304)]

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 대표적인 충적하천인 내성천 하류를 대상으로 장기하상변동에 적합한 HEC-6 모형을 개선한 HEC-RAS 모형을 이용하여 유사이송 공식에 따른 장기하상변동을 예측 및 평가하였다. HEC-RAS 모형으로 모의한 결과를 평가하기 위하여 평균제곱근오차(Root mean square error, RMSE)와 상대평균절대오차(Relative mean absolute error, RMAE)의 통계적 변량을 사용하였으며, 또한 91개의 River Station 지점의 시계열 계산결과를 검토하였다. 내성천 유역의 부유사 흐름에 대한 확인을 위하여 SS 농도를 검토한 결과 유량이 적은 갈수기에도 일정량 이상의 농도를 유지함으로써 지속적인 유사이송이 진행되고 있음이 확인되었다.

This study was conducted with the national river, Naeseong stream which is typical alluvial river. In this paper, various sediment transport equations were used to predict and estimate long-term riverbed variation for downstream in Naeseong stream. Statistical variables such as RMSE(Root Mean Square error) and RMAE(Relative Mean Absolute Error) were used to evaluate reliability of HEC-RAS model. Also calculations of time-series of 91 river stations were reviewed. To confirm flow of suspended load of the Naeseong stream, We examined SS concentrations. As a results, SS flow was retained by maintaining over the certain concentration in dry season.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Osstem?? implants (US II/SS II implants) through the retrospective study for the clinical success rate during the installation of the Osstem?? implants (US II/SS II implants) by using of the procedures of maxillary sinus floor elevation. Materials and methods: The current study was researched in the 6 medical institutions: Chonnam National University, Chosun University, Pusan DaeDong Hospital, Bundang Seoul National University Hospital, Ap-Seon Clinic, and All Clinic. Based on the total number of 116 patients whose treatment was the installation of the US II/SS II implants with the procedures of the maxillary sinus floor elevation, they were conferred on the dental records of the patients under the joint consultation of the 6 medical institutions. On the dental recording charts, there were included in as the following; the name of the institutions, gender, age, with or without smoking or drinking, with or without the generalized diseases, the height of the alveolar bone on the operational sites, elapsed edentulous state period, the state of the opposed or adjacent teeth, the methods of the maxillary sinus floor elevation, secondary time period for surgery, the lengths, types, and diameters of implants, with or without bone transplantation or the types of bone, postoperative current bone height, current adjacent soft tissue state of the implants, with or without the success of the installations of the implants. We have done our survey with the clinical and radiolographical examinations and dental questionaries. The success and survival rate of the implants was evaluated. Results 1. Total number of the patients with the installation of the US II implants were 62. The 252 numbers of US II implants were installed on the 89 maxillary sinuses. The patient's mean age was 54.1 years old and there were 36 men and 27 women. 2. Total number of patients with the installation of SS II implant were 57. The 165 numbers of SS II implants were planted on the 80 maxillary sinuses. Their mean age was 48.7 years old and there were 37 men and 20 women. 3. The follow-up period was 30.7 months(21-49 mon) on average. The vertical bone loss of installed implants after the procedures of the maxillary sinus elevation was 1.1 mm on average in SS II and 1.3 mm on average in US II. There existed no statistical significance on each group. The mean enlarged bone height after the maxillary sinus floor elevation was 8.2 mm. 4. For the procedures of the maxillary sinus elevation, the Lateral approach technique occupied 87.1%, which was the most used one. In addition, the most frequently used transplanted bone was autogenous bone only which was 72.7% during the maxillary sinus floor elevation. 5. The complication of maxillary sinus floor elevation were perforation of sinus membrane, disesthesia on doner site, exposure of cover screw and exposure of maxillar bone. 6. The survival rate of US II and SS II after maxillary sinus floor elevation was 99.2% and 95.8%, respectively. And the success rate of US II and SS II after maxillary sinus floor elevation was 97.6% and 89.7%, respectively. Conclusion : On the evaluation of the analysis of our study, both US II and SS II implants showed the excellent clinical results by use of the procedures of maxillary sinus floor elevation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the $Osstem^{(R)}$ implants (US II/SS II implants) through the retrospective study for the clinical success rate during the installation of the $Osstem^{(R)}$ implants (US II/SS II implants) by using of the procedures of maxillary sinus floor elevation. Materials and methods: The current study was researched in the 6 medical institutions: Chonnam National University, Chosun University, Pusan DaeDong Hospital, Bundang Seoul National University Hospital, Ap-Seon Clinic, and All Clinic. Based on the total number of 116 patients whose treatment was the installation of the US II/SS II implants with the procedures of the maxillary sinus floor elevation, they were conferred on the dental records of the patients under the joint consultation of the 6 medical institutions. On the dental recording charts, there were included in as the following; the name of the institutions, gender, age, with or without smoking or drinking, with or without the generalized diseases, the height of the alveolar bone on the operational sites, elapsed edentulous state period, the state of the opposed or adjacent teeth, the methods of the maxillary sinus floor elevation, secondary time period for surgery, the lengths, types, and diameters of implants, with or without bone transplantation or the types of bone, postoperative current bone height, current adjacent soft tissue state of the implants, with or without the success of the installations of the implants. We have done our survey with the clinical and radiolographical examinations and dental questionaries. The success and survival rate of the implants was evaluated. Results 1. Total number of the patients with the installation of the US II implants were 62. The 252 numbers of US II implants were installed on the 89 maxillary sinuses. The patient's mean age was 54.1 years old and there were 36 men and 27 women. 2. Total number of patients with the installation of SS II implant were 57. The 165 numbers of SS II implants were planted on the 80 maxillary sinuses. Their mean age was 48.7 years old and there were 37 men and 20 women. 3. The follow-up period was 30.7 months(21-49 mon) on average. The vertical bone loss of installed implants after the procedures of the maxillary sinus elevation was 1.1 mm on average in SS II and 1.3 mm on average in US II. There existed no statistical significance on each group. The mean enlarged bone height after the maxillary sinus floor elevation was 8.2 mm. 4. For the procedures of the maxillary sinus elevation, the Lateral approach technique occupied 87.1%, which was the most used one. In addition, the most frequently used transplanted bone was autogenous bone only which was 72.7% during the maxillary sinus floor elevation. 5. The complication of maxillary sinus floor elevation were perforation of sinus membrane, disesthesia on doner site, exposure of cover screw and exposure of maxillar bone. 6. The survival rate of US II and SS II after maxillary sinus floor elevation was 99.2% and 95.8%, respectively. And the success rate of US II and SS II after maxillary sinus floor elevation was 97.6% and 89.7%, respectively. Conclusion : On the evaluation of the analysis of our study, both US II and SS II implants showed the excellent clinical results by use of the procedures of maxillary sinus floor elevation.

Purpose: To study the quality of life and to identify associated factors among breast cancer patients undergoing treatment in national cancer centers in Nepal. Materials and Methods: One hundred breast cancer patients were selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EORTC-QLQ-BR23 were used to assess quality of life and modified Medical Outcome Study -Social Support survey(mMOS-SS) was used to assess social support. Only multi-item scales of EORTC C30 and BR23 were analyzed for relationships. Independent sample T-tests and ANOVA were applied to analyze differences in mean scores. Results: The score of global health status/quality of life (GHS/GQoL) was marginally above average (mean=52.8). The worst performed scales in C-30 were emotional and social function while best performed scales were physical and role function. In BR-23, most of the patients fell into the problematic group regarding sexual function and enjoyment. Almost 90% had financial difficulties. Symptom scales did not demonstrate many problems. Older individuals, patients with stage I breast cancer and thosewith good social support were found to have good GHS/GQoL. Of all the influencing factors, social support was established to have strong statistical associations with most of the functional scales: GHS/GQoL (0.003), emotional function (<0.001), cognitive function (0.020), social function (<0.001) and body image function (0.011). Body image was significantly associated with most of the influencing factors: monthly family income (0.003), type of treatment (<0.001), type of surgery (<0.001), stage of cancer (0.017) and social support (0.011). Conclusions: Strategies to improve social support of the patients undergoing treatment should be given priority and financial difficulties faced by breast cancer patients should be well addressed from a policy making level by initiating health financing system.