Earticle

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reproducibility of impedance body fat measurement devices measuring the body com-position of Korean male and female adults using three bioelectrical im-pedance analyzers. We compared two methods for evaluating body composition: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and bioelectri-cal impedance analysis (BIA). Subjects were 200 healthy adult Korean males and females whose mean±standard deviation (range) age, standing height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 44.1±14.5 years, 172.8±7.4 cm, 76.0±12.8 kg, and 25.4±3.3 kg/m2, and 44.5±14.7 years, 158.7±5.8 cm, 58.3±8.3 kg, and 23.2±3.0 kg/m2, re-spectively. As a result, first of all, the reproducibility of the bioelectrical impedance analyzer had very high coefficients at r=0.998, r=0.997 be-tween men and women, respectively. The correlation coefficients among three comparisons for lean body mass (LBM) were provided the following coefficients: r=0.951 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC720, r=0.950 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC360, and r=0.946 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC380 in men. In the results for women, they also had the very high fol-lowing coefficients: r=0.956 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC720, r=0.946 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC360, and r=0.957 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC380 in LBM. In conclusion, this research showed a higher correlation in terms of accuracy compared to existing BIA-based body composition measurement techniques, and the accuracy of LBM was improved with high correlation coefficients through the algorithm that was improved using the multifrequency BIA method in the ACCUNIQ BC products.

본고는 한국고고학의 재현성에 대한 인식과 현황을 살펴보고 개선 방안을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 최근 한국고고학계에서는 과학적 방법론을 점진적으로 활용하며 연구의 객관성을 높이고자 노력하고 있으나, 정작 중요한 재현성에 대한 논의가 상대적으로 부족한 상황이다. 방법론 차용의 대상이 되는 지리학, 통계학 및 컴퓨터과학, 생명과학 등을 비롯한 해외고고학계에서는 연구 자료의 공유와 더불어 학술지 규정 제정을 통해 재현성을 확보하고있다. 특히, 오픈 사이언스의 확산에 따라 분석에 활용된 자료를 공개하며 연구의 재현성을높이고 있다. 일부 학문에서는 별도의 디지털 저장소를 통해 분석 과정까지 재현이 가능한시스템을 제공하기도 한다. 반면 한국고고학계의 경우, 발굴조사보고서 중심의 자료 수집이 주로 이루어지면서 자료 접근성이 부분적으로 확보되었으나, 구체적인 자료 공유 방법과 규정이 부족하며, 재현성 자체에 대한 논의가 부족한 상황이다. 최근 10년간 과학적 방법론이 사용된 논문의 약67%가 다른 학계 기준에 미치지 못하는 자료 공유 단계에 머물러 있기에 재현성 확보가시급한 상황이다. 결국 한국고고학계의 재현성을 확보하기 위한 다차원적인 노력이 필요해 보인다. 이에(1)학술지 규정 개편, (2)자료 공유 시스템 구축, (3)연구자의 재현성 인식 강화, (4)자료 공유 방법 교육 프로그램을 제안하고자 한다. 이러한 노력은 학계 전체의 신뢰성을 높이고지속 가능한 연구 환경을 조성하는 것에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

This study examines the awareness and current state of reproducibility in Korean archaeology. While scientific methodologies have been increasingly adopted to enhance objectivity, discussions on reproducibility remain insufficient. In disciplines such as geography, statistics, computer science, and life sciences, as well as in international archaeology, research data sharing and journal policies play pivotal roles in ensuring reproducibility. The rise of open science has further emphasized the importance of data transparency, with some fields providing digital repositories that enable fully reproducible analyses. In contrast, Korean archaeology primarily relies on excavation reports for data collection, partially ensuring data accessibility but lacking specific regulations and practices for data sharing and reproducibility. Over the past decade, approximately 68% of papers employing scientific methodologies remained at data-sharing levels below international standards, underscoring an urgent need to enhance reproducibility. To address this, a multifaceted approach is necessary, including (1)revising journal policies, (2)establishing data-sharing systems, (3)raising researchers awareness of reproducibility, and (4)introducing educational programs on data-sharing methods. These efforts are expected to enhance the credibility of the academic community and foster a sustainable research environment.

총 5대를 대상으로 한 진단용X선발생장치(DR)는 IEC 60601-2-54 표준규격에서 제시한 방사선출력의 재현성 시험에서 4대가 적합으로 나타났으며, 다만 1대의 X선 장치에서 C Group의 시험 설정인 진단용X선장치의 최고 관전압의 50%와 관전류 시간 곱(mAs)이 1μGy에서 5μGy 사이의 인가출력량의 조합으로 측정한 항목에서 부적합으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 방사선량을 정량화하기 위한 표준으로 IEC 60601-2-54 표준규격에서 제시한 방사선출력의 재현성이 진단용 X선 영상장치 성능관리에 중요한 평가 요소임을 인식해야 한다.

For five diagnostic X-ray generators (DR), four units turned out to be appropriate in tests on the reproducibility of radiation output suggested in the IEC 60601-2-54 standard, but in one unit of the X-ray equipment, an item measured in a combination of 50% of the highest tube voltage of the diagnostic X-ray equipment, the test setting of Group C with authorized output doses between 1 μGy and 5 μGy of mAs turned out to be inappropriate. As a result, the radiation dose to the IEC 60601-2-54 standard for quantification standards proposed by the radiation output from diagnostic X-ray imaging device reproducibility of performance management should be aware that an important evaluation factor.

본 연구자는 선행 연구를 통해 태초부터 전개된 인류의 예술에 내포된 죽음의 미학의 전개 과정을 정리한 바 있다. 본 연구는 해당 연구를 심화시킨 후속 연구로, 알렉산더 맥퀸의 패션 작품에 담긴 죽음의 미학적 의미를 연구하였 는데, 먼저 죽음의 미학적 특성을 분류하고, 이를 근거로 알렉산더 맥퀸의 의상 작품에서의 죽음의 미학적 특성을 분석 정리하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 죽음의 미학적 표현은 죽음의 재현성, 상징성, 및 종교성의 세 가지로 나뉜다. 재현성 표현은 실질적 대상 재현과 상상의 대상 재현을 포함하며. 상징적 표현은 외면적 표현과 내면적 표현 두 가지를 포함한다. 둘째, 알렉산더 맥퀸의 작품에서 죽음의 재현성은 주로 가상의 무대 장면과 복장을 통해 구현하였 다. 셋째, 죽음의 상징성은 육체적인 죽음과 직결된 해골, 혈액 등뿐만 아니라 죽음에 따른 다양한 정서와 심리상태도 보여준다. 넷째, 죽음의 종교성은 알렉산더 맥퀸의 작품에서 십자가 등의 모티브로 종교적 내용을 재현한 것으로 표현한 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study conducted a questionnaire survey on SNS users who are conducting K-POP record collection activities using SNS and verified factors affecting the intention to continue K-POP record collection activities. The main methods of analysis were exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis using SPSS 21.0 program and AMOS 21.0 program. The results are summarized as follows. First, compatibility for K-POP record collection activities through SNS has a positive effect on perceived usefulness, and observability also has a positive effect on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Second, perceived ease of use for K-POP records collection using SNS has a positive effect on perceived usefulness. Third, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for K-POP records collection using SNS have a positive effect on continuous intention of K-POP records collection activity through SNS. As a result of this study, it suggests that the intention to continue the collection activities of K-POP records using SNS can be explained through the integration of innovation diffusion theory and technology acceptance model.

The valid confirmation of a positive change (improvement) in a patient’s health status due to intervention has been at the core of medicine and rehabilitation since their very inception as clinicians always aspired to ensure that treating their patients had led to successful outcomes both in acute and chronic conditions. However what is change: either im-provement or worsening (aggravation), is a complicated issue which involves clinical as well as statistical considerations. Change invariably relates to a difference in some measurable entity and almost always it relates to a time span. The confirmation of clinical change is important both for varying the treatment course (if necessary) and for the termina-tion of treatment when the latter has reached wither its prescribed ob-jective or a plateau. Since in the context of rehabilitation, the outcome measures (OM) are strongly linked to performance, determination of change in the latter is confounded by many factors, collectively known as the error of measurement, which render a decision regarding clini-cally meaningful change, highly involved. This is further complicated by the stability of the observed OM, the so-called reproducibility of the OM, and the accuracy of the measurement instrument. The higher the re-producibility the lower is the error. Moreover, in order to proclaim change, in most cases a positive one, it is necessary for the difference in outcome scores (i.e. the change) to surpass the error of measure-ment, in varying degree of rigor. This paper describes selected methods associated with determination of change and focuses predominantly on the difference between a simple difference in scores (‘simple change’), a significant difference in scores and the so-called clinically meaningful change in scores which is considered today as the bench-mark for confirmation of a real change.

현대 의학에서 방사선 이용 영역이 확대되고 비중이 커짐에 따라 개인 피폭선량을 줄이기 위한 노력을 하고 있는 가운 데 가장 중요한 문제로 대두되고 있는 것이 방사선 기기에 관한 정도관리이다. 그래서 광주광역시 1차병원을 5개의 구로 나누어 각 구에서 임의로 10개소의 병원을 선정하여 정도관리 항목들의 실제 측정 실험과 광주지역 정도관리 현황에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 실험은 관전압, 관전류, 조사시간의 재현성 시험, 조도측정, 반가층 측정, 중심선속 일치 실험을 시행하였으며, 관전압 재현성 실험 결과 전체 50군데의 병원 합격률은 95.3%로 나타났고 관전류와 조사시간은 각각 77.0%의 합격률을 보였다. 조도는 86.0%의 합격률을 보였다. 반가층은 52.0%의 합격률을 보여 네 개의 실험 중 가장 낮은 합격률을 보였다. 중심선속 일치실험에서는 대체로 1.5° 이내로 중심선속이 일치하였으나 전체 50군데 중 30.0%가 중심선속이 3°이내로 벗어났다. 설문조사 결과로는 58.0%가 정도관리 주기에 대해 알고 있다고 답했으며, 50명 모두 현재 근무하는 병원에서 정도관리에 관한 교육을 받은 적이 없다고 답했다. 비교적 정도관리는 잘 이루어지 고 있었지만 가장 시급한 문제는 정도관리의 중요성에 관한 인식이다. 따라서 방사선 작업 종사자들에게 전문적으로 안전관리에 관한 교육과 정확한 방사선 정도관리를 시행한다면 방사선 작업 종사자와 환자에 대한 피폭을 줄일 수 있으며 또한 적은 선량으로 질 높은 영상을 만들 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

With the expanded use of radiation in modern medical practices, the most important issue in regards to efforts to reduce individual exposure dose is quality assurance. Therefore in order to study the present condition of quality assurance, the Gwangju Metropolitan City area was divided into five districts each containing ten hospitals. Four experiments were conducted: a reproducibility experiment for kVp, mA, and examination time (sec) intensity of illumination; half-value layer (HVL) measurement; and beam perpendicularity test matching experiment. The tube voltage reproducibility experiment for all fifty hospitals resulted in a 95.33% passing rate and mA and examination time both resulted in a 77.0% passing rate. The passing rate for intensity of illumination was 86.0% and 52.0% for HVL, which was the lowest passing rate of all four factors. For the beam perpendicularity test matching experiment, generally the central flux is matched to within 1.5°. Of all fifty hospitals 30.0% were beyond 3°. The results of the survey showed that 58% responded that they knew about quality assurance cycle. All fifty respondents stated that they have not received any training in regards to quality assurance at their current place of employment. Although quality assurance is making relative progress, the most urgent issue is awareness of the importance of quality assurance. Therefore, the implementation of professional training focusing on safety management and accurate quality assurance of radiation will reduce the exposure to radiation for radiologists and patients and higher quality imaging using less dosage will also be possible.

The present study contributes reviewing and suggesting various models for measurement system analysis (MSA). Measurement errors consist of accuracy, linearity, stability, part precision, repeatability and reproducibility (R&R). First, the major content presents split-plot design, and the combination method of crossed and nested design for obtaining gage R&R. Second, we propose x-s variable control chart for calculating the gage R&R and number of distinct category. Lastly, investigating the determination of gage performance curve which establishes the control specification propagating calibration uncertainties and measurement errors is described.

Prompt prescription and early initiation of exercise training are essen-tial for patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interven-tion (PCI). We hypothesized that cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters determined the day after elective PCI during hospi-talization would not differ from those obtained 1–3 weeks post-PCI in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD). CPET was performed the day after and 1–3 weeks (13±4.6; 7–21 days) after PCI. CPET was performed with a bicycle ergometer up to the ventilatory aerobic thresh-old (VAT) on the day after PCI. Symptom-limited CPET was conducted 1–3 weeks after PCI. No complications arose from the tests. There were no significant differences in %VAT (next day: 88.6±16.7 vs. 1–3 weeks later: 91.4%±18.7%), the workload at the VAT (51.8±11.0 W vs. 52.9± 11.6 W), heart rate (HR) at the VAT (95.3±105 beats/min vs. 94.1±11.3 beats/min), or metabolic equivalent (METs) at the VAT (3.69±0.69 vs. 3.84±0.78) between the two sessions. The slope of linear regression for two repeated measurements was close to 1 (%VAT, 1.02; workload at the VAT, 0.95; METs at the VAT, 1.03), except for HR (0.70). Bland–Altman plots revealed the reproducibility of all four CPET measurements between the two sessions. In conclusion, CPET up to the VAT can be performed safely 1-day post-PCI in patients with stable CHD. CPET parameters do not significantly differ between testing performed the day after and 1–3 weeks after PCI. Next-day CPET during hospitalization after PCI may enable prompt exercise prescription without the need for another CPET 1–3 weeks later.

Purpose: The purpose of this study compared of reproducibility of prepared tooth impression scanning utilized with white and blue light scanners. Methods: To evaluate reproducibility with white and blue light scanners, the impression of premolar were rotated by 10°~20° and scanned. These data were compared with the first 3-D data (STL file), and the error sizes were measured (n=5). Independent t test was used to evaluation the reproducibility of impression of premolar with white versus blue light scanners through discrepancies of mean, RMS (α=0.05). Results: Discrepancies of mean with regard to reproducibility were 11.2㎛, 5.8㎛, respectively, with white and blue light scanners (p<0.047). And discrepancies of RMS with regard to reproducibility were 33.4㎛, 18.8㎛, respectively, with white and blue light scanners (p<0.045). Conclusion: Our results indicate a good reproducibility of prepared tooth impression digitized with blue light scanner more than that with white light scanner.

The private fixed device is needed for a radiation therapy about breast cancer. But this option is wrong applies to every hospital. Thereupon, we will establish standard of option for body-specific. 42 patients on 4 months were enrolled. The option of fixed device applied to divide into 6 kinds. The images were analyzed by OBI. In result, It is excellent reproducibility of position by all body-specific that It is applied head holder, shoulder holder, cotton, kneefix.

Due to the development of the industry, the importance of injection molded products is increasing in the fields of electricity, electricity, automobiles, etc. Through this experiment, the weight change of molded products according to the injection speed change during injection molding was investigated. As a result of the experiment, a statistical program was used to confirm that the pi control method produced about 69.2% more weight deviation than the dpi method and to adopt the null hypothesis that the p-value was less than 0.05 Injection speed affected the molded product.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare with color reproducibility of the coating method and dipping method using a colour liquid. Methods: Two groups of square-shaped specimens (10 10 in diameter, 1.5 thickness) were prepared for analysis(n=15/group). The CM(Coating Method) group was fabricated as full zirconia specimens with the coating coloring method and Group DM(Dipping Method) was prepared as specimens of 0.7 mm-thick zirconia plate using the dipping coloring method and veneered with 0.8mm-thick porcelain. Color parameters were measured with ShadeEye NCC spectrophotometer and color differences were calculated using the equation E* = {(L*)2+( a*)2+( b*)2}1/2. Non- parametric statistical methods, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data. Type one error rate was set at 0.05. Results: Color difference values larger than 7 were observed between specimens with the coating method and the dipping method, which were detectable difference in a clinical setting. Conclusion: Cautious application of the coating coloring method in a clinical setting and further researches to standardize the coating method are needed.

본 연구에서는 용지 특성이 다른 패키지용 도포지 인쇄에서 양호한 컬러 재현과 일 관된 컬러 유지 및 관리를 위해 그레이 밸런스를 기반으로 하는 방법을 적용하여 인쇄 를 하였다. 인쇄 결과물은 인쇄 품질 평가의 기본이 되는 컬러 재현성을 평가하였다. C, M, Y, K 잉크의 솔리드 농돗값 및 CIEL*a*b* 값, 색차, delta L*, delta Ch, 그레이 밸런스, 망점 재현(TVI)을 평가한 결과는 패키지 도포지 인쇄에서 기준으로 하여 요구 한 GRACoL2006 coated1 규격에 맞게 나타났다. 이 결과는 패키지용 도포지의 인쇄 적성 평가 가이드 및 품질 개선의 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있다.

In this study, the gray balance based method was applied for good color reproduction and consistent color management in coated paper for package with different paper characteristics. Printing result estimated color repeatability that become basis of printing quality estimation. Result that evaluate solid density and CIEL*a*b* value of C, M, Y, K, color difference, delta L*, delta Ch, gray balance, half-tone dot reappearance (TVI) appeared according to GRACoL2006 coated1v2 standard that require by standard in printing of coated paper for package. This result can utilize to basic data of guide and quality improvement that evaluate printablity of coated paper for package.

본 연구는 실물 드레이핑 기반으로 구축한 CLO 3D 기준 이미지를 활용하여 생성형 AI 패션 이미지의 조형·감성 재현성을 비교·분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 실물 드레이핑으로 확보한 조형 구조를 패턴화하고 디지털 전환하여 CLO 3D에서 기준(reference) 이미지를 제작하였다. 동일한 프롬프트 조건에서 Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, Google AI Studio 3개 플랫폼으로 AI 이미지를 생성하였다. 패션·디지털 콘텐츠 분야 전문가 10인이 조형성(Q1–Q5), 감성 표현(Q6–Q8), 전시 적합성(Q9–Q10) 항목을 5점 척도로 평가하였다. 분석 결과 플랫폼별 로 구조적 정확도와 감성적 일관성에서 유의미한 차이가 확인되었다. Midjourney는 구조적 일관성과 감성 톤, 전 시 활용 적합성에서 가장 높은 평균 점수를 보였다. Google AI Studio의 조형성은 중간 수준이었으나 감성·전시 적합성에서 비교적 안정적인 평가를 얻었다. 본 연구는 실물 기반 디지털 기준 이미지를 활용한 생성형 AI 이미 지 평가 프레임워크를 제시한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study compares the formal and emotional reproducibility of generative AI fashion images using physical draping–based CLO 3D reference images. A reference workflow was established through physical draping, pattern conversion, digitalization, and CLO 3D reconstruction. Under identical prompt conditions, fashion images were generated using Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, and Google AI Studio. Ten fashion and digital content experts evaluated the images using a five-point Likert scale. The evaluation focused on form (Q1–Q5), emotional expression (Q6–Q8), and exhibition suitability (Q9–Q10). The results revealed clear differences among platforms in structural accuracy and emotional consistency. Midjourney demonstrated the highest overall performance and strong suitability for digital exhibition contexts. This study proposes an evaluation framework that links physical draping, CLO-based reference modeling, and generative AI fashion image assessment.

이 연구는 국립중원문화유산연구소에서 이루어진 고대 제철기술 복원실험 중 제련실험에 중점을 두어 유적에서 확인되는 제련 생성물과 실험 생성물을 비교⋅분석함으로써 실험이 유적의 현상을 얼마나 충실히 재현하고 있는지 점검하고자 하였다. 그리하여 충주 칠금동 제철유적 제련 생성물의 특징을 확인하고 제련실험 생성물을 비교한 결과 미환원 철광석과 반환원괴 시료 등에서 유사성을 확인할 수 있었다. 유출 슬래그의 경우에도 미세조직과 화합물 분석 결과를 통해 유적의 현상을 어느 정도 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 노 내 슬래그에서는 다소 차이가 나타났다. 또한 실험과정에서 슬래그의 유출을 유도하기 위해 온도를 상승시킨 것이 결과적으로는 슬래그의 유동성 을 저하시킨 요인으로 확인되었다. 따라서 제철기술을 복원하기 위해서 온도 조절 기술이 중요한 변수임을 확인할 수 있었으며 노 내 온도를 1,100∼1,300℃ 범위로 유지한다면 환원철의 과도한 침탄을 방지하면서도 제련 슬래그의 유동성을 확보해 유적 현상을 재현하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

This study focuses on the bloomery process experiments conducted as part of the ancient iron making technology restoration by the National Jungwon Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. By comparing and analyzing bloomery products identified from archaeological sites with those produced in the experiments, this study purpose to evaluate how accurately the experiments replicate the site phenomena. Through analysis of the bloomery products from the Chilgeum-dong iron making site in Chungju and evaluation of the bloomery process experiments, similarities were observed between the unreduced iron ore and the partially reduced bloom samples. In the case of the tapped slag, fayalite and wüstite were detected, and the microstructure also showed some similarity to the archaeological site phenomena. However, there were slight differences in the slag within the furnace. Additionally, increasing the temperature in the latter part of the experiment to induce slag outflow was found to have ultimately reduced slag fluidity. Thus, temperature control was confirmed as an important variable during operation. Specifically, maintaining the furnace temperature within a range of 1,100–1,300℃ is expected to prevent excessive carburization of reduced iron while ensuring the fluidity of the smelting slag. This approach is anticipated to help more accurately reproduce the site phenomena.