Earticle

기존 지능망 서비스들이 포화 상태에 이르게 됨에 따라 수익이 나는 새로운 서비스를 개발하는 것이 점 점 더 어려워지고 있다. 요즈음 전통적인 전화망과 인터넷의 결합이 새로운 경향으로 나타나고 있다. PC와 같은 인터넷 단말은 전화망의 전통적인 단말보다 저장 장치 및 유저 인터페이스 면에서 더욱 더 강력한 능력을 가지고 있다. IT 개발자들은 전화 분야의 전문 지식을 갖고 있지 않아도 Parlay API를 사용하면 새로운 통신 서비스를 쉽게 만들 수 있다. HTTP 상의 SOAP을 사용하여 쉽게 두 컴퓨터 노드간의 통신이 가능하게 할 수 있더라도 일반적인 개발자는 현란한 XML 포맷 때문에 SOAP 메시지를 처리하는데 어려움을 느낀다. REST 기반 API는 이러한 것의 좋은 대체재가 될 수 있는데, 추가적인 프로토콜 층이 없이 HTTP 층만 있기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 통화 및 메시징 서비스를 만들기 위한 REST 기반의 Open API 를 소개한다. 제안되는 API는 클릭투콜, 미니 컨퍼런스, 통화 녹음, 주문형 오디오 재생, 단문 메시징 및 음성 메시징 기능을 제공한다. 제안되는 API 특징은 전화망과 인터넷의 컨버전스의 강력함을 보여준다.

This paper presents a CoAP(Constrained Application Protocol) implementation in an I-Safety IoT Platform for indoor safety services to users in home network environment. CoAP is a compact web transfer protocol based on REST(Representational State Transfer) architecture and designed to be over datagram-oriented transport such as UDP. Also, it designed a succinct header and a simple parsing algorithm so it is suitable for constrained nodes and networks. In this paper, a CoAP implementation has been developed in Linux and runs on Contiki OS. A development verification of it can confirm using a web browser.

4차 산업혁명을 통해 웹이 다양한 기술들과 융합되기 전에는 웹 애플리케이션의 성능을 평가하는 요소가 단순히 웹 애플리케이션이 로딩 되는 속도뿐이었다. 따라서 기존에 시중에 나와 있는 웹 애플리케이션 성능분석 툴의 경우 대부분 웹 애플리케이션이 웹 브라우저에서 동작 하는 속도에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 하지만 웹은 이제 단순 웹 브라우저 뿐만 아니라 다양한 서비스들과 융합되어 활용되고 있으며, 단순 속도 이외에도 웹 애플리케이션을 평가하기 위해 평가해야할 요소들이 등장했다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 앞서 언급한 속도뿐만 아니라 프로그레시브 웹 앱, 접근성, 모범 사례, 검색 엔진 최적화를 고려한 웹 애플리케이션 성능 분석을 진행하기 위한 서버를 설계하고, REST API 형태로 서비스를 구축하여 사용자의 기기나 환경에 영향을 받지 않고 웹 애플리케이션 성능 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 서버를 설계 및 구현하고자 한다.

Until the 4th Industrial Revolution fused the Web with diverse technologies, the only factor in evaluating the performance of a Web application was the loading speed of the Web application. Therefore, most existing Web application performance analysis tools focus on the speed at which Web applications run in a Web browser. However, the web is now being used not only in a simple web browser but also in a variety of services. So, in addition to simple speed, there are more elements to be checked to evaluate web applications. Therefore, in this paper, we design a server to perform web application performance analysis considering progressive web app, accessibility, best practice, and search engine optimization as well as the above mentioned speed. Also, we realize a REST API based server that can provide web application performance services without being affected by user's devices or environment.

Pilot has been fighting to get over fatigue during flight and thought it as a hinderance for safe flight. The fatigue related problem has been the biggest obstacle for aviation safety so far. Even though pilots and airlines try their best to overcome fatigue during flight, they couldn't overcome this problem. So the airliners let the pilot sleep during flight if pilots are too tired with the report. It is controlled rest used and managed by several European airliners. So this study tries to get Korean airline pilots' fatigue information and figure out the cause and reduce it.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out whether people still have problems with breathing after being quarantined for a certain period after being infected with COVID-19. Design: Two-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: A total of 36 subjects were included in this study. Subjects who have been quarantined after being infected with COVID-19 (the after-quarantine group, n=18) and those who have never had COVID-19 (the healthy group, n=18). Respiratory function was evaluated by subjects in resting state and after treadmill exercise. Subjects performed treadmill exercise at moderate intensity for 20 minutes. To compare the differences in respiratory function between groups, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) were evaluated using a spirometer. Results: The result of the study, there was a significant difference in FVC in the after-quarantine group between resting and after treadmill exercise (p<0.05). In the healthy group, there was no significant difference in respiratory functions between resting and after treadmill exercise. Conclusions: The meaning of this result is that people who have been quarantined with COVID-19 have lower respiratory function than healthy people who are not infected with COVID-19.

It is important that desktop grids should be able to aggressively deal with the dynamic properties that arise from the volatility and heterogeneity of resources. Therefore, it is required that task scheduling be able to positively consider the execution behavior that is characterized by an individual resource. In this paper, we implement a log analysis system with REST web services, which can analyze the execution behavior by utilizing the actual log data of desktop grid systems. To verify the log analysis system, we conducted simulations and showed that the resource group-based task scheduling, based on the analysis of the execution behavior, offers a faster turnaround time than the existing one even if few resources are used.

Objective To develop a new tool for aspiration risk prediction based on pharyngeal width at rest in older adults with symptoms of aspiration.Methods Lateral cervical spine roentgenograms were obtained from 33 older adult patients who complained of dysphagia and from 33 healthy, age-matched controls. Pharyngeal width at rest was measured at two points. We named the average of these two pharyngeal widths ‘JOSCYL Width’, calculated ‘JOSCYL Scale’, and compared these parameters between dysphagia and control groups. Correlations of individual JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale, with Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) scores were analyzed for the dysphagia group. To determine optimal cutoff points for predicting aspiration, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed on JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale.Results Both JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale of the dysphagia group were larger than those of the control group (p<0.001). The correlation between JOSCYL Width and severity of dysphagia was significant for the dysphagia group (PAS p=0.007; DOSS p=0.012). The correlation between JOSCYL Scale and the severity of dysphagia was also significant for the dysphagia group (PAS p=0.009; DOSS p=0.011). Optimal cutoffs for JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale for predicting aspiration were 20.0 mm and 5.9, respectively.Conclusion JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale can be new indicators for predicting aspiration in older adults. They are both precise and easy to use.

Controlled Rest in Position (CRiP) is recognized as an effective fatigue mitigation strategy and has already been adopted by a number of civil aviation authorities around the world, including those in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. This procedure allows pilots to take short, controlled naps while remaining in their assigned flight position, under specific operational and safety protocols, with the aim of reducing fatigue and maintaining alertness during critical flight phases. Despite the documented safety and performance benefits demonstrated in various international studies and operational trials, Korea has yet to introduce formal regulations or detailed implementation guidelines for CRiP. This study reviews global practices, operational procedures, and regulatory frameworks related to controlled rest, drawing on examples from jurisdictions where the concept has been successfully integrated into commercial aviation. It evaluates their potential applicability to the Korean aviation environment, taking into account local operational conditions, cultural factors, and regulatory structures. The results indicate that, if supported by clear procedures, crew training, and robust safety measures, CRiP could serve as a valuable tool for enhancing pilot alertness, reducing fatigue-related incidents, and ultimately improving overall operational safety in Korea's commercial air transport sector.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) for measurement of muscle thickness with changes in angles of the gluteus maximus (GM) at rest and during contraction. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-two healthy men volunteered for this study. GM muscle images were obtained in the resting position and during prone hip extension with knee flexion at hip abduction angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$, respectively. Two examiners randomly measured the thickness of the GM twice in three different positions. The first position was a comfortable prone position. The second position was prone hip extension with knee flexion (PHEKF) to $90^{\circ}$. The third position was achieved by hanging a 1-kg weight on the ankle of the lifted leg during PHEKF with the angle of the lifted leg the same as the second position. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error measurements, and minimal detectable changes were used to estimate reliability. Results: The intra-rater reliability ICCs (95% confidence interval) of the GM were >0.870, indicating good reliability. Inter-rater reliability ICCs ranged from 0.668 to 0.913. The reliability of measurements of muscle thickness at each position was similar to the reliability of the angle change. Differences in muscle thickness and ratios for each position with $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ of hip abduction were not statistically significant. Conclusions: In the present study, the intra-rater reliability of muscle thickness measurements of the GM was good, and the inter-rater reliability was moderate to good. Reliable RUSI measurements of wide and large muscles, such as the GM muscle at rest and during contraction, are feasible. Further investigation is required to establish the reproducibility of the protocols presented in this study.

Objective: Psychomotor imagery has been widely used to improve motor performance and motor learning. Recent research suggests that during visualization, changes occur in neurophysiological networks that make physical practice more effective in configuring functional networks for skillful behaviors. The aim of our pilot study was to determine if there was change and to what extent there was differentiation in modulation in electroencephalography (EEG) frequencies between visualizing a state of rest and a state of exercise performance and to identify the preponderant frequency. Design: Quasi-experimental design uncontrolled before and after study. Methods: EEG brain wave activity was recorded from 0-40 Hz from nine cerebral cortical scalp regions F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, POz, and P4 with a wireless telemetric EEG system. The subjects, while sitting on a chair with eyes closed, were asked to visualize themselves in a state of routine rest/relaxation and after a period of time in a state of their routine exercise performance. Results: The gamma frequency, 31-40 Hz, (${\gamma}$) was the predominant wave band in differentiation between visualizing a state of rest versus visualizing a state of exercise performance. Conclusions: We suggest these preliminarily findings show the EEG electrocortical activity for athletes is differentially modulated during visualization of exercise performance in comparison to rest with a predominant ${\gamma}$ wave band frequency observed during the state of exercise. Further controlled experimental studies will be performed to elaborate these observations and delineate the significance to optimization of psychomotor exercise performance.

This study investigated the influence of short and moderate recovery in-tervals on lipid profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) fol-lowing exhaustive strength exercise in recreational weightlifters. Seven subjects performed two conditions in a randomized order: short, 90% of one maximum repetition (1RM) and 30-sec rest allowed between sets; moderate, 90% of 1RM and 90-sec rest allowed between sets. Total cholesterol (Chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-den-sity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triacylglycerol (TAG), Chol/HDL-c ra-tio and PAI-1 concentrations were assessed at baseline, immediately postexercise, and 15- and 30-min postexercise (post-15 and post-30). The LDL-c concentrations decreased and HDL-c concentrations in-creased in both conditions but without significant differences (LDL-c: 30 sec: pre, 82.0±19.5 mg/dL, immediately, 73.9±16.4 mg/dL, 90 sec: pre, 75.9±30.8 mg/dL, immediately, 66.2±35.5 mg/dL, P=0.423; HDL-c: 30 sec: pre, 53.5±9.2 mg/dL, immediately, 61.4±11.4 mg/dL; 90 sec: pre, 55.8±11.1 mg/dL, immediately, 84.9±27.8, mg/dL; P=0.146). On the other hand, PAI-1 had a tendency to decrease only in the 90-sec condition (pre, 7,754.9±2,927.7 pg/mL; immediately, 5,313.1±4,637.4 pg/mL; P=0.085). There was a positive correlation between PAI-1 and Chol (30 sec: r=0.83, 90 sec: r=0.91; P<0.05), PAI-1 and fat-free mass in both conditions (30 sec post-15: r=0.79, post-30: r=081, P<0.05; 90 sec imme-diately: r=0.77, post-15: r=0.81; P<0.05), and PAI-1 and TAG only in 30 sec (r=0.87, P<0.05). Short and moderate intervals of recovery improve lipid profiles after heavy strength exercise but only 90 sec induced greater improved in PAI-1 concentration in recreational weightlifters.

이 연구는 Rest의 4 구성요소에 관한 개념 규정 및 제4 요소인 도덕적 품성화 능력을 측정하기 위한 검사 도구를 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해 도덕적 품성화의 구성 요소를 대항목 및 소항목 수준에서 확정하고, 도덕적 품성화 구성 요소별 측정을 위한 3가지 Story를 제시하고, 각 스토리에 인내(인지적 전략, 자기 조절), 자아강도(용기, 자아효능감), 수행기술(사회적 기술, 의사소통능력)을 측정할 수 있는 6문항으로 제시하고, 검사의 신뢰성을 높이기 위해 허위문항 1개를 각각 추가하였다. 각 문항에 대해 5점 척도로 응답할 수 있도록 하였다. 서울소재 중․고등학교 학생 총 262명을 대상으로 검사를 실시하였다. 개발된 검사의 신뢰도 계수(문항 내적 일치도인 크론바흐 알파)는 .75로 안정적이었다. 타당도와 관련해서 요인분석 결과 도덕적 품성화 능력 검사는 대항목의 요소(인내, 자아강도, 수행기술)별이 아닌 스토리별로 구인타당도를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 상관분석의 결과는 각 요인이 적정한 정도의 상관을 보임으로써 독립적인 구인이며, 세 개의 대항목이 도덕적 품성화 능력 전체와의 상관이 .80에 이르러 도덕적 품성화 능력의 안정적인 구인인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 수정이 필요한 부분이 있었다. 결론적으로 개발된 검사는 신뢰도와 타당도에서 수용할만한 검사로서, 이 연구를 통해 수정 보완된 검사는 도덕적 품성화 능력을 측정하기 위한 검사로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of the study was to develop Moral Characterization Test for adolescents based on J. Rest' four component model. The construct of moral characterization test consists of persistence(cognitive strategy, self-regulation), ego strength(courage, self-efficacy), and implementation skills(social skills, communication skills) with 3 story, 18 items and 3 faking good items of 5 likert type. The subjects were 262 adolescents. The results of this study were as follows : The reliability of Moral Characterization Test was moderate with Cronbach’s ɑ coefficients .75. The validity of Moral Characterization Test was not good with constructs, but moderate with stories. In conclusion, Moral Characterization Test was proved moderate to measure adolescents' moral characterization. But further study will be necessary to improve this test.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different rest intervals fol-lowing postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) on upper- and lower-body skill-related physical fitness in elite athletes. Seven male elite athletes participated in a crossover design and completed four ex-perimental conditions: the control (CON), the 3-min rest (R3), the 8-min rest (R8), and the 12-min rest (R12) groups following PAPE. In the PAPE conditions, participants performed additional warm-up sets at 50% and 70% of one-repetition maximum, followed by one set of five-repetition maximum bench press and squat, whereas the CON did not include PAPE. Results showed that upper-body agility significantly improved in the R3 and R12 groups compared to the CON group (P<0.05), whereas upper-body power and balance showed no significant changes. Low-er-body power and balance were significantly enhanced, with the most consistent improvements observed in the R3 group (P<0.05), while low-er-body agility did not significantly differ among conditions. In whole-body performance, coordination significantly improved in the R3 group compared to the CON group (P<0.05), whereas reaction time and sprint performance were not significantly affected. Overall, the effects of PAPE varied according to performance task and body region, with significant improvements mainly observed in upper-body agility, lower-body power and balance, and whole-body coordination, particularly following the R3 interval. Shorter recovery intervals may provide benefits for selected performance outcomes in elite athletes.

Sleep deprivation (SD) inhibits normal biorhythms, causing physical and mental problems. To solve the problems caused by SD, fundamental measures are needed. I investigated change of recovery by rest time in psychological aspect after repetitive SD. The mice were divided into four groups: control 24-hr rest after 24-hr SD group, 48-hr rest after 24-hr SD group, and 72-hr rest after 24-hr SD group (n=20 in each group). I carried out SD in the water cage included multiple platforms. Repetitive SD executes for 36 days. I measured weight every week after SD for 6 weeks. To check emotional condition, I carried out intruder-evoked ag-gression test and modified forced swimming test. In the present results, group treated 24-hr rest and 48-hr rest after 24-hr SD showed lower natural aggressiveness and high depression. However, group treated 72-hr rest after 24-hr SD indicated emotional changes to recover the normal conditions. In the weight change, all group showed significant decrease compared to control for 6 weeks. I suggest that appropriate rest time after SD can help to restore emotional change.

본 연구의 목적은 도덕적 사고(지식)보다는 도덕적 행동에 초점을 둔 Rest의 4-구성요소 모형(Four-Component Model)에 의거하여 도덕 감수성․판단력․동기화․품성 등 4개 하위요소로서 청소년의 도덕성을 측정하여 청소년 생활지도나 도덕교육을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대도시, 중소도시, 읍면 지역의 학교에 재학 중인 청소년 565명을 대상으로 도덕성 검사를 실시하고 네 요소의 발달적 분포와 네 요소 간의 관계, 행동 선택의 빈도와 비율 등을 확인하기 위해 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관분석, 독립표본 t-test, 일원배치분산분석(one way ANOVA) 등을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과가 청소년 대상의 생활지도와 도덕교육의 목표와 방향, 내용과 방법의 개선을 위한 기초 자료로 유용하게 활용되기를 기대한다.

The object of this study is to measure morality of Korean Adolescents based on “the Four Component Model" which was suggested by J. Rest in 1983. The components of the model are psychological processes which must work in order moral action to result. There are at least four processes that produce moral behavior: (1) moral sensitivity, (2) moral judgment, (3) moral motivation, and (4) moral character. The participants in this study were 565 2nd students of middle and high school in Korea. The investigator conducted frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, independent t- test, one way ANOVA, etc. This study suggested conclusions and discussion, and proposals on future research based on the results. We expect that the results of this study will be useful to guidance and moral education for Korean adolescents.

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is widely applied as a warm-up strategy to enhance performance. Although various rest intervals have been proposed following PAPE, an optimal recovery duration has not been clearly established. In addition, most previous studies applying PAPE have focused only on comparing individual variables rather than on multidirectional analysis of skill-related physical fitness factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal rest interval following upper- and lower-body PAPE through a comprehensive analysis of skill-related physical fitness in elites. Seven male elites participated in a crossover design under four groups: control (CON), 3-minute rest (3RG), 8-minute rest (8RG), and 12-minute rest (12RG) groups following PAPE. PAPE was induced using resistance exercises at 85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), consisting of the bench press for the upper body and squat for the lower body. Skill-related physical fitness was assessed using measures of power, agility, balance, speed, coordination, and reaction time. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with LSD. The significance level was set at .05. Lower-body power was greater in the 3RG and 12RG conditions compared with CON, whereas no significant differences were observed in upper-body power. Upper-body agility improved in both 3RG and 12RG relative to CON, while lower-body agility did not differ across conditions. Dynamic balance improvements were primarily evident in 3RG compared with CON. Speed did not differ significantly across conditions following upper-body PAPE. Coordination increased in 3RG compared with CON after upper-body PAPE, and in all rest conditions (3RG, 8RG, and 12RG) relative to CON after lower-body PAPE. Reaction time showed no significant differences across conditions. These findings suggest that the optimal rest interval following PAPE varies according to body segment and fitness component. However, when considering all skill-related fitness measures, a 3-minute rest interval may represent the optimal recovery duration in elites.

Highway rest areas do not directly handle hazardous chemicals; however, they are locations where vehicles transporting such substances frequently stop. In the event of an accident, a large number of users may be exposed to potential risks. Despite this, rest areas are not subject to safety management planning or regulatory oversight under chemical safety laws, making them more vulnerable in terms of impact assessment and emergency response systems compared to facilities that directly handle hazardous chemicals. Given that many people gather and remain in these areas, it is necessary to establish appropriate chemical safety management plans. This study estimated the impact range in the event of a leakage accident involving a chemical transport vehicle while stopped at a rest area. The results indicated that the affected area includes both the rest area and its surrounding regions. Based on these findings, scientifically grounded emergency response measures are proposed to minimize potential damage.

This study was conducted to see the present situation of rest in a military hospital. 120 medical patients but acute af critical cases were interviewed by the investigators during the period of August 20 to September 10, 1978. The questionnaire was consisted of questions regarding the general characteristics of tile respondents, rest methods and nursing activities inducing them to rest. 1, Of the rest methods, tying down on the bed comfortably placed first at 29.1 percent, followed by sleeping at 20,1 percent, reading at 16.8 percent, taking a moderate exercise, being free from their concerns of diseases & surrounding matters at 11.7 percent, respectively, playing the game of Badook or Chess at 6.7 percent , others at 3.9 percent in that order. 2. They mainly utilized the Lying down method for comfort & rest, but there were some differences depending on their educational backgrounds. 3. Some differences were observed in the methods of rest by the religions. 4. The differences between diseases af rest methods except bed rest af sleeping were observed. 5. Of the nursing activities inducing them to rest, counseling stood first at 43.3 percent, followed by teaching at 28.4 percent, relief of pain af discomfort at 20 percent, active attitudes of nurses to help them at 8.3 percent in that order. 6. There was no significant difference between the level of education or religions and nursing activities inducing them to rest. 7. Nursing activities which induced comfort ＆ rest by diseases were mainly counseling & teaching.

Purpose: In this study rest-activity rhythm, sleep pattern and quality of life of patients with restless legs syndrome were compared with those of a normal group. Methods: The participants in this study were 36 patients with restless legs syndrome diagnosed by a neurologist and 36 participants in the normal group. An actigraph, sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index scale were used as measurement tools for the study. Chi-square test, Lamda test, t-test and Kendall's correlation with SPSS 12.0 program were used to analyze the data. Results: Patients with restless legs syndrome had a higher rest-activity rhythm curve of Least 5 hr's activity(L5) and Most 10 hr's activity(M10) than those of normal group and sleep problems included decreased sleep efficiency and increased sleep latency, wake time and number of awakenings. The scores for the subscales of quality of life in patients with restless legs syndrome were lower than the normal group for general health, physical functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, role limitation due to physical problems, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality and mental health. Conclusion: The results suggest that further studies are needed to identify rest-activity rhythm according to symptom severity and to develop nursing interventions which consider rest-activity rhythm.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the rest-activity circadian rhythm (RAR) using data obtained from wearable actigraph devices in hospitalized older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to investigate its relationship with salivary alpha amylase (sAA). Methods: This secondary data analysis used data from the Hospitalized Older Adults’ Cognition and Physical Activity Study. Actigraph data for 3-4 days were analyzed for RAR. RAR indices such as interdaily stability (IS), intradaily variability (IV), activity level during the most active 10-hour period and during the most least active 5-hour period, and relative amplitude (RA) were calculated. Data on sAA collected in the morning and general characteristics, including body mass index (BMI), were analyzed. Results: Data from 92 hospitalized older adults with MCI were analyzed. The IS, IV, RA were 0.23, 0.73, 0.88, respectively. The average level of sAA was 77.02 U/mL, and a higher level of sAA was significantly associated with better IS and RA in the regression analysis, while age, BMI, and cognitive level were not. BMI showed positive correlations with IS and RA. Conclusion: RAR in the hospitalized older adults with MCI was attenuated, showing especially low IS, which implies they failed to maintain regular and repetitive 24-hour RAR. Increased sAA and BMI were associated with robust RAR. Nurses need to pay attention to maintain robust RAR in hospitalized older adults with MCI, and strategies should be developed to improve their RAR.