Earticle

본 논문은 주관적 성과평가(subjective performance evaluation) 과정에서 평가 척도 점 수를 부여할 때 발생할 수 있는 평가자의 관대화 경향이 전년도 성과 정보에 영향을 받는가 에 대해 분석한다. 성과평가와 관련한 선행연구가 객관적 성과지표 점수 또는 척도 점수의 중간 값을 관대화 경향의 기준점(benchmark)으로 이용하고, 횡단면 연구(cross-sectional research)에 국한되었기 때문에 관대화 경향의 지속성 여부 및 전년도 성과 정보의 당해 년 도 관대화 경향에의 영향을 분석하는 데에는 한계가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 당해 년도 성과 점수와 상관관계가 높은 전년도 성과 점수를 기본으로 한 기준점을 바탕으로 관대화 경향을 계측한다. 이와 같이 새로 개발된 관대화 경향 변수를 바탕으로 (1) 관대화 경향이 시간이 지 나도 지속되고, (2) 전년도에 성과점수가 낮고(높고), 덜(더) 관대하게 평가 받은 피평가자에 대해 당해 년도에는 관대화 경향이 크다(작다)는 실증 분석 결과를 제시한다. 이와 같은 결과 는 평가자의 인센티브가 전년도 성과 정보에 따라 좌우될 수 있고, 그 경향이 지속된다는 점을 시사한다.

This paper examines whether supervisors’ leniency in subjective performance evaluation is influenced by the prior performance information of subordinates. While prior studies have used proxies for leniency based on aggregate objective performance level or median of subjective scales, I develop the proxy for leniency at the performance measure level based on prior performance level which is found to be more relevant to the current subjective performance score. I analyze archival performance evaluation data of multiple state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Korea over multiple time periods which enables me to develop the new definition of leniency. Utilizing this data set, I empirically find that lenient rating persists over time, and that larger (smaller) amount of leniency is applied to low (high) prior performers and harshly (leniently) evaluated performers in the previous period. The results have important implications for understanding the incentives of raters which differ with respect to their previous performance information.

본 연구는 판단기준점을 중심으로 이익영역에서는 위험회피경향을 나타내는 반면, 손실영역에서는 위험추구 경향을 나타낸다는 프로스펙트 이론에 근거하여 CEO의 과거 경영실적과 위험회피성향의 변화 간의 관계를 실 증적으로 분석한다. 실증분석을 위해 사용된 판단기준점은 두 가지이다: ➀ CEO 재임 이후 t-2시점까지의 해당 기업과 동종산업의 수익성 지표 차이의 합계 ➁ CEO 재임 이후 t-2시점까지의 해당기업과 동종산업의 수익성 지표 차이의 산술평균. 분석 결과, t-1시점에서 관측되는 누적 상대 성과평가 변수는 자산변동성과 유의한 음(-) 의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 CEO가 자신이 경영하는 기업의 수익성(t-1시점)이 판단기준점 (t-2시점)을 상회하는 경우 위험부담을 회피하는 방향으로 경영의사결정을 내리고, 이것이 t시점의 자산변동성에 반영되어 나타난다는 것을 의미한다. 추가로 본 연구에서는 주가연계 보상 비율이 높은 경영자 집단에서는 과거 성과와 경영위험 선택 간의 유의한 음(-)의 관계가 발견되지 않는다는 결과를 보여주고 있다. 본 연구는 CEO의 과거 경험으로부터 발생하는 인지오류와 편의가 기업가치에 부정적일 수 있음을 실증적으로 보여주었다는 의의 가 있다. 또한 추가분석 결과는 이러한 부정적 효과를 완화하기 위해서는 경영진 보상 체계를 개선하여 지배구 조의 통제하에서 CEO가 경영위험을 선택할 수 있는 환경을 마련하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 시사한다.

We investigate how a CEO's prior performance affects her managerial decision making. Controlling for CEO fixed effects and employing reference points, we find that CEOs choose less risky projects after making gains. This result suggests that following good performance, a CEO feels relaxed and prefers to work on safe projects, consistent with an “S”-shaped value function, as posited in prospect theory. The negative relationship between risk and prior performance exists only among CEOs for whom stock-based compensation is not a main component of total compensation. The results suggest overall that CEOs are subject to behavioral biases and that such biases can be mitigated by taking appropriate measures.

To tease out dynamics in IT M&A, it is important to study what kinds of acquirer’s characteristics affect post-M&A performance in financial and innovation aspect. Specifically, knowledge transfer is one of the task-level acquisition performance measures. It influences overall acquisition performance both directly and through its effect on other aspects of performance. This study is focusing on the acquirer’s characteristic that promotes knowledge transfer. It is hypothesized that acquirer firm’s prior R&D intensity is positively correlated with their post-M&A firm performance. This can be explained by absorptive capacity concept. Also, R&D intensity is expected to have a different significance for M&A performance depending on whether the acquiring company is an IT company. This is because, the acquiring firm’s learning differs between deals because of dyadic characteristics between the acquiring and acquired firm. Data on IT M&A deals in which a target firm’s primary standard industry code(SIC) is matched to 737, 357 and occurred in South Korea between 2000/1/1 ~ 2016/12/31 were collected from SDC Platinum Mergers and Acquisitions Database. Based on econometric modeling, OLS simple linear regression analyses were followed.

Considerable evidence indicates that self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and academic performance are related. However, insufficient research has investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and different types of learning strategies (deep and surface processing strategies), as well as their influence on reading in EFL contexts. This study aims to investigate the effect of students’ prior English proficiency on current English reading performance in school through the mediation of self-efficacy, critical thinking, and three types of language learning strategies. Moderation effects of gender and subject specialization were also examined. A large-scale questionnaire was distributed to 780 senior high school students in Taiwan. The findings from structural equation modelling showed that students’ prior English level had a significant, direct impact on current English reading performance without a mediator, and significant, indirect effects on current English reading performance via the mediation of self-efficacy, critical thinking, and learning strategies. Deep processing involving critical thinking and metacognition are found to be positively related to surface processing strategies in English reading. Finally, these results suggest the generality of the overall model between males and females as well as between EFL high school students specializing in social science and science in Taiwan.

This study aimed to determine what the expectations of customers were before Korean low cost carriers came to exist, and to investigate whether or not those expectations were met with satisfaction, ultimately leading to a larger understanding of how much satisfaction is needed to incite reuse intention in customers. Based on previous research, the method of this study combines literature and empirical research methods. In order to conduct empirical research, this study has conducted surveys with customers that have experience low-cost carriers at least once. The results of this study are as follows: First, the effect of expectation before the use of Korean low cost carriers on the performance after use. Second, the effects of performance on satisfaction and third, the effect of satisfaction on re-use intention. Finally, the survey aimed to prove that prior knowledge plays a significant role as a controlling variable between all variables mentioned above.

최근 기후변화, 도시화로 농업의존성이 높은 개발도상국 생산성 하락이 심각한바, 본 연구는 국내 농업 기술 컨설팅 기업의 농업 기술 컨설팅 속성이 개발도상국 자립의지 및 컨설팅 성과에 미치는 영향과 이들의 사전지식 조절효과를 검증하고자 했다. 이에, 전국 농업 기술 컨설팅 종사자 250명 대상으로 248부 데이터를 확보하여 SPSS 27.0과 SPSS Marco 3.4를 통해 직접효과, 매개효과 및 조절효과를 각각 검증했다. 가설검증결과, 농업 기술 컨설팅 속성 중 컨설팅 내용, 기술, 지속, 전문성 모두 자립의지에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤고, 컨설팅 대상자의 자립의지는 컨설팅 성과에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 농업 기술분야 컨설팅 속성이 컨설팅 성과에 미치는 영향에서 는, 컨설팅 내용, 기술, 지속, 전문성 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 자립의지 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 컨설팅 내용, 기술, 지속, 전문성 모두가 컨설팅 성과에 미치는 영향에서 자립의지는 유의한 매개효과를 가졌고, 자립의지가 컨설팅 성과에 미치는 영향에서 사전지식은 유의한 조절효과를 가졌다. 이에 따라, 본 연구자는 개발도상국 컨설팅 성과를 극대화할 수 있는 컨설팅 요인과 자립의지 및 사전지식 활용 전략을 제시했고, 차후 연구는 현장에서 실행 가능한 실질적 프로그램 구성과 타당성 검증에 주목한다면 본 연구를 유용하게 확장 가능함을 제언했다.

Due to the recent decline in productivity in developing countries highly dependent on agriculture, driven by climate change and urbanization, this study aims to examine the impact of agricultural technology consulting attributes provided by domestic agricultural technology consulting firms on the self-reliance and consulting performance of developing countries, as well as the moderating effect of their prior knowledge. Data were collected from 248 of the 250 nationwide agricultural technology consultants surveyed. SPSS 27.0 and SPSS Marco 3.4 were used to test direct effects, mediating effects, and moderating effects. The hypothesis test results revealed that among the attributes of agricultural technology consulting, consulting content, technology, sustainability, and expertise all had a significant positive (+) effect on self-reliance. Self-reliance of consulting recipients also had a significant positive (+) effect on consulting performance. Moreover, regarding the impact of agricultural technology consulting attributes on consulting performance, consulting content, technology, sustainability, and expertise all had a significant positive (+) effect. Furthermore, the mediating effect of self-reliance was confirmed, showing that self-reliance had a significant mediating effect on the influence of consulting content, technology, sustainability, and expertise on consulting performance. Additionally, prior knowledge had a significant moderating effect on the influence of self-reliance on consulting performance. Based on these findings, this study presents consulting factors, strategies for utilizing self-reliance, and prior knowledge to maximize consulting outcomes in developing countries. It suggests that future research should focus on the practical design and validation of programs that can be implemented in the field, allowing for the meaningful expansion of this study.

This study examines how firms’ under-performance relative to industry-based aspiration levels influences their likelihood of engaging in unrelated mergers and acquisitions (M&A), and how this relationship is moderated by CEOs’ risk-taking tendencies, as reflected in their personal hobbies. Drawing on prospect theory, we argue that firms below aspiration levels are more likely to pursue risk-seeking strategies, particularly under risk-tolerant CEOs. Using 2,245 firm-year observations from S&P 500 firms (2014?2023), we employ Heckman two-step models and logistic regression to test our hypotheses. Results show that performance shortfalls significantly increase the likelihood of unrelated M&As, and this effect is amplified when CEOs engage in high-risk hobbies. These findings extend behavioral strategy research by linking aspiration-level comparisons and executive leisure activities to strategic risk-taking. Practically, the study suggests that observable behavioral cues, such as CEO hobbies, offer valuable signals for boards and investors evaluating firms’ strategic posture under performance pressure.

This study used a nationally-representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of a Kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K: 2011) to examine the relationship between participation in early education and care in the year before children enter kindergarten and the children’s cognitive and social emotional skills from the end of kindergarten to the end of first grade. Early education and care includes home-based care, center-based care and parental care. For the cognitive domain on science scores, results revealed that children in center-based care or in home-based care by a relative or nonrelative, scored higher than children in parental care at the end of kindergarten. They displayed lower levels of behavioral problems. Yet, the pattern did not sustain by the end of first grade. When using the propensity score matching, differences between children in center-based care and their counterparts in home based care or parental care emerged at the end of kindergarten to first grade. In addition, children who attended center-based care displayed behavioral problems at the end of kindergarten, but the patterns were not evident by the end of first grade. Gender differences and disparities in family income were found in the effects of early education and care on children’s cognitive and social emotional measures. Future research and limitations were discusse

This study presents a sensitive and reliable method for determining tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) residues in shrimp samples. A two-step process involving liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed prior to HPLC analysis. The target analytes were effectively extracted using EDTA/McIlvaine buffer (pH 4.0): methanol (80:20, %v/v), with subsequent clean-up using a C18 SPE cartridge. HPLC separation was conducted on a C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 ㎛) at 30 ℃, using 0.01 % trifluoroacetic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase. A gradient elution protocol was applied, transitioning from 85(A):15(B) %v/v to 70(A):30(B) %v/v at 7 min, with a 5 min hold, followed by adjustment to 85(A):15(B) %v/v for 13-14 min. The detection was performed using photodiode array (PDA) at 365 nm with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curves exhibited good linearity within a concentration range of 0.4-6.0 ㎍/mL (R² > 0.995). The limits of detection (LOD) for TC, OTC, and CTC in shrimp were 0.034, 0.029, and 0.021 ㎍/mL, respectively. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for TC, OTC, and CTC were found to be 0.114, 0.097, and 0.071 ㎍/mL, respectively. Recoveries of TC, OTC, and CTC from spiked shrimp samples ranged from 91.0 % to 95.5 %, 92.4 % to 97.2 %, and 93.3 % to 96.6 %, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the determination of TC, OTC, and CTC residues in shrimp samples sourced from various local markets.

Background/Aims: The optimal training mode for linear array endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has not been established. Prior radial-scanning EUS training seems to improve subsequent linear array EUS learning. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate its value in linear array EUS training. Methods: In total, 18 freshman trainees conducted hands-on EUS operations on a live pig model. The training contents consisted of visualization and tracking of the pancreas and splanchnic vasculature and performing fine-needle aspiration of the body or tail of the pancreas and celiac plexus neurolysis through the stomach. The trainees were randomized into two groups: group A received linear array EUS training after receiving radial-scanning EUS training, whereas group B conducted linear array EUS training alone. Two teachers assessed the competence of each trainee using a scoring system and relevant parameters before and after the training process. Results: Groups A and B showed significant improvement between the pretests and posttests in terms of diagnostic and interventional procedures. There was no intergroup difference in terms of improvement. Conclusions: Prior radial-scanning EUS training did not contribute to subsequent linear array EUS study performance in the pig stomach model; thus, this training mode may need to be changed.

River water is higher in temperature than the surrounding environment during the winter. It is highly suitable a heat source for heat pump system. Despite its suitability, however, it is not widely used, due to its fouling and corrosive nature in heat exchanger tubes of evaporator. It is designed prior-treatment system which come into direct contact with the river water, such as auto-seamer, ozone generator for bactericidal test and auto-cleaning system. And it is analyzed treatment effects for its operation. It is designed two-stage compression heat pump system using R-134a with heating load 35.16kW, ad analyzed its performance. As a result it is obtained 3.08 COP when mid-point pressure is 1,200kPa, and bypass ratio of flowing refreigerant to high-stage compressor is 25.1%

This study investigated Korean middle school students’ English essay writing performance and perceptions related to prior writing experiences. Seventy-nine students completed one of three essay tasks aligned with the Korean national curriculum and the International Baccalaureate (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP). They then responded to a survey on their writing experiences, task difficulty, and task selection rationale. Student responses were scored using four IB MYP writing assessment criteria: vocabulary, grammar, organization, and communication. The results revealed differences between students with and without prior writing experience. Experienced students showed greater confidence and achieved higher scores across all scoring domains, while inexperienced students reported higher difficulty and adopted avoidance-based task selection strategies. Regardless of experience, vocabulary and grammar were the most challenging, whereas communication scores were higher. These findings suggest that prior writing experience is linked to task engagement and writing quality. The results underscore the need to provide diverse, curriculum-aligned writing opportunities to support students’ growth in written communication.

본 연구는 영업사원들의 판매 관련 개별특성이 판매행동양식과 판매성과에 미치는 영향을 구조적 모형을 통해 분석 하였다. 본 연구는 유창조와 윤동기(2006)의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 영업사원의 영업성과에 미치는 새로운 변수들을 연구모형에 반영하였다. 즉, 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 제시된 영업사원의 성과와 관련된 모형에 새로이 개념화한 변 수를 소개하였고 그에 따른 경로와 가설들을 설정하여 이를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 영업사원의 열심히 일함에 영향 을 미치는 변수로 영업사원의 일에 대한 태도를, 적응적 판매에 영향을 미치는 변수로 영업사원의 고객지향성을, 그 리고 열심히 일함과 적응적 판매가 영업성과 미치는 영향의 조절변수로 감정조절능력을 소개하였고 이를 검증하였 다. 또한 본 연구는 영업사원의 주관적 성과 객관적 성과를 모두 측정하여 이를 분석하였다. 서울지역 자동차 영업사원 201명을 개별면접방식을 통해 설문조사해 실증을 해본 결과, 기존의 영업성과 모형의 대부분은 재확인되었고 영업사원의 일에 대한 태도는 열심히 일함에, 고객지향성은 적응적 판매에 유의한 영향을 미 치었고, 감정조절 능력의 조절효과는 부분적으로 검증되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 영업사원의 성과와 관련된 모 형은 보다 확장되고 정교화될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This research investigated the effects of salesperson characteristics on sales performance through the mediating role of working styles. Based on the results of qualitative research on salesperson performance differences by salespeople that was conducted by Yoo and Yoon(2006), we added new variables to the prior models, and tested related paths and hypotheses empirically. Specifically, we investigated the impact of salesperson job attitude on working hard, the impact of customer orientation on adaptive selling, and the moderating role of salesperson’s emotional controls in effects of working hard and adaptive selling on sales performance. Also, sales performance was divided into two measures that consist of subjective performance measured by self-report form and objective performance measured by real sales volume. We collected data through survey questionnaire with 201 salespeople in Seoul. We found that prior models’paths are almost re-supported and our new hypothesized paths(the influence of job attitude on working hard, the influence of customer orientation on adaptive selling) are supported and the moderating effects of emotional controls are supported marginally. Specifically‘, perspectives of job and life’an‘d pride of job’in job attitude influenced positively on‘working hard’, and‘planning for sales activities’in performance orientation influenced positively o‘n working hard’too‘. Educational attitude’in learning orientation and 'understanding from customer perspective' and 'classifying customers’in customer orientation influenced positively on‘ adaptive selling’. The moderating role o‘f emotional control ability’ was founded in the effects of sales behavior on subjective or objective sales performance. In high emotional control group‘, working hard’influenced positively on objective performance only, on the other hand‘, adaptive selling’influenced positively on both subjective performance and objective performance. In low emotional control group‘, working hard’an‘d adaptive selling’influenced positively on subjective performance only, but they did not influence significantly on objective performance. So the level of emotional control ability played moderating role in the influence of ‘working hard’and‘adaptive selling’on‘sales performance’successfully. Finally, we discussed contributions and limitations of this study with managerial implications. We also provided further research directions to develop more extensive sales performance model.

본 연구는 취학 전년도 아동의 사교육, 미디어이용, 놀이 시간사용 유형을 파악하고, 유형에 따른 취학 후 학업수행능력의 차이를 비교하였다. 이를 위해 한국아동패널 7차년도와 8차년도 자료에서 총 1,011명의 데이터를 활용해 잠재프로파일분석과 공분산분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 취학 전년도 아동의 시간사용 유형은 ‘사교육 쏠림형’, ‘균형적 평균형’, ‘아날로그놀이 선호형’의 3개 유형으로 구분되었다. 둘째, 초등 1학년 아동의 학업수행능력은 ‘아날로그놀이 선호형’이 가장 높았고, ‘균형적 평균형’이 가장 낮았다. 본 연구는 유아기 놀이 시간의 중요성을 시사하며, 사교육과 미디어이용 시간을 줄이고 충분한 놀이 시간을 확보하는 것이 초등 입학 후 학업수행능력에 긍정적임을 실증적으로 밝히며, 유·초 전이기 아동의 시간사용 전략 수립에 의미 있는 정보를 제공한다.

The purpose of this study was to explore time-use profiles consisting of private education, media, and play time of five-year-old children in the year prior to school entry. A comparison was made on the academic performance associated with these profiles in the first year of school. Latent profile, and ANCOVA analysis were conducted on a sample of 1,011 children from the 7th and 8th waves of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The results showed three distinct profiles: “private education time-use,” “balanced time-use,” and “play-based time-use.” The “play -based time-use” profile outperformed the “balanced time-use” profile in academic performance. This study underscores the importance of playtime during early childhood, highlighting that private education and media usage are not as crucial for young children’s academic success.

뇌파를 이용한 Brain-computer interface (BCI) 연구에서는 다른 그룹보다 그 성능을 발휘하지 못하는 소위 BCI-illiteracy 그룹이라고 알려진 사용자 집단에 대한 이해와 처리가 중요하다. 본 연구는 사용자로부터 사전 휴지 상태의 뇌파 신호를 미리 측정하고 그 신호로부터 주파수 기반의 특징 변수를 생성하여 이를 피험자 개인의 특성 변수로 사용하고, 추정된 개인 특성 변수를 이용하여 이후 움직임 상상 패러다임이 적용된 BCI 시행의 성능과 어느 정도의 정량적 연관성을 가지며 이를 정확하게 예측할 수 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 결과에 대한 신뢰성을 높이기 위해서 검증된 공개 뇌파 데이터베이스를 활용하고 Convolution neural network 기반의 딥러닝 기법을 활용하여 이진 BCI 성능 계산을 실시하였으며 Lasso 정규화가 적용된 선형 회귀 분석을 통해서 각 특징 변수와의 예측 관련성을 조사하였다. 첫 번째로 휴지 상태 뇌파 모든 특징 변수들과 BCI 성능 간의 연관성을 파악하기 위해서 전통적인 통계 방법들을 적용하였고 이를 통해서 전두엽에서 측정된 뇌파 신호들의 13 Hz를 기준으로 이보다 낮은 주파수와 높은 주파수 파워 간의 비율이 BCI 성능 사이와 통계적 유의미한 높은 상관성이 가지고 있다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 근거로 상대 주파수 비율 값이 BCI 성능을 예측해볼 수 있는 좋은 지표 후보군으로 지정하였다. 두 번째로 Lasso를 이용한 회귀 분석을 통해서 휴식 상태의 상대 주파수 비율 변수를 이용하여 BCI 성능 사이에 최대 선형 계수 0.544 수준의 선형 관계를 찾을 수 있었으며, BCI 과제를 잘 시행할 수 있는 그룹과 못할 그룹을 AUC 0.817 수준으로 예측할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 각 사용자마다 측정된 휴지 상태의 뇌파로부터 앞으로 있을 BCI 성능을 예측할 수 있는 방법론 제시함으로써 일반인을 대상으로 좀 더 신뢰성 있고 응용 가능한 BCI 시스템 개발에 기여하고자 한다.

In the research of brain computer interface (BCI) technology, one of the big problems encountered is how to deal with some people as called the BCI-illiteracy group who could not control the BCI system. To approach this problem efficiently, we investigated a kind of spectral EEG characteristics in the prior resting state in association with BCI performance in the following BCI tasks. First, spectral powers of EEG signals in the resting state with both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions were respectively extracted. Second, a convolution neural network (CNN) based binary classifier discriminated the binary motor imagery intention in the BCI task. Both the linear correlation and binary prediction methods confirmed that the spectral EEG characteristics in the prior resting state were highly related to the BCI performance in the following BCI task. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the relative ratio of the 13 Hz below and above the spectral power in the resting state with only eyes-open, not eyes-closed condition, were significantly correlated with the quantified metrics of the BCI performance (r=0.544). A binary classifier based on the linear regression with L1 regularization method was able to discriminate the high-performance group and low-performance group in the following BCI task by using the spectral-based EEG features in the precedent resting state (AUC=0.817). These results strongly support that the spectral EEG characteristics in the frontal regions during the resting state with eyes-open condition should be used as a good predictor of the following BCI task performance.

본 연구는 ESG성과와 감사리스크(감사시간 및 감사보수) 간 관계에 대해 이론과 국내 선행연구에서 상반된 결과가 나타나는 원인을 분석하고, 그 차이가 국내 ESG 제도의 성숙도에 기인함을 실증적으로 검증하고자 한다. 이를 위해 2012년부터 2024년까지 유가증권시장 및 코스닥 상장기업(금융업 제외)을 대상으로 한 3,849개 기업－연도 표본을 이용하였으며, 한국ESG기준원(KCGS)의ESG 등급을 활용하여 분석을 수행하였다. 분석기간을 ESG 제도의 도입기(2012－2019년)와 과도기(2020－2024년)로 구분하고, 시차모형을 적용한 OLS 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 추가적으로 규모효과 통제, 기업고정효과를 고려한 분석, 차분법 및 상․하위 10% 절사표본을 이용한 강건성 검증을 병행하였다. 분석 결과, 전체 표본기간에서는 ESG성과와 감사시간 및 감사보수 간에 유의한 양(＋)의 관계가 관찰되었으나, ESG성과와 과도기 더미(Post20)의 교차항은 두 종속변수 모두에서유의한 음(－)의 값을 나타냈다. 이는 ESG 제도가 성숙됨에 따라 기업의 ESG 공시 신뢰성 및 평가의 질이 제고되면서, 감사인이 ESG성과를 감사리스크의 감소요인으로 점진적으로 인식․반영하기 시작했음을 시사한다. 총자산 5,000억 원 이상 대규모 기업을 대상으로 한 추가 분석과 상하10% 절사표본을 이용한 강건성 검증에서도 동일한 결과가 확인되어 제도 성숙도에 따른 구조적변화가 강하게 지지되었다. 본 연구는 ESG 제도의 도입－과도－성숙이라는 시간적 구조를 경험적으로 제시함으로써 기존 선행연구 간 차이 원인을 설명하고, K－ESG 공시기준의 조기 확정과 공시의무화가 ESG정보의 신뢰성 제고와 감사효율성 개선에 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study examines the underlying reasons for the inconsistent findings in prior theoretical and domestic empirical research on the relationship between ESG performance and audit risk?measured by audit hours and audit fees?and identifies the maturity of the ESG regulatory environment in Korea as a key explanatory factor. Using ESG ratings issued by the Korea Institute of Corporate Governance and Sustainability (KCGS), we analyze 3,849 firm－year observations of KOSPI and KOSDAQ listed companies (excluding financial firms) from 2012 to 2024. The sample period is divided into the ESG introduction stage (2012－2019) and the transition stage (2020－2024). Ordinary least squares regression with a lagged model is employed, with additional analyses conducted using size－effect controls, firm－fixed effects analysis, first－difference estimation, and 10% trimmed mean analysis. The results show that, over the full sample period, ESG performance is positively associated with both audit hours and audit fees. However, the interaction term ESG×Post20?representing the ESG transition period?exhibits a significantly negative association with both audit measures. This indicates that as the ESG regulatory framework matures, improvements in the reliability, volume, and quality of ESG disclosures lead auditors to gradually recognize strong ESG performance as a factor that reduces audit risk. Robustness tests restricted to large firms with total assets exceeding KRW 500 billion and those using a 10% winsorized sample yield consistent results, providing strong evidence of structural changes driven by regulatory maturity. This study contributes to the literature by empirically presenting the temporal progression? introduction, transition, and maturity?of the ESG regulatory framework as a mechanism that explains divergent findings between domestic and international research. The results further suggest that the early finalization and mandatory implementation of the K－ESG disclosure standards may enhance the reliability of ESG information and improve audit efficiency.