Earticle

본 연구는 스웨덴의 에릭슨텔레콤사의 일본시장 진입사례를 네트워크상에 점진적 단계과정의 위치개발모델을 개발하여 묘사․분석하는 것이다. 본 연구는 Ericsson Telecom, Ericsson Radio Systems (ERA), 그리고 일본의 Nippon Ericsson, Ericsson Toshiba의 경험적 데이터를 이용하여 사례연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 네트워크 위치 개발의 효율적 접근을 하기 위해 에릭슨사가 다양한 자원교환의 네트워크 관계를 구축함으로써 국제적으로 관련 산업간 전략적 위치를 점유한 것을 발견하였으며, 또한 Nippon Ericsson과 Ericsson Toshiba가 기업 간 특정 네트워크를 형성함에 있어 기술개발을 위한 특화된 통신시스템의 광범위한 영역을 포함시키는 네트워크 관계를 개발하는데 경험이 부족함을 밝혀냈다. 이러한 부족한 점을 극복하고자, 에릭슨사는 성공적 경영활동 수행을 위하여 강력한 정치적, 사회적 네트워크의 특성을 활용하였다. 이런 특성은 에릭슨사가 일본시장을 진입하는데 중요한 요소이며, 에릭슨사가 어떻게 시장에서 강한 위치를 성취할 수 있었는가에 본질적으로 영향을 미치는 정부의 산업정책이었다. 본연구의 결과를 통하여 도출한 시사점은 에릭슨 텔레콤사가 다양한 행위자들과의 네트워크 관계구축을 통하여 개발한 전략적 위치는 자회사를 설립하는데 있어 진출시장의 위치 선정뿐만 아니라 그에 관련된 통신시스템 생산과정에서도 혁신적인 공헌을 하였다.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the case of Ericsson Telecom entering into the Japanese market. This is accomplished using empirical data on Ericsson Telecom and Ericsson Radio Systems (ERA) in Sweden, and Nippon Ericsson and Ericsson Toshiba in Japan. The study develops a model for an incremental staging process of developing a network position. In accordance with the network approach, Ericsson obtains a strategic position in a national industrial network by building various kinds of network relationships. This contributes to the establishment of the subsidiary’s market position and also to the importance of innovations of system and production processes within the Ericsson Telecom. The results suggest that, to overcome the lack of network relationship experience, Nippon Ericsson and Ericsson Toshiba form a specific kind of industrial network. This network includes a wide range of system specializations for developing their own technology. This is seen as an effective approach for reaching a network position. The exchanges are shaped both by the activity and resource interdependencies in the various actors’ strategies. The paper concludes that the strong political and social character of networks provides some significant aspects on how Ericsson could achieve the strong position associated with successful operations. Some such aspects are government and industrial policies.

Background: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a potential radiation therapy for treating refractory cancers. Measuring the neutron energy spectrum is important to evaluate the biological effect of BNCT. We have developed a novel low-energy neutron spectrometer with a 3He position-sensitive proportional counter. The effectiveness of this spectrometer remained unvalidated due to the inadequate response function. Materials and Methods: The response function of this spectrometer was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation to perform the validation experiment of this spectrometer. The 3He(n,p)3H reaction rate for each monochromatic neutron (energy range, 0.5 eV–10 keV) was calculated. Numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of this spectrometer. Several estimated values of the energy spectrum were obtained and compared with a calculated energy spectrum at the exit of the epithermal column by the Monte Carlo simulation by preparing several candidates for signals. The Bayesian estimation algorithm was utilized for the estimation. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the spectrometer and the evaluated response functions can be utilized to measure the energy spectrum of neutrons in the low-energy range. However, the energy spectrum could not be well represented >4 keV due to the poor response function, including uncertainties in response function calculation as well as the poor energy resolution of this detector in the high-energy region. Conclusion: The response function of the low-energy neutron spectrometer for the epithermal energy region can be assessed by the Monte Carlo simulation. The numerical experiments reveal that the effectiveness of this spectrometer can be shown in the range of 0.5 eV.

In this paper, a position correction system of industrial robot for door-chassis assembly tast is developed in connection with the position correction algorithm shown in Part I. Tow notches and a hole of auto chassis are selected as the reference measure points and a vision based error detection algorithm is devised to measure in accuracy of less than 0.07mm. And also, the transformation between base and tool coordinates of the robot is shown to send the suitable correction quantities caaording to robot's option. The obtained algorithms were satisfactorily implemented for a real door-chassis model such that the system could accomplish visually acceptable door-chassis assembly task.

This work deals with finding a suitable position correction algorithm of industrial robot based on measuring particular points, which calculates two dimensional correction quantities and the must allow visually acceptable door-chassis assembly task. Three optimizing algorithms corresponding to three differ- ent error based performance indices are compared and selected to the best one, in terms of the predefined total uniformity, line uniformity and computational time. The selected algorithm(Total Error Minimization) is implemented for a simple door-chassis model to show its effectiveness.

This paper introduces the development of hydraulic cylinder with magnetic sensors detecting absolute and precise position for automation of excavator. The system which is developed can detect absolute position with a little displacement by using algorithm for recognizing datum points, 114 divider algorithm and high precision algorithm improved position precision. We alse evaluate the developed system under the load disturbance and add band pass filter to the previous's signal process circuit for the protecting magnetic sensors's saturation.

An overhead crane system which transports an object by girder motion, trolley motion, and hoist motion becomes a nonlinear system because the length of a rope changes. To develope the position control algorithm for the nonlinear crane systems, we apply a nonlinear optimal control method which uses forward and backward difference methods and obtain optimal inputs. This method is suitable for the overhead crane system which is characterized by the differential equation of higher degree and swing motion. From the results of computer simulation, it is founded that the position of the overhead crane system is controlled, and the swing of the object is suppressed.

In this paper, a development of an inductive position sensor is described. The sensor is similar to a radial magnetic bearing in that the sensor stator is shaped like a heteropolar magnetic bearing and is driven by a switching amplifier. A demodulation filter extracts the gap information from the switching current ripples. A prototype sensor exhibits the resolution of $0.43\mum$ and the dynamic bandwidth of about 800Hz. The dynamic performance can be improved by increasing the switching frequency. However, the eddy current effects become noticeable at high switching frequency, thus limiting the improvement of the bandwidth.

This study presents the development of a magnetostrictive control rod position indicator (Mag-CRPI) for improving safety of nuclear power generation. Mag-CRPI principle is based on two magnetostrictive effects: The Wiedemann effect and the Villari effect. The position may be estimated by multiplying time-of-flight (TOF) of the elastic wave from the cursor magnet to the sensing coil, and a sound speed of the magnetostrictive wire. A Mag-CRPI prototype has been designed and built. Experiments are conducted to characterize the Mag-CRPI. Change of the TOF is obtained with cursor magnet movement interval of 100 mm. Averaged position error is estimated to be 0.002m over the entire measuring length. Based on experimental results, the performance of Mag-CRPI is validated, thereby confirming feasibility of a nuclear reactor-internal control rod.

A paper cup forming machine performs the entire process to produce paper cups. Recently, as the demand for paper cups in various fields increases, the need for rapid and timely paper cup forming also increases. However, the more rapid the manufacturing speed is, the higher the possibility of forming failure. Frequent fault occurrences cause a time-consuming and costly repair process and reduces manufacturing efficiency. Among various fault factors in this research, position deviation of the paper from the original position, which induces a jamming and process stop, was selected and a novel deviation detecting system using multiple photo sensors was suggested. Before operating the position detecting system, the performance of the photo sensors was evaluated with respect to response speed and photo beam precision. A deviation detecting mechanism was designed. The developed deviation detecting system was integrated with the paper cup forming machine and experimented with using base papers. It was conformed that the suggested system could be used to diagnose paper deviation failure.

In this paper a 3D position measuring device that finds the 3D position of an arbitarily placed object using a camersa system is introduced. The camera system consists of three stepping motors and a CCD camera and a laser. The viewing direction of the camera is controlled by two stepping motors (pan and tilt motors) and the direction of a laser is also controlled by a stepping motors(laser motor). If an object in a remote place is selected from a live video image the x,y,z coordinates of the object with respect to the reference coordinate system can be obtained by calculating the distance from the camera to the object using a structured light scheme and by obtaining the orientation of the camera that is controlled by two stepping motors. The angles o f stepping motors are controlled by a SGI O2 workstation through a parallel port. The mathematical model of the camera and the distance measuring system are calibrated to calculate an accurate position of the object. This 3D position measuring device can be used to acquire information that is necessary to monitor a remote place.

Recently, we have developed a linear brushless DC motor(LBLDCM) with high speed and precise position control performance to apply it to the semiconductor assembly and inspection machinery. It is composed of double side alignment by two armature-stator pairs and each pair is consist of a moving armature with 8 poles by 3 phase coils and a stator with rare earth permanent magnet (Nd-Fe-B) arrays. Through the thrust force analysis on a simplified and whole model of the suggested LBLDCM by an Electromagnetic FEM solver, skew angle of magnet arrays to reduce the thrust force ripple and the winding conditions of the armature is designed. From experimental results, the user's requirements was satisfied and we confirmed distinctly that the repeatable accuracy less than a micron of the linear motion can be obtained at high speed by the developed LBLDCM. This is owing to directly drive the work without the gear train.

An inductive sensor system is proposed to detect the gear location and angular position of a geared shaft for automatic feeding of the shaft into the proper cutting position of the other end. The system consists of two set of coils, bridge circuit, signal condition circuit, and microprocessor. The coil sensors of the system measure changes of inductance along with the surface position of a geared shaft. The inductance changes are transformed to voltages by the bridge circuit, which are then conditioned and processed for the recognition of the gear. In order to incorporate with the experimental results with the sensor system, a finite element method (FEM) simulation for the magnetic field between the sensor and the shaft was carried out. The predicted results and the experiments revealed that the sensor system was appropriate for sensing the position of gear and the angular position of gear tooth of a geared shaft.

This paper proposes a methodology for the small-displacement-movement of a piston and develops a hybrid control algorithm for the precision position control of a pneumatic rodless cylinder. The pneumatic system uses the voltage-proportional solenoid valves to minimum valve switching since the on/off type valves are create diffculties for accurate position control and induce a lot of valve switching. For the accurate position control a methodology for the small-displacement-movement of the piston is developed and identified experimentally. The main consideration on the development of the hybrid control law is to eliminate a stick-slip phenomenon in the pneumatic control system. This paper addresses these critical issues and presents experimental results for the pneumatic control system.

A versatile micro-robotic platform for micro/nano scale assembly has been demanded in a variety of application areas such as micro-biology and nanotechnology. In the near future, a flexible and compact platform could be effectively used in a scanning electron microscope chamber. We are developing a platform that consists of miniature mobile robots and a compact positioning stage with multi degree-of-freedom. This paper presents the design and the implementation of a low-cost and compact multi degree of freedom position sensor that is capable of measuring absolute translational and rotational displacement. The proposed sensor is implemented by using a CMOS type image sensor and a target with specific hole patterns. Experimental design based on statistics was applied to finding optimal design of the target. Efficient algorithms for image processing and absolute position decoding are discussed. Simple calibration to eliminate the influence of inaccuracy of the fabricated target on the measuring performance also presented. The developed sensor was characterized by using a laser interferometer. It can be concluded that the sensor system has submicron resolution and accuracy of ${\pm}4{\mu}m$ over full travel range. The proposed vision-based sensor is cost-effective and used as a compact feedback device for implementation of a micro robotic platform.

본 연구는 학교 실정과 미래교육에 조응하는 교원직급다층화 구현 및 해당 직급별 교육과정 전문성 향상 방안을 도출하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 설문조사, 교원직급다층화 모델 구안을 위한 포커스 그 룹 인터뷰(FGI) 및 개발연구 등의 방법을 적용하였다. 현장 교원과 교육전문직원이 참여한 설문조사 분석 결과 현행 교원직급체제의 개선 요구가 뚜렷함을 알 수 있고, 교원직급다층화를 통해 교사의 성장과 발달을 도모할 수 있다는 것이 확인되었다. 교사, 관 리자, 교육전문직원 그룹 등 3개 집단별로 진행된 FGI 분석 결과 학교에 긍정적인 변화를 일으키는 교 원직급체제를 만들어야 하며, 그 모델로는 선임교사 자격 신설과 모든 학교에 수석교사 1명을 배치하는 것이 적합하다고 하였다. 교원직급다층화 모델(수정안)의 적합성에 관한 전문가협의회 검토 의견을 참 고하여 교원직급다층화 모델(최종안)을 제시했는데, 모델의 구성 요소는 진로발달 단계, 트랙별 직급과 자격체계, 교육과정 전문성으로 이루어진다. 진로발달 단계는 입문기 → 경력발달기 → 선발승진기로 구성되며, 트랙별 직급과 자격체계는 2급 정교사(수습교사) → 2급 정교사 → 1급 정교사 → 선임교사 까지는 공통 경로이고, 선임교사 이후에 수석교사, 관리자, 교육전문직원 트랙 등 3가지로 분화된다. 한 편 교육과정 전문성 강화를 위해 직급에 따라 5년 또는 3년 주기의 직무연수 의무화를 도입한다. 이와 같은 교원직급다층화 모델이 학교 현장에 성공적으로 구현된다면 교원의 성장과 발달 동기부여 및 사기 진작은 물론, 개별 교원 간 교육과정 전문성 편차가 해소되어 교권 강화를 넘어 진정한 교직 발전으로 이어질 것이다.

This study aims to implement a multi-layered teacher position that fit with school situation and future education and enhance teachers’ curriculum competences per position. To this end, surveys, focus group interviews (FGI) for a multi-layered teacher position model and development researches were applied. As a result of analyzing the survey where in-service teachers and educational professional supervisors participated, there was a critical need for improvement in the current teacher position system, and it was confirmed that the teachers’ growth and development could be promoted through the multi-layered teacher position. The results of FGI analysis for 3 groups including teachers, administrators and professional supervisors require the following: establishment of a teacher position system leading to a positive change in school; newly addition of a senior teacher position; and assignment of a master teacher to every school. By reference to the advisory group’s opinion regarding validity of the multi-layered teacher position model (revised), a (final) multi-layered teacher position model was provided. The model is comprised of a carrier development stage, track-based position and qualification system, and professionalism in the curriculum. The carrier development stage consists of: an introductory period --> a carrier development period --> a selection promotion period. The track-based position and qualification system consists of a 2nd level regular teacher (a probational teacher) → a 2nd level regular teacher → a 1st level regular teacher → a senior teacher. Up to the senior teacher, the position and the qualification are integrated as a common path. After the senior teacher, the positions are specified into the following 3 tracks: a master teacher, an administrator and a professional supervisor. In the meantime, to strengthen the professionalism in curriculum, it is mandatory to receive a competence enhancement training every 3 or 5 years based on position. A successful implementation of the multi-layered teacher position model in schools will not only motivate teachers’ growth and booster teachers’ morale, but will also resolve differences in curriculum professionalism between teachers, leading to real development of teaching profession and motivating and morale booster beyond strengthening the teacher authority.

Tumen River estuary is situated at the center of Northeast Asia. Hunchun, which is located on an inlet of Tumen River, is the nearest point for Jilin Province to realize connecting to the sea of korea and walking towards the Pacific Ocean, is the most efficient external channel to connect to Occident and Southeast Asia, is the strategic pivot of Global logistics.In 1984, The specialists and scholars of Jilin Province, such as An Qingchang, Chen Cai and Yuan Shuren, proposed to restore this right of access to sea according to the Sino-Russian unequal treaties. The spring of 1985, Jilin Province set up the special investigation about the restoration of the navigation right in Tumen River Area. And in 1986 , completed the research report of the restoration of the navigation rights in Tumen River Area.In July, 1990, the science and Technology Commission director of Jilin province, Professor Ding Shisheng, proposed “Tumen River development plan” in “First International Symposium of the Northeast Asia economic development” and caused the wide attention of the delegates and the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP). The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) proposed the concept of “Tumen River Area” for the first time in the group report of exploitation of Tumen River Area development. Since the end of the “cold war”, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) announced that they planned to raise $30 billion to develop the delta in the lower reaches of Tumen River. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) set up the Programme Management Committee of Tumen River Area(PMC) and the Tumen River Area Development Programme(TRADP), held many meetings to identify a project aimed at establishing multilateral cooperation development pattern of a unified multinational free economic zone in the area adjacent to the lower reaches of the Tumen River, which cover the three countries of China, the DPRK and Russsia.Soon, The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) determined to support the co-development of the Tumen River Delta area .Later, multilateral cooperation development mode of the Tumen River Delta area, which is dominated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is converted to the development mode which relies mainly on their own efforts, supplemented by UNDP assistance and peripheral countries participate in. In this paper, according to the different characteristic which presents in the different period of the development of the Tumen river area, the whole process of the development of the Tumen river area is divided into six stages. From 1984 to now, the attitude of peripheral countries around Tumen River area varies from country to country, the Chinese Government attaches great importance to friendly relations and cooperation, North Korea is concerned for the hidden danger so as to be irresolute, Russia’s attidude is neither cold nor warm, South Korea and Mongolia participate in warmly. During this period, it has presented a new feature that China is improving and strengthening the traditional friendship actively with North Korea, South Korea established diplomatic relations initiatively with China and promote the exchanges and cooperation in many fields. Tumen River Area Development Plan with Changchun-Jilin-Yanbian as a Pioneering Zone for Development and Opening-up approved by the Chinese State Council in 2009, represents that the Tumen River Area Development Programme is upgraded to be a national strategy, it is also a major development strategy after revitalizing the Southeast Coastal Zone, the Western Development and the economy of the Northeast Industrial Base in China. It provides us with a new opportunity that the Tumen River international development and openning--up will enter a new era. This article plans to analyze the experience and results which is obtained from the strategic position, the development course and the cooperation and development of Tumen River area, attempting to find out the reasons and solutions that lay restraints on Tumen River regional cooperation and development

图们江江口地区位于东北亚的中心部位，位于图们江入海口的中国珲春市是吉林省乃至中国通向日本海、进入太平洋的最近点，是联系欧美及东北亚各国的最直接、最便捷的对外通道，具有全球物流中枢战略地位。1984年，吉林省的安庆昌、陈才、袁树人等专家学者提出了按中俄不平等条约，中国在图们江拥有出海权，应尽早恢复这一权利。1985年春，吉林省成立了“恢复中国图们江通海航行权利”专题调研组，并于1986年完成了恢复中国图们江通海航行权利课题的研究报告。1990年7月，吉林省科委主任丁士晟教授在“第一次东北亚经济发展国际学术讨论会”上提出了“图们江开发规划”，并引起了与会代表们的广泛关注和联合国开发计划署的高度重视。联合国开发计划署(UNDP)1991年完成的≪图们江地区开发考察小组报告≫中第一次提出“图们江地区”这个概念。随着冷战的结束，联合国开发计划署(UNDP)宣布拟筹资300亿美元，多国共同开发图们江下游三角洲。UNDP成立图们江区域开发项目管理委员会(PMCIII)、图们江区域开发项目专家组(TRADP)，连续举行多次会议，初步确定在图们江下游中、朝、俄三国交界建立统一的跨国自由经济区的多国合作开发模式。不久，UNDP确定了多国合作开发图们江大三角地区。后来从由UNDP主导、各国共同开发图们江大三角地区的模式改变为以各国自主开发为主、UNDP的协助为辅，周边各国参与的开发模式。本文根据不同时期图们江地区开发所呈现出的不同特征，将图们江地区开发历程划分为六个阶段。图们江地区开发从1984年研究酝酿至今，周边各国态度迥异，中国十分积极；朝鲜因担心安全隐患出现反复；俄罗斯不冷不热；韩国和蒙古国热情参与的特点。在此期间，还呈现了中国比较积极改善和加强与朝鲜的传统友谊，韩国主动与中国建立外交关系，促进多领域的交流与合作的新特点。中国国务院于2009年正式批复了≪中国图们江区域合作开发规划纲要—以长吉图为开发开放先导区≫，标志着以长吉图为开发开放先导区的中国图们江区域合作开发上升为国家战略，这也是中国政府继东南沿海地区开放、西部大开发、东北老工业基地振兴后，出台的一项重大发展战略，以此为契机，图们江国际合作开发将进入一个新的纪元。本文拟对图们江地区的战略地位、开发历程以及合作开发中取得的经验和成果加以剖析，力图找到制约图们江区域国际合作开发的原因和解决办法。