Earticle

COVID-19와 대학 학령인구의 감소로 비대면 수업의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 본 논문은 대면/비대면 수업에 대한 학습자들의 공통된 인식을 규명하고, 통학 시간과 두 수업 방식의 인식 차이 에 대하여 분석하였다. 대면/비대면 수업에 대한 학습자들의 인식양상을 파악하기 위하여 339명의 응 답내용을 주제 구분별 내용분석하였다. 내용분석 결과 대면/비대면 수업의 인식은 ‘경제성’, ‘상호작용’, ‘자기관리’, ‘학습효과’, ‘학습방법’, ‘교육환경’, ‘없음’으로 분류되었다. 내용분석에 대한 빈도분석 결과 대면 수업에서는 상호작용과 학습효과가 두드러지는 장점으로 나타났고, 비대면 수업은 경제성 부분이 장점으로 나타났다. 통학 시간에 따른 대면/비대면 수업 인식의 차이를 비교하기 위하여 카이스퀘어 검증과 본페로니 사 후검증을 시행하였다. 분석 결과 대면 수업 단점의 요인별 차이와 비대면 수업 장점 중 경제성 면에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 인터뷰 결과 대면 수업이 상호작용, 학습효과 면에서 비대면 수업보 다 우수하게 느껴짐에도 불구하고 통학 시간이 긴 학생들은 경제적 요인으로 인해 비대면 수업을 선호 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 한계점으로는 대학 캠퍼스의 고립된 지리적 특성으로 인하여 대면/비대면 수업에 대한 인 식양상이 극명하게 나타난다는 점과 한 학기에 두 가지 교육방법을 적용하였기에 각 수업방식의 특성 을 파악하기에 짧은 실험 기간이다. 마지막으로, 급변화하는 시대에 과거의 교육을 돌아보고 현대사회에 적용시킬 수 있는 방안으로의 개선에 대하여 제언하였다.

The importance of Untact instruction is being emphasized due to COVID-19 and a decrease in the school-age population. This paper investigated learners' common perceptions of face-to-face and Untact instruction, and analyzed the difference in perceptions between school hours and the two teaching methods. In order to understand learners' perceptions of face-to-face and Untact classes, 339 responses were analyzed by subject classification. As a result of the content analysis, the perception of face-to-face and Untact classes was classified into ‘Economics’, ‘Interaction’, ‘Self management’, ‘Learning effectiveness’, ‘Learning method’ ‘Learning environment’ and 'none'. As a result of frequency analysis on content analysis, interaction and learning effects were found to be remarkable in face-to-face classes, and Untact classes were found to be economical. In order to compare the difference in perception of face-to-face and non-face-to-face classes according to school hours, chi-Square verification and Bonferroni post-hoc were performed. As a result of the analysis, there were statistically significant differences in economic feasibility among the factors of face-to-face class shortcomings and the advantages of Untact class. According to the interview results, although face-to-face classes feel superior to Untact classes in terms of interaction and learning effects, students with long commuting hours prefer Untact classes due to economic factors. The limitation of this study is that due to the geographical isolation of the university campuses, the perception of face-to-face and Untact is evident and Since two teaching methods were applied in one semester, it is a short experimental period to understand the characteristics of each teaching method. Finally, in a rapidly changing era, it was suggested to look back on past education and improve it as a way to apply it to modern society.

Body positive movement has emerged to challenge the prevalent media Body positive movement has emerged to challenge the prevalent media depictions of thin-ideal bodies. Yet, there is not enough empirical evidence to depictions of thin-ideal bodies. Yet, there is not enough empirical evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of body positive content on social media. Based on evaluate the effectiveness of body positive content on social media. Based on social comparison theory, this study examines the psychological and affective social comparison theory, this study examines the psychological and affective outcomes of body positive images on Instagram, along with the moderating outcomes of body positive images on Instagram, along with the moderating role of social comparison. A 3 (body image type: thin ideal vs. neutral vs. body role of social comparison. A 3 (body image type: thin ideal vs. neutral vs. body positive images) × 2 (state social comparison: high vs. low) online experiment positive images) × 2 (state social comparison: high vs. low) online experiment was conducted. Results revealed that body positive images led to greater positive was conducted. Results revealed that body positive images led to greater positive mood. Higher social comparison was related to lower body perceptions, less mood. Higher social comparison was related to lower body perceptions, less positive mood, and more negative mood while showing moderating effects positive mood, and more negative mood while showing moderating effects between image type and positive mood. Findings suggest that body positive between image type and positive mood. Findings suggest that body positive images on social media contribute to positive affective responses, where social images on social media contribute to positive affective responses, where social comparison can be a key to understanding the underlying mechanism.

As libraries strive to improve their services, many have expressed interest in implementing new technologies. One such technology is metaverse, a virtual-reality space that enables social activities using avatars. However, implementing this technology can be challenging when many librarians are unfamiliar with the concept. This study aimed to investigate how librarians' prior experiences with metaverse influence their expectations and potential use of the technology in libraries. Interviews with a total of 18 librarians were conducted. The study findings reveal that librarians had different conceptualizations of metaverse, regardless of prior experience. However, librarians had different thoughts on the potential use of metaverse for libraries dependent on prior experience. Regarding thoughts on potential use, the librarians who had non-experience running metaverse programs suggested ideas in expanding and trying out new services within metaverse. The librarians who had experience running metaverse programs, on the other hand, suggested focusing on transferring the existing services that are currently being provided in the library to metaverse.

The present study investigated perception of biological motion (BM) focusing on two issues. Although it has been reported that the right posterior region of the superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is more strongly activated than the left pSTS when viewing BM, the reason is not well understood. Second, most previous studies have focused on the accuracy of BM perception while reaction time (RT) to BM compared with other motion signals remains relatively unknown. BM and non-BM stimuli were briefly presented in each (left and right) visual field in Task 1. In Task 2, the same stimuli were displayed at the center. RT and accuracy were measured in both tasks. To explore a possible perceptual correlate of the neural anisotropy in the pSTS, RT and accuracy between the two visual fields were compared (Task 1). To examine the efficiency of BM processing, RT and accuracy differences between BM and non-BM were examined (Task 1 and Task 2). The result from Task 1 demonstrated that RT was faster and accuracy was higher when BM was presented in the left visual field. This suggests a perceptual correlate of greater right pSTS activation associated with BM perception. The results from Task 1 and Task 2 revealed that BM was detected more quickly and accurately than non-BM, suggesting that BM processing is more efficient than other global motion processing when information is limited by brief exposure. Analysis of error trials from the two tasks also suggests a perceptual bias of judging ambiguous motion signals as BM.

This study investigates whether current doctoral students who need to write doctoral dissertations are aware of research ethics, antipathy towards research irregularities, and the effectiveness of online research ethics education. Additionally, this study examines the differences in perceptions of online research ethics education and research irregularities based on gender, grade, nationality, and experience in online research ethics education. The E-STAT 2.0 and Korean Social Science Data Center's online survey tool are used for data analysis and collection. Regarding the perceived effectiveness of online research ethics education, recognition of research irregularities, and acceptability of research irregularities, five-point Likert scale questions were used to gather data on gender and grade. The results of the t-test show that female students have a statistically significant positive perception of the effectiveness of online research ethics education compared to male students. Additionally, female students have a statistically significant normative cognition in terms of recognizing and accepting research irregularities compared to male students. The ANOVA test results indicate that first-year students have a significantly lower perception of the effectiveness of online research ethics education compared to students in other grades. However, there is no statistically significant difference in recognizing research irregularities and accepting research irregularities based on grade. There is no statistical difference in the perception of the effectiveness of online research ethics education, recognition of research irregularities, and acceptability of research irregularities between Korean and foreign students. Finally, the experience of online research ethics education has a statistically significant positive effect on the perception of its effectiveness.

This study compared and analyzed the differences in workers' perceptions by work type for the safety roles and responsibilities of field managers and workers. The considered work types were earth work, RC work, temporary work, steel work, electrical work, mechanical work, landscaping work, dry finishing work, and wet finishing work. The questionnaire was composed of manager's safety compliance, manager's safety practice, worker's accident reporting, worker's noncompliance with safety rules, and worker's perception of safety. ANOVA analysis was performed on the response results. Results shows that the manager's safety compliance in the temporary work was found to be high, whereas the levels of manager's safety compliance were lower in earth work and RC work compared to other work types. For manager's safety practice, there was a significant difference in earth work being lower than that in electrical and mechanical work. When examining worker's perception of noncompliance with safety rules, temporary work, electrical work, landscaping work, and dry finishing work showed higher noncompliance compared to other work types.

The property of the mobile phone is taking important role to choose it. In the present situation, exploring, comparing and analyzing the important properties of regular mobile phone(feature phone) and smart phone are very meaningful study. Therefore, the survey was carried out to get the properties of feature phone and smart phone and analyze the difference of those phones. And proposed the important variables for customer satisfaction which must be given priority. The result showed that 'design' and 'quality' are important to both mobile phone user groups. The problems with mobile phones currently in use were 'poor performance' to feature phone users and 'expensive charge' and 'poor A/S' to smart phone users. Two groups also showed significant difference with the customer satisfactions, and smart phone user group showed higher satisfaction. For smart phone user group, four factors are induced from the properties but 'Hardware Quality'(representing 'Call Quality', 'A/S', 'Convenience to use', 'Battery life') and 'Design & Function'(representing 'Internet', 'Convergence Functions', 'Design', 'Color') have significant and positive effects on Customer Satisfaction.

본 연구는 한국과 일본 병원간호사의 재난인식, 재난대비, 재난관리 및 재난역량을 비교분석하고, 재난간호역량에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 대상자는 한국(n=117)과 일본(n=80) 의 종합병원 이상 간호사 총 197명이었고, 자료분석은 SPSS WIN 21을 이용하여 독립 t-test, ANOVA, 교차분석, ANCOVA, 편상관관계분석 및 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 재난간호역량(총5점)은 한국 3.22±0.64점, 일본 2.81±0.84점으로 한국 간호사가 높게 나타났으며, 대상자의 재난인식, 재난대비, 재난관리주체, 재난관리조직성과에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 재난간호역량에 영향을 미치는 요인은 경력, 국가, 재난관리주체, 재난대비, 안전인식, 재난경험 순이었으며, 재난간호역량에 대해 30.0% 설명력을 나타내었다. 본 연구결과는 향후 재난간호역량을 갖추기 위한 간호교육의 기초자료로 제 공될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purposes of this study are to identify differences in subjective disaster perception, preparedness, management and disaster nursing competency between Korean and Japanese hospital nurses and to identify the factors affecting disaster nursing competency. The study subjects were 197 hospital nurses who were working at general hospitals in Korea (n=117) and Japan (n=80). An independent t-test, ANOVA, χ2-test, ANCOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to compare disaster nursing competency using SPSS WIN 21. Disaster nursing competency were measured as 3.22±0.64 for Korean nurses and 2.81±0.84 for Japanese nurses. A significant difference was found in disaster perception, disaster preparedness and main authority of disaster management, organizational performance between the two countries. The factors affecting disaster nursing competency include career, country, main authority of disaster management, disaster preparedness, safety perception, disaster experience, all of which accounted for 30% of the variance in disaster nursing competency. The findings from this study will provide the foundation for nursing education to develop disaster nursing competency among hospital nurses.

감염병 위험에 대한 인식은 전염병이 확산되는 보행, 주거 환경, 보건 및 복지, 교육 등의 근린환경을 어떻게 인식하느냐에 따라 달라 질 수 있다. 그리고 사회적 교류와 신뢰는 일반적인 위험인식에 영향을 미치는 요인이지만, 전염공간으로 인식되는 근린환경에 따라 일반적인 위험인식과는 다른 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 근린환경 인식과 사회적 교류 및 신뢰가 감염병 위험인식에 미치는 영향을 다수준 순서형 로지스틱 회귀모형을 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과는 첫째, 초기와 중기·후기의 보행환경, 생활환경은 만족도가 높아질수록 위험인식을 증가시켰고, 교육환경 인식은 높아질수록 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 초기의 이웃 간 신뢰는 위험인식을 낮추었지만, 중기, 후기에는 위험인식을 높였다. 그러나 공공신뢰는 모든 시기에 감염병 위험인식을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 본 연구의 정책적 시사점은 첫째, 시민생활과 밀접한 보행, 생활환경은 공원의 적절한 배치나 여분의 학교의 외부공간 활용 등으로 감염병 안전한 공간계획을 해야 하며, 둘째, 공공에서는 신뢰를 높일 수 있는 감염병 대응정 책이 필요하다.

Risk perceptions of infectious diseases vary depending on individuals’ perceptions of their neighborhood environments, such as walkability, living conditions, health and welfare services, and education, which are spaces where diseases can spread. Social interaction and trust influence overall risk perception, but their impact may vary in neighborhoods perceived as potential spaces for contagion. Therefore, we used multilevel ordered logistic models to analyze the effects of the neighborhood environment, social interaction, and trust on the risk perception of infectious diseases. The findings showed that, first, the walking environment and living environment in all periods increased risk perception as satisfaction increased, while educational environment decreased. Second, neighborhood trust initially reduced risk perception in the beginning period but later increased it in the middle and late periods, while public trust consistently lowered perception of infectious disease risk across all periods. The policy implications are that there should be planning for anti-pandemic walking and living environments, such as creating more parks or utilizing open spaces in schools. Additionally, public policies should aim to increase trust in infectious disease response measures.

시각 작업 기억에 저장되는 정보의 표상 특성을 조사하기 위해, 변화 탐지 과제에서 기억 항목과 검사 항목이 비교되는 과정을 사건 관련 전위 측정법을 통해 관찰하였다. 피험자는 기억 항목으로 제시된 막대들의 방위 변화를 검사 항목과의 비교를 통해 탐지하도록 요구되었으며, 각 변화 탐지 시행 내에서 기억해야 할 항목의 개수는 1~6개로 변화되었다. 기억과 검사 항목 간 차이에 의해 촉발되는 주의 전환 시점을 N2pc 성분의 발현 시간을 통해 추정한 결과, 항목 개수 증가에 관계없이 주의 전환 시점은 일정하였다. 이는 기억과 검사 항목 간 비교 처리 과정이 매우 신속하며 즉각적으로 수행됨을 의미하며, 기억에 저장된 정보의 표상이 3~4개의 독립된 고정해상도 슬롯들에 저장됨을 시사한다.

To examine properties of visual working memory (VWM) representations, event-related potentials were measured during the comparison process between memory and perception in a change-detection task. Subjects were asked to detect an orientation change upon a memory display onset after remembering a few orientation bars, and the memory set size was varied from 1 to 6. Onset latencies of attention shift triggered by a memory-perception difference were measured by N2pc component onset time, and the latencies were constant regardless of the number of items in the display. The results indicate that the comparison between VWM representations and perceptual inputs occurs very rapidly and is accomplished immediately upon a test display onset, and further that the representations in VWM are stored into 3-4 fixed-resolution slots.

Purpose: The study was done to compare the perception of successful aging for late middle-aged breast cancer survivors and healthy women. Methods: A descriptive research design was used and data were collected from April to August 2014. Participants were 75 women breast cancer survivors and 71 healthy women. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA. Results: The study results showed that late middle-aged breast cancer survivors scored higher than healthy women in perception of successful aging and also on the sub-items of the perception of successful aging such as personal growth, pursuing meaning, and moderation. There were significant differences in perceptions of successful aging for late middle-aged breast cancer survivors according to education level and job, but for late middle-aged healthy women, the significant difference in perception of successful aging was related to religion. Conclusion: Based on these results, to plan a successful aging program and increase the perception of successful aging for late middle-aged healthy women, intervention strategies should be developed considering these items that are important to successful aging.

Purpose: This descriptive study aimed to compare the perception of the acceptable foods for the neutropenic diet between nurses and patients by food type. Methods: The participants were 225 nurses working at chemotherapy wards and 71 patients in chemotherapy treatment. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire from January 2 to February 24, 2012, and analyzed with SPSS 12.0 program using descriptive statistics and the χ²-test. Results: Eighty-eight point eight percent of nurses and 76.1% of cancer patients thought the patients needed the neutropenic diets. The most important decisional criteria to determine dietary restriction was neutrophil count for nurses and food type for patients. The two groups showed significantly different allowance to raw fruits and raw vegetables, sterilized canned juice, fried vegetables, yogurt, uncooked tofu, salted fish, cooked fish, cooked shellfish, uncooked grain powder, jellified food, home-made bread/cookies, nuts including peanuts, instant coffee or tea and tea brewed. In general, patients were more permissive about the neutropenic diet than nurses. Conclusion: It is recommended to consider patients’ preference as well as nurses’ professional knowledge and publish standardized clinical diet guidelines for neutropenic patients with collaboration between nurses and patient representatives.

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to examine the difference between scores assigned by dementia patients and their caregivers to the patients’ anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Methods: After obtaining Institutional Review Board(IRB) approval, face-to-face interview with the patients and their caregivers respectively was conducted by trained graduate-level nursing students from December 2007 to February 2008. Patients' anxiety, depression, and quality of life were measured by patients and their caregivers. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program, which was used for frequency, percentage, mean , standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson's correlation. Results: Significant relationships were reported between the depression rated by patients and that rated by their caregivers(r = .37, p = .019). In addition, there was no difference between the quality of life rated by patients and that rated by their caregivers(t = -7.11, p = .479). However, there was no significant relationship between the anxiety rated by patients and that rated by their caregivers(r = .21, p = .195). Conclusion: There were no differences on level of depression and quality of life of dementia patients measured by dementia patients and caregivers, However, dementia patients' anxiety level has discrepancy between them.

Purpose: Purposes of this study were to promote understanding on mutually informed consent by comparing and analyzing the perception and experience of informed consent among physicians, nurses, and patients. Method: Participants in the study were 145 physicians, 300 nurses, and 178 patients from eight hospitals in Busan. To examine their understanding and experience with informed consent, all participants responded to a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/PC 12.0 program. Results: On the necessity of informed consent, the affirmative percentages were 95.9% for physicians, 99.0% for nurses and 84.8% for patients. As to the most important reason for informed consent 47.6% of the physicians and 64.3% of the nurses answered ‘because it is an occupational and ethical duty’, while 46.6% of the patients answered ‘because it is protection for physicians’. Regarding the legal decision maker for informed consent, 33.1% of the physicians, 27% of the nurses, and 42.1% of the patients answered that the legal decision-making right belonged to the ‘patient’. The agreement rate on the necessity of providing a comprehensive explanation about informed consent was 89.0% for physicians, 98.3% for nurses, and 96.1% for patients. Conclusion: Most physicians, nurses, and even patients have inaccurate perceptions and inappropriate experience with informed consent.

본 연구에서는 사람들이 자신의 임금을 평가할 때 비교대상자의 임금정보를 사용한다는 전제 하에 2명과 3명의 비교대상자가 있을 때 그 비교대상자 정보가 본인의 임금 지각에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 준거 형성과 관련된 세 인지 모델, 적응수준이론, 범위이론, 범위-빈도이론을 비교, 검증하였다. 연구 1A와 1B에서는 2명의 비교대상자를 제시하고 적응수준이론과 범위이론의 타당성을 검증하였는데 결과는 범위이론을 지지하였다. 연구 2에서는 3명의 비교대상자를 제시하고 세 이론을 검증하였는데 범위-빈도이론이 나타난 결과를 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 비교대상자의 정보가 하나의 대표 값(예, 평균)으로 통합되어 본인의 임금과 비교되기 보다는 각 비교대상자의 임금정보가 하나의 사례로(특히, 여러 임금의 범위와 빈도 정도) 자신의 임금 평가에 사용됨을 보여준다. 범위-빈도이론은 본 연구에서 제시된 상황 외에서도 일반화가 가능하다.

In the present study, the authors investigated how the information from multiple pay referents were used when people evaluate the attractiveness of their own pay under the assumption that they refer to others` pay level. For this purpose, three cognitive models were compared; adaptation level model, range model, range-frequency model. In Experiment 1A and 1B, we presented two pay referents and compared the validity of the adaptation level model and the range model. The data supported the range model. In Experiment 2, we presented three pay referents and compared the validity of the three models. The data supported the range-frequency model. These results suggest that multiple referents were not combined into one representative value (e.g., average) for comparison, but the information from each pay referent (esp. the range and its frequency) was used separately. The range-frequency model can be generalized to other situations (ie., when there are more than four referents) not tested empirically in the present study.

본 연구에서는 음정과 리듬을 표현하는 악보의 시각적 요소에 따라 악보 지각이 어떻게 달라지는지 음악적 전문가와 비전문가에게서 살펴보았다. 전문가와 비전문가에게 음정만 제시된 악보와 리듬이 함께 제시된 악보를 80ms와 2000ms로 제시한 뒤, 또 하나의 악보를 보여주고 앞서 나온 악보와 같은지 여부를 판단하는 과제를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 리듬을 함께 제시하여 악보가 더 복잡해지면 반응시간이 느려졌다. 전문성에 따른 차이는 악보를 2000ms로 제시한 경우에 나타났는데, 악보가 충분한 시간 동안 제시되었을 때, 전문가들은 리듬이 제시된 악보를 비전문가보다 더 정확히 처리할 수 있었다. 본 결과는 전문가들이 리듬 정보를 더 효율적으로 처리할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 악보 지각에 도움을 받았을 가능성을 시사한다.

This study examined how visual elements that represent pitch and rhythm in musical score influence score perception. Music experts and non-experts were presented with two musical scores successively at 80ms or 2000ms. Scores contained only pitch information (pitch condition) or both pitch and rhythm information (rhythm condition). Participants judged whether the two scores were same or different. Response latency was slower when scores were more complicated with the notation of rhythm, than when only pitch was notated. There was a difference between the experts and the non-experts when the score was presented for 2000 ms. When the score was presented for a sufficient amount of time, the experts were able to process the score with rhythm more accurately than the non-experts. This result suggests that music experts can process rhythm information more efficiently to lead to better perception of musical notation.

본 연구는 Parashuraman, Zeithmal과 Berry가 개발한 SERVQUAL 모델을 이용해 간호간병통합서비스 병동을 이용한 환자와 간호사를 대상으로 간호서비스에 대한 인식도를 상호 비교함으로써 보다 환자중심의 간호서비스를 제공하고, 간호간병서비스에 대한 환자 만족도 및 간호의 질 향상을 위한 근거자료를 제시하고자 한 것이다. 이를 위하여 간호간병통합서비스 병동 간호사 192명과 환자 321명을 대상으로 간호서비스에 대한 기대-인식 차이 정도를 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과 간호간병통합서비스 병동에서 제공된 간호서비스에 대한 환자의 만족도가 환자의 기대 정도와 간호사의 수행도에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타나 향후 간호간병통합서비스 제도가 환자 중심의 전인간호 실현이라는 관점에서 간호서비스 수행도를 높이는 데 기여할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 간호사가 환자의 기대를 잘 인식하고 있어도 이에 부응하는 간호서비스를 잘 수행하지 못하고 있는 것으로 파악된 차이에 대하여는 추후 간호간병통합서비스 제도를 운영하고 있는 보건복지부와 병원 당국 그리고 간호부서간의 조정과 협력을 통하여 발전적 대안이 마련되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 개념적 모델인 PZB의 SERVQUAL 모델을 적용하여 환자의 간호서비스에 대한 기대 수준과 만족도를 지속적으로 측정하고 평가하면서 간호서비스 질 향상을 통한 간호간병통합서비스 제도를 발전시켜나가야 할 것을 제안한다.

The aim of this study was to compare perception between patient and nurse on comprehensive nursing care service using SERVQUAL model. To accomplish this goal, the 5 gaps of expectation-perception on comprehensive nursing care service was analyzed. The subjects were 192 nurses and 321 patients who admitted in comprehensive nursing care service wards. As results, patient's satisfaction was higher than patient's expectation and also nurse's performance. Therefore, we found that comprehensive nursing care service would contribute to perform holistic nursing care services in the future. To develop comprehensive nursing care service system sustainably, it needs continuous measurement of patient's expectation and satisfaction using conceptual model of this study.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 학령기 전 장애아동과 비장애아동 부모들에게 자녀의 놀이에 관한 포괄적인 설문을 시행하여 놀이 인식을 알아보고 각 부모에게 실질적으로 필요한 놀이의 방향성을 제시하는 것이다. 연구 방법 : 선행연구들을 토대로 제작된 설문지를 설문요청에 동의한 대상자 700명에게 발송하였다. 미회수및 불성실한 설문을 제외하고 총 596부의 설문지가 분석되었으며 이 중 106부가 장애아동 부모의 설문지 였다. 자료 분석을 위해 SPSS Window 23 프로그램을 활용하였으며, 빈도분석과 독립표본 T 검정이 시행되었다. 결과 : 장애 아동 부모는 비장애 아동 부모에 비해 자녀와의 놀이를 더 중요하게 인식하고 있었으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 자녀와의 놀이에 대한 즐거움 인식은 장애 아동과 비장애 아동 부모 간에 큰 점수 차이를 보였지만 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다(p=0.053). 자녀와의 놀이 참여시간은 장애 아동과 비장애 아동 모두 부 보다 모와의 참여시간이 많았다. 모의 경우 장애아동의 모가 놀이참여 시간이 더 많았고, 부의 경우 비장애 아동의 부가 더 많았다. 장애아동과 비장애 아동 부모 모두 장난감을 사주는 빈도는 ‘보통’ 정도가 가장 많았으며 두 집단 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 장애아동과 비장애 아동 부모 모두 놀이 정보를 습득하기 위해 인터넷을 주로 이용하였으며, 놀잇감을 살 때 고려사항은 흥미 유발, 발달수준, 안전 순이었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 학령전기 장애 아동과 비장애 아동 부모의 놀이 인식 및 참여 실태를 비교할 수있었다. 본 연구를 토대로 부모들이 놀이 시 실질적으로 필요한 부분을 알 수 있고, 추후 아동을 대상으로한 놀이 연구의 기초자료로 제공될 수 있을 것이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive survey of children's play in parents of disabled and non-disabled children prior to commencing school. This study aimed to further understanding play recognition and to present a specific direction of play necessary to each parent. Methods : A questionnaire based on prior studies was sent to 700 people who had previously agreed to the take part. A total of 596 questionnaires were analyzed. Uncollected and insincere surveys, of which 106 were questionnaires for parents of disabled children, were exclused from analysis. The SPSS Window 23 program was used for data analysis and frequency analysis and the independent sample T test were performed. Results : Disabled children's parents perceived playing with their children as more important than that of non-disabled children's parents(p<0.01). There was no statistical difference between disabled children and non-disabled children's parents, but there were some differences(p=0,053). Both disabled and non-disabled children had more time to participate with their mothers than with their fathers. Mothers with disabilities had more time to play however, fathers with no disabilities had more time. Both disabled and non-disabled children's parents had the most "ordinary" frequency of buying toys and there was very littele difference between the 2 groups. Both disabled and non-disabled children's parents primarily used the internet to acquire play information, and consideration when buying fun was followed by interest inducement, development level and safety. Conclusion : Through this study, it was possible to compare the status of play recognition and participation by parents of children with or without disabilities. Based on this study, parents will be able to find out what they really need to play and will be provided as a basis for future play studies for children.