Earticle

The purpose of this study is to scientifically analyze the rocks of the Obongsan Mountain in Boseong, Jeollanam-do, which contains the largest extant quarry of Gudlejang (flat stone for heating) in Korea, and to scientifically determine the petrological characteristics of the area and the reasons for its use as a quarry. The rocks in the quarry are composed of light-green lapilli tuff, containing various types of lithic fragments and crystalline fragments in a vitreous matrix consisting of the fine feldspar crystals. The main constituent minerals were identified as quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and opaque minerals. When the major element compositions were plotted on a Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 diagram, all samples were situated in the same compositional area as rhyolite. In addition, the result of magnetic susceptibility measurement also showed a similar range of values, of 1.30 ∼ 4.85 (×10-3 SI), indicating that samples were fractionated from the same magma. Both rock types showed similar apparent specific gravity values of 2.32 ~ 2.60. In particular, plate-shaped joints are well developed in the Obongsan Mountain area, and many areas exhibit talus terrain. In conclusion, the rocks of this area is interpreted to used for a site of Gudlejang quarrying, because the rocks were easily obtainable due to the terrain characteristics, and their petrological properties made them suitable for use as Gudlejang stone.

Even in modern times, we are accustomed to the lifestyle of floor heating system in which the floor is heated for warmth like Ondol, which is the traditional Korean heating system. So, this study was designed to understand the preferred floor temperature through the questionnaires targeting the local residents living in K region. This study would also find out the floor temperature which is preferred by young people and old people through the experiments. The findings are as follows; (1) the old people do not prefer the temperature higher than young people do. It was found that the old people prefer the floor temperature of 40℃ under the air temperature of 20℃ or the floor temperature of 41℃ under the air temperature of 20℃. (2) Both young people and old people tend to like the average skin temperature of 35.5℃. The skin temperature which both young and old people like was 35.2℃ under the air temperature of 24℃ and the skin temperature preferred by young people was 0.4℃ higher than that preferred by under the air temperature of 20℃ (p<0.01). (3) It was found in the questionnaires that the young people prefer the higher floor temperature in terms of age and that the people who get older in their 50s or higher tend to prefer the lower temperature.

본고에서는 고려시대 수혈주거지의 분포와 현황에 대해 살펴보고, 내부시설의 구조적인 속성을 분류하여 특징을 검토하였다. 그리고 난방ㆍ취사시설의 변천과 취락의 편년을 통해 단계를 설정 하여 단계별 수혈주거지의 변화양상과 내부구조에 있어서 지역적인 특징에 대하여 검토하였다. 고려시대 수혈주거지 내부구조에서 난방ㆍ취사시설은 온돌의 비율이 53％로 우세하게 나타난 다. 평면형태는 방형과 말각방형, 장방형 등 방형계주거지의 비율이 90％를 차지한다. 기둥배치 는 난방ㆍ취사시설의 구조가 단순화될수록 기둥의 수가 줄어든다. 면적은 5～15㎡의 비율이 전 체에서 75％(146동)를 차지하여 밀집 분포하고 있다. 벽석렬은 고려시대 수혈주거지에 보이는 특징적인 시설로 기능에 대해서는 주거지 면적과의 관계를 통해 소형주거지보다는 중ㆍ대형주거 지에 설치될 확률이 높다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 벽체 하부시설의 가능성을 뒷받침한 다고 생각된다. 고려시대 수혈주거지는 4단계로 구분되며, 단계별 난방ㆍ취사시설의 변화는 온돌(‘T’자형ㆍ ‘ㄱ’자형)→온돌(‘ㄱ’자형ㆍ‘一’자형), 바닥 노, 벽로→바닥 노ㆍ벽로이다. 지역별 특징은 난 방ㆍ취사시설에 있어서 강원도ㆍ인천ㆍ경기도지역의 중부권에서는 온돌의 비율이 높으며, 충청 도ㆍ경상도지역의 남부권에서는 벽로의 비율이 높게 나타난다. 평면형태는 지역별 차이가 뚜렷 하지 않으며, 대부분 방형, 말각방형주거지가 75％이상의 비율을 차지한다. 입지는 강원도지역 은 구릉보다는 충적지에 입지한 취락의 비율이 높고, 인천ㆍ경기도지역과 충청도지역은 도서지 역을 제외하면 구릉에 입지한 취락의 비율이 높다. 경상도지역은 구릉과 충적지에 입지한 취락의 비율이 5:5로 확인된다. 또한 취락의 입지에 따른 주거지에서 출토된 유물의 차이를 지역별로 확 인할 수 있다. 구릉부에 입지한 취락은 지역별 구분 없이 청자류, 기와류, 도기류가 출토된다. 그 러나 충적지에 입지한 취락의 경우 강원도지역은 보습, 살포, 철솥, 호미, 괭이, 철촉, 철겸, 철준, 동곳 등의 철기류 중에서 농구류가 출토되며, 경상도지역은 어망추와 방추차 등의 유물이 출토되는 차이점이 확인된다.

This paper studies the distribution of the pit-dwellings in Korea era and classifies the inner facilities of the structural characters in the pit-dwellings. In addition, the paper sets the stages through chronologically recording community zone and changes of the heating·cooking facilities. Also, the regional features is discussed with the changes of phased pit-dwellings and inner structures. Korea era is inner structure in community zone, Ondul in heating·cooking facilities accounts for 53％. The rate of the square parties such as square types, cutcorner types, and rectangular types is over 90％ in the flat formation. The pillar arrangements is getting decreased as heating·cooking facilities is simplified. The size for 5～15㎡ accounts for 75％(146homes) in the entire houses. The row, the distinctive features found only in Korea era, is installed in medium·large homes rather than small ones when compared with the size of the community zone. It is considered that the results supports the possibilities of the lower facilities in the wall. Pit-dwellings in Korea era have four stages. The changes of phased heating·cooking facilities is Ondol(‘T’-shape·‘ㄱ’formation) → Ondol(‘ㄱ’ shaped·‘ㅡ’formation), flat fireplace, fireplace → flat fireplace → fireplace. In terms of the heating·cooking facilities, the regional feature is that the rate of Ondol is higher in central district such as Kangwon-do, Incheon, and Kyoungi-do whereas the rate of fireplace is higher in southern distirct such as Cheongchung-do and Kyeongsang-do. There is no marked differences in flat formation, and square types and cut-corner types are over 75％ in general. As for the location in Kangwondo, the rate of the community zone established in an alluvion is higher that of the community zone established in a hill. Regarding the location in Incheon, Kyoungido, Cheongchung-do and Kyeongsand-do, the rate of the community zone about the alluvion and the hill is the same at five to five ratio. Furthermore, the different relics are identied along with the location of the community zone. Celadons, rooftiles, and earthenwares are excavated in the community zone in the hill regardless of the regions. However, in case of the community zone at the alluvion, peasant tools among metals such as plowshares, spade for irrigation work, iron-pots, hoes, picks, iron arrowhead, iron sickles, ferrules, and top-knotpins are excavated in Kangwonarea. fishing net-sinkers and spindle wheels are unearthed in Kyongsang-area.

본고에서는 최근 구릉 전체를 전면 제토하는 발굴 방식이 일반화되면서, 그 조사 예가 증가하고 있는 조선시대 수혈주거지에 대해 주변유적과의 검토를 통해 기능과 성격을 살펴보았으며, 고고학적인 형식 분류와 시기구분을 통해 시기별 변화상과 특징을 밝히고자 노력하였다. 수혈수거지의 분포상태와 주변에서 확인되는 유구의 성격에 따라 그 기능과 용도에 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었는데, 수혈주거지만이 단독으로 무리지어 확인되는 경우는 대부분 화전이나 산전 등과 관련된 생활유적이었을 가능성이 크며, 분묘유적과 함께 확인되는 수혈주거지는 묘막으로 사용되었을 가능성이 높지만, 두 유구의 입지위치에 따라 그 성격이 다르게 해석될 수 있다. 더불어 그 안에 살던 사람들은 경제적으로 빈궁한 서민들로 관리들의 횡포를 피해 산 속으로 숨어들어 화전과 산전을 개간하거나, 숯을 굽고 柴木 등을 팔거나, 하천과 인접한 지역에 살던 사람들은 주변 논을 경작하거나 물고기를 잡아 시장에 팔아 생계를 유지했던 것으로 보인다. 수혈주거지의 평면 형태와 내부시설, 기둥구멍의 배치 등의 형식 분류를 통해 시기별 변화상을 살피고자 하였으나, 내부시설의 시기적인 밀집상은 파악할 수 있었지만, 각 형식의 시기적인 변화상은 확인되지 않았다.

This study examines the function and characteristics of pit dwellings from the Joseon period through a comparison with other contemporary sites which have been brought to light though the increased number of excavations where the entire site has been dug. In particular, it looks at diachronic change in dwelling type and function. Analysis was able to identify the different functions of pit dwellings according to their distribution and the nature of their artifact assemblage. Pit dwellings found in groups appear to have been used as houses by communities practicing slash-and-burn or mountain cultivation. Pit dwellings found in association with contemporary graves may be interpreted as structures in which filial mourning took place, but this is dependant on the location of the structures. It can be suggested that communities utilizing these dwellings may have been the poor who hid within the mountains in order to avoid the oppression of government officials, or those who practiced slash-and-burn farming or sold charcoal. Those residing near rivers may have cultivated rice fields or sold the fish they caught. Finally, the aim of this study was to investigate diachronic change in pit dwellings, by focusing on their shape, inner facilities and layout of pillar holes. Although different dwelling plans and functions could be attributed to different periods, clear diachronic change in dwelling type could not be confirmed.

본 논문은 필자의 중도식 주거 외줄구들의 단일기원설에 대한 여러 비판들에 답하기 위하여 작성되었다. 특히 최초의 외줄구들이 중도식 주거에 채용된 이후에 외부로부터 계통을 달리 하는 외줄구들이 기존 외줄구들을 대체했다는 다원기원설을 반박하는데 중점을 두었다. 먼저 연구자에 따라 외줄구들의 형태 변이에 대하여 이해를 달리 하는 근본 원인에 대하여 살펴보았는데, 대개는 외줄구들에 대한 편년과 지역성, 그리고 외줄구들 형식에 대한 인식 차이에서 비롯되었다. 따라서 외줄구들과 관련된 세 가지 내용을 중심으로 다원기원설을 비판적으로 검토하였다. 또한 외줄구들 단일기원설 역시 동일한 내용으로 살펴보았는데, 외줄구들의 시간적 근접성, 공간적 중복성, 그리고 구조적 유사성을 검토한 결과 외줄구들의 형태 변이는 계통이 아닌 시간 차이를 반영한 것으로 보았다. 이를 통해 다원기원설이 외줄구들의 외부 기원지를 특정하지 못하면서 문헌의 역사적 사건과 그로 인한 물질문화 변동 현상에 기대어 주장된 것임을 알 수 있었다

This paper aims to answer criticisms of my hypothesis that single line ondol, a unique heating system in Korea, in Chungdo-style settlements has a domestic origin. In particular, this paper pays attention to the competing hypothesis that the single line ondol has an external origin, and replaced the existing heating system after the single line ondol was adopted in the Chungdo-style settlement. First, the paper explores why researchers have different understandings of variation in the form of single line ondol and argues that the different assumptions in chronology, locality, and type of the ondol led to the different understandings. Accordingly, the paper critically examined the external origin hypothesis in terms of the three aspects of assumptions regarding the single line ondol: chronology, locality, and type. Second, the paper applies the same line of examination to the domestic origin hypothesis of the single line ondol. Examination of the temporal proximity, spatial overlap, and structural similarity shows that the variation in form reflects temporal variation rather than variation in affiliation. It is concluded that the external origin hypothesis is based on the temporal events from historical documents and the resulting changes in material culture without a specific proposal of an origin point.

본 연구에서는 ‘우리민족의 이동-아무르에서 캄차카반도까지’라는 제목하의 손성태(2015) 연구에 이어, 알류산열도에서 캐나다 서해안으로 이어지는 우리민족의 이동루트에, 우리민족 고유의 어떤 흔적이 남았는가를 다루었다. 이를 위하여, 먼저 알류산열도를 중심으로 양쪽 대륙 연안에 해당하는 춥지(축치)-캄차카반도와 알래스카에 기원후 3세기에서 10세기 사이에 사용된 철기유물을 다루었다. 이 철기 유물은 종래의 인류학이 아메리카 인디언의 기원으로 기원전 1만 5천 년 전의 빙하기에 베링해를 건넜다는 설이 잘못되었고, 그 시대뿐 아니라 삼국시대 우리민족도 아메리카로 건너갔다는 종래의 필자의 주장을 더욱 뒷받침해주는 증거이다. 알류산열도를 통하여 우리민족이 태평양을 건넜다는 증거를 유물, 신앙, 풍습, 언어로 나누어 제시했다. 유물로는 온돌을 비롯하여, 결합식 낚시바늘, 반달형 돌칼, 등잔을 제시하였고, 신앙으로는 태양신 신앙, 풍습으로는 문신과 실뜨기 놀이, 그리고 거실장을 다루었다. 또 언어적 증거로, 알류산열도의 섬 명칭이나 마을 명칭이 우리말로 해석된다는 사실도 밝혔다. 캐나다 서해안에 남은 우리민족의 흔적으로, 유물, 풍습, 언어를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 유물로는 반달형 칼과 토템폴, 꼬아서 만든 새끼줄 등을 제시했다. 특히 토템폴을 ‘굿대야’라고 했다는 사실은, 언어는 우연히 일치하는 법이 없다는 진리하에 고려할 때, 우리민족의 가장 뚜렷한 흔적 가운데 하나일 것이다. 캐나다 서해안 인디언들은 19세기 말까지도 남자는 상투를 했고, 여자는 볼에 붉은 볼연지를 했다. 그들의 장례식은 매우 길어 조문객들이 이제 그만하라고 말리기까지 했는데, 이는 「삼국지」위지동이전에 기록된 우리의 부여 풍속과 같다. 특히 캐나다와 미국 서해안의 인디언들이 20세기 초까지도 장례식 노래 ‘만가(輓歌)’를 불렀는데, 이것은 삼국시대부터 우리민족 장례식의 매우 두드러진 특징이다. 종교적으로도 무당의 굿하는 모습이나 저주하는 방법 등을 다루어, 종교적 가치관과 정신세계까지 인디언들과 우리민족이 같았다는 사실을 밝혔다.

In the present paper I presented evidences that the Korean ancestors went across the Aleutian Islands to Alaska and continued their movement to the south along the west coast of Canada. The evidences that I found consist of relics, customs, religious belief and languages. The relics that Korean ancestors left in the Aleutian Islands are separable fishing hooks, semi－lunar stone knives, stone lamps, and Ondo－the Korean traditional heating system. Above all the Aleutian had the same custom as the Korean in that they used to put lamps in a small space in the walls of their dugout huts. And they had the same religions and funeral customs of the Korean’s. The evidences that the Korean ancestors passed through the west coast of Canada consist of relics, customs, religion and language. The indians that inhabited the coast of Canada used semi－lunar stone knives. Men wore a topknot and women put on rouges on the cheeks. They had the same funeral customs as the korean’s in that they used to sing manca, a sad song for funerals. The most important evidence that their ancestors were Koreans is that they called ‘Kooteeyaa’ the Totem poles, their traditional monuments made of wood and that they called ‘kopi’ the ropes made of twisted bark of trees or reeds. Kooteeyaa and Kopi are Korean words. The last evidence that the Koreans went across the route ‘the Kamchatka peninsula－the Aleutian Islands－ Canaca’ is iron relics used between the 3rd century the 10th century in those regions.

한국의 청실양식은 84.9%가 요와 이불을 사용하여 온돌의 방바닥에 누워 자는 형식이다. 이에 본 연구는 온돌 난방 주택에서의 수연환경의 실태를 파악하기 위하여 온돌침실의 온열환경, 침상기후, 수면시 생리반응을 각 가정의 일상생활 중에서 직접 측정하여 계절별, 주택형태별에 따른 수면환경의 차이를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 계절 및 주택형태별에 따른 수면환경의 큰 온도차이에도 불구하고 수면 중 인체와 접촉하는 이불 밑과 요 시트의 침상온도는 계절과 주택형태에 관계없이 연평균 $30.5{\sim}34.1^{\circ}C$로 쾌적한 침상 내 온도를 나타내었을 뿐만 아니라 수면 중 직장온도도 연평균 $36.8^{\circ}C$로 계절 및 주택형태에 따른 유의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 그러나 침실환경에 대한 주관적 온열감각은 주택형태에 따라 유의한 차이를 나타내어 침실의 온열 중성점이 아파트 $25.9^{\circ}C$, 단독주택 $20.3^{\circ}C$로 아파트가 단독주택보다 $5.6^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났다. 이는 건물의 구조가 주택은 조적조의 구조인 반면 아파트는 철근콘크리트의 구조로 우수한 단열력을 가지므로 외기온의 영향을 받기 어려워 높은 실내온도를 유지하였기 때문이다. 뿐만 아니라 거주자들이 주택 내 환경에 적응되어진 결과라고도 할 수 있겠으나 아파트 거주자의 측면에서는 온열환경에 대한 에너지 절약, 건강 유지 등의 관점에서 보다 효율적인 난방을 위한 쾌적한 생활온도 설정을 재고할 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate actual sleeping environments in Ondol rooms depending on the season. The experiment was performed on five healthy women. The bedroom environments using Ondol were measured in five cases (three apartments and two houses). The environments in bedroom, bedding temperature, skin temperature and thermal sensation were measured continuously through the seven days for each season in real life. This data of sleeping environments were analyzed in the view of seasonal variations and housing types. Annual average bedroom temperatures: $26.2{\sim}31.0^{\circ}C$ in apartments, $15.7{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$ in houses. Annual average bedroom humidity: 48.3~82.1% RH in apartments, 64.9~87.0% RH in houses. During sleeping, temperatures of contact surfaces like sheets and under quilts ranged between $30.5^{\circ}C$ and $34.1^{\circ}C$ regardless of season or housing type. Annual average rectal temperature was $36.8^{\circ}C$ with no significant difference in season or housing type. In the point of thermal sensation, neutral temperature of the bedroom was $25.9^{\circ}C$ in apartments and $20.3^{\circ}C$ in houses. It was concluded that in spite of thermal environmental variations according to the seasons, skin, bedding and bedroom temperatures in apartments were better and more stable than those of houses. It is regarded that while houses are brick structured, apartments are steel-frame structured. Due to better insulation and air tightness, apartments were affected less from outdoor temperature and maintained higher room temperature than houses.

Jeju-do is a volcanic island located off the shore of the Korean peninsula facing the Pacific Ocean. The traditional housing styles of the Jeju Province, therefore, reflect the impact of these natural backgrounds and reveal different housing styles that are distinctive from those of mainland Korea. The purpose of this research is to analyze the peculiarities of the Ondol (floor heating system) and the kitchen space of traditional housing of Jeju Island in terms of lifestyles. This study shall employ two research methods: a literature review and field survey methods. The literature review shall focus on the observations of characteristics noted in previous studies of Jeju's private houses. The field survey shall employ field survey and interview methods originating from the ethnography of the culturological-anthropologist approach. (1) The Jeju-do Ondol system is a “Weibang-eudul” system which means one Gudul per fire hole. (2) The definition of terms for Gulmook show variations depending on the various regions on Jeiu-do. (3) Major facilities in Jeongji include Gulmook, Sotduck, and Busup. Gulmook is a heating facility and Sotduck refers to a cooking facility; Busup refers to a combination of heating, cooking, and illuminating facilities.

온돌 난방계통에서 지면을 통한 열손실을 수학적으로 등각사상과 변수변환방법을 사용하여 해석하였다. 2차원 및 3차원 해석 결과를 얻었다. 난방되는 주택은 직사각형이라고 가정하였다. 그림 2를 사용하여 평균 지면 열손실을 구할 수 있다. 열 특성치가 열 손실에 미치는 효과에 대하여 설명되었다. 열손실을 구하는 수치적 보기를 주었다.

Heat loss to the ground in ondol heating system is analyzed mathematically using conformal mapping and variable transformations, Both two-and three-dimensional systems are analyzed. Heated house is assumed to be rectangular shape. Mean value of heat loss to the ground can be obtained using Figure 2. Effects of thermal parameters to heat loss are discussed. Numerical examples are also given.

Korean traditional Ondol with the sensible heat storage medium has been for a long time used as residential heating system, in these days the concrete Ondol without the heat storage medium was realized as the heating system in the private houses and the apartments. This floor heating system is good for our health. But the concrete Ondol is not desirable for the energy saving and for the maintenance of comfortable room temperature because the heat storage medium is not employed in the concrete Ondol. And as the hot water circulating pipes ate buried under the the concrete floor, the concrete Ondol system has some kind of problems to be improved. Therefore the new type of Ondol system was developed in this study. And the new Ondol was consisted of latent heat storage material as heat storage medium with a great heat capacity and bioceramics as medium to maintain comfortable room temperature. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of latent heat storage-bioceramic Ondol was analyzed theoretically.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of thermal comfort index and to present the thermal comfort range through regression analyses and experiment in a radiant floor heating system laboratory. The results were compared to the comfort zone of ISO-7730, and the applicability of the thermal comfort index to a radiant floor heating system was studied. On comparing the sedentary posture on the floor to sitting on the chair, the comfort zone and the neutral point of comfort index showed different values. It is considered that the influence of conduction from floor to the human is sufficient. Moreover, we could find a correlation between the thermal sensation votes of subjects, and the comfort indexes were lower than those by calculation.

The purpose of this study is to analyze 38 building sites equipped with ondol facilities among 82 buildings excavated from the Hoeam Temple Site, in order to examine the way ondol facilities were constructed and how this process changed throughout the early Joseon Dynasty. Research is carried out with reference to ‘燠室 (uksil)’ ‘ 間 (inkan)’, and ‘溫突 (ondol)’, which appear in the literature records of the late Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties, and to consider the overall value of ondol technology. Ondol is a traditional facility of residential space in Korea. However few studies have been undertaken on what technical changes were passed down to the present day from the early Goryeo Dynasty, when the full floor heating system first appeared. The process of change, from partial floor heating ondol to full floor heating ondol, shows that it is very important to combine the meanings of the developments in the way ondol facilities were made in order to increase the thermal efficiency of the floor heating system. Geographically, Hoeam Temple is located in the central region of the Korean Peninsula and the early Joseon Dynasty (the 15th to 16th century) is the most obvious period of construction. The value of the entire floor area of Hoeam Temple site, based on an architectural archaeological perspective, can be approached though a survey of ondol structures (focuing on age, differences) of the early Joseon Dynasty, on the search for various types of application methods, technological changes (the theory of thermal efficiency development), and on the function of the buildings.

본 연구에서는 전통 문화 중 융합 교육의 소재로 온돌의 가치를 발견하고 이를 활용한 교육 프로그램을 개발하고 적용하여 교육 소재로서의 가치를 찾고자 한다. 다양한 문헌 연구를 통해 온돌이 가지는 역사적, 사회-문화적, 기술적 가치가 융합 교육으로서 최적의 소재임을 알았고 융합성이 잘 반영되도록 5개 대주제로 된 총 10차시의 교육 프로그램을 개발했다. 온돌 교육 프로그램은 서울 시내 과학 중점 고등학교 1학년생들 19명에게 적용되었고 이 중 출석률이 70% 이상인 8명의 자료를 분석했다. 프로그램 적용 결과 도출을 위해 수업 전-후 조사지, 학생들의 활동지, 수업 녹화 자료 및 학생 면담 자료를 수집, 분석했다. 연구 결과, 온돌 교육 프로그램을 통해 온돌에 대한 학생들의 과학 지식, 융합적 사고, 자부심 등이 긍정적으로 변화했다. 전통 문화 속에서 융합 소재를 더 많이 발굴해 교육하는 것은 융합 교육의 다양화 측면에서뿐만 아니라 전통 문화에 대한 자부심 함양 측면에서도 큰 의미가 있을 것이다

In this study, we attempt to investigate the value of Ondol as a theme for convergence education by developing educational program and applying it. We found the value of Ondol from the historical, sociocultural, and technical perspectives in previous researches and developed a 10-hour educational program with five subjects. Ondol program was applied to first grade high school students, 19 students from science core schools in Seoul. A total of eight students who had attended the 70% or more classes were analyzed. We analyzed various data such as opinionnaire survey before and after the program, classroom activity sheets, class observation, and interview. The results showed that students’ scientific knowledge, convergence thinking and pride about Ondol had been improved through this program. Educating traditional culture as a means of convergence education has a significance in that it contributes the diversifying the theme of convergence education as well as fostering students’ pride of out traditional culture

꼰스딴찌노브까 1 주거유적은 연해주의 옥짜브리스끼 지구 꼰스딴찌노브까 마을 부근의 라즈돌나야강 우안 평탄지에 위치한다. 이 유적에 대해서는 V.I.볼딘이 1987년부터 1992년까지 4차에 걸쳐 발굴조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 상건축면과 하건축면으로 뚜렷하게 구분되는 2개의 중세문화층이 확인되었다. 또한 가장 아래에서는 초기철기시대 끄로우노브까 문화층이, 가장 위 부분에서는 여진과 한인 이주민의 유물들이 수습되었다. 또한 5기의 쪽구들 주거지와 측구가 딸린 도로유구 등 적지 않은 유구가 조사되었고, 토기, 기와, 여러 종류의 골각기와 금속제품이 출토되었다. V.I.볼딘은 이 유적의 상건축면을 여진시기로 하건축면을 발해시기로 각각 편년하였지만, 필자는 이 글에서 유적의 층위, 출토유물, 쪽구들의 구조, 절대연대자료 등에 대한 세밀한 검토를 통해 상건축면은 발해의 늦은 시기라는 하건축면은 발해의 이른 시기라는 새로운 편년안을 제시하였고, 상건축면의 3기 쪽구들 주거지(1호, 2호, 3호)와 하건축면의 2기 쪽구들 주거지(1991-1호, 4호)가 모두 발해의 것임을 새롭게 밝히게 되었다. 상건축면의 쪽구들들은 모두 2줄 고래이며, 아궁이와 고래가‘ㄱ’자 모양으로 꺾이는 구조를 보이고, 모두 지상식 건물이다. 반면에 하건축면의 쪽구들은 2기 모두 1줄 고래이고, 아궁이와 고래는‘ㄱ’자 모양으로 꺾이는 구조를 보이나, 4호 주거지의 경우에는 수혈식인 것이 차이가 난다. 하지만 이 쪽구들들은 모두 여진의 쪽구들들과는 평면구조에서 큰 차이를 보인다. 가장 흥미로운 것은 하건축면에서 조사된 4호 주거지가 비록 지금은 발해의 이른 시기로 편년이 되지만, 방사성탄소연대와 적색의 모골와 그리고 길이에 비해 너비가 넓은 대상파수 등을 통해 본다면, 이 보다 더 이른 고구려시기에 축조되었을 가능성도 높다는 사실이다.

Konstantinovka 1 settlement is situated near Konstantinovka village in Octyabr’sk area of Primorski Territory on a terrace of right bank of Razdol’naya river. Excavations in the site were carried by V.I.Boldin during four years, since 1987 to 1992. As a result of excavations two building horizons attributed to Middle Ages were clearly distinguished. Besides, a layer of Krounovka culture of the early Iron Age was found and objects of Churjen period and Korean immigrants were collected. Many objects are investigated, including 5 dwellings with ondol and road with ditches on its both sides. Ceramics, tiles, various bone and horn objects and metal things were found. V.I. Boldin attributed the upper building horizon to Churjen period, and the lower building horizon to Palhae time. However the author of the given work, after careful studying of stratigraphy of the settlement, artifacts, construction of ondols and absolute dates assumed that the upper building horizon concerns to late period of Palhae, and the lower building horizon to the early period of Palhae, and found out that all dwellings with ondol, that is 3 dwellings with ondol in upper horizon (dwelling № 1, № 2, №3) and 2 dwellings with ondol in lower horizon (dwelling № 1991-1, № 4), concern to Palhe. All ondols in the upper building horizon have two channels, there fire chamber and flue channels in the plan form L-type, all these dwellings are overground. And ondols of the lower building horizon have single channel, the fire chamber and flue channels in the plan form L-type, and one dwelling (№ 4) is earth-house. But, in general, lay-out of these 5 dwellings strongly differs from Churjen time ondols. The most interesting fact is that the dwelling № 4 that is dated now to early period of Palhe, apparently was constructed during Koguryo time, judging by radio carbon dates,red tiles with edges and tape vessel handles, which width is larger than length.

This study examines the regional characteristics through the features of ondol (traditional Korean underfloor heating system) in residences of the Three Kingdoms Period in the western part of Gyeongnam. The use of ondol and cooking-ranges, which were passed down from the Samhan (Three Hans) Period to the Three Kingdoms Period, is typically seen throughout the nation, but its appearance together with the types of residences, are different in each region. The plane of residences in the western part of Gyeongnam is oval shaped and ondol can usually be found in flat lands. White internal constructions materials during the Samhan Period used flagstones, clay was most frequently used in the Three Kingdoms Period. This change of construction materials is understood to have been caused and developed by not only ease of extracting materials, but in order to express detailed ondol structures and to prevent smoke leaking into the room. Based on the formative features of the ondol, it is generally grouped as I type or II type. ondol I types are types that appear only in remains of the Samhan Period at the western part of Gyeongnam and they have been confirmed at Sacheon Neukdo remains and Sacheon Bangjiri remains. ondol II types are from the Three Kingdoms Period and are typically appended on circular residences, showing a particular concentration on the western areas of Gyeongnam. The ondol I-types of the Samhan Period are ‘가’ shaped and the point in which the cooking-range and hypocaust connects is bent at almost a right angle. On the other hand, II-types are normally added to the oval-shaped residences and follows the curvatures of the residence to naturally connect the cooking-range and hypocaust, giving the general plane the appearance of an arc. Fundamentally, type I and type II are the same heating system, but the detailed differences show the technological changes for enhancing cooking and heating by addressing the problems of ondol I type with the passing of time. On the other hand, the change of the structure for smooth ventilation and high heating efficiency has a high possibility that it first took into consideration fire prevention by moving the ondol to the edge of the building. The above ondol II type has these features only when added to residences built on an oval shaped plane and the II type has the same distribution range of oval residences. The distribution range of oval-shaped residences were focused mainly on the western part of Gyeongnam and to the east up to western Naktonggang (Riv.), west up to the eastern part of Jirisan (Mt.) and to the north up to Sobaeksanmaek (mountain range). However, in a certain range outside of the main distribution range, a combination of square and oval residences are apparent and it is recognized to be the crossing point of the oval residential culture of western Gyeongnam and the nearby square residential culture. The plane form of residences seen in ondol I types are almost all square typed, while the residences confirmed in II types show a circular shape. This suggests that the structure of ondol are directly related with the structure of the residences. The oval shaped residences and ondol II types are a cultural belt centered around the western part of Gyeongnam and can be said to show the actual residential lifestyle of that period. As explained above, the oval-shaped residences are the unique residential lifestyles concentrated on the western part of Gyeongnam during the period mentioned and I believe that there is a high possibility that it represents the Gaya residential culture subjected to oval shaped residences.

기저부하조성 및 부하율 향상을 위한 심야전력요금제도의 정착으로 최근 심야전력축열기기의 보급이 활성화되고 있다. 그러나 모든 심야전력축열기기들이 심야요금개시시간대인 2f시경에 동시에 가동됨에 따라 23시경에 심야전력 부하가 최대에 이르러 전력피크가 발생하여 한전의 수요관리에 큰 어려움을 주고 있다 따라서 이 피크 부하를 심야전력 공급시간대의 저 부하시간대로 분산시킬 수 있는 심야전력기기 공급시간을 제어하는 통전제어장치가 필요하게 되었으며, 이미 축열식전기보일러와 축열식전기온수기에는 개발 보급되고 있는 실정이다. 이 논문에서는 다른 심야전력축열기기와는 달리 자연방열의 바닥축열난방방식인 축열식전기온돌의 통전제어장치 알고리즘을 실증실험을 통해서 검증하였다.

The heat transfer model of ondol heating system is derived in the linear form. The step responses of On-Off controller, PID controller and Position type fuzzy controllers are compared in the sense of several aspects : variation of temperature feedback variable, variation of supplied heat quantity by the boiler, variation of flow rate, variation of thickness of the base, variation of the outdoor temperature.

본 연구는 단국대학교 동양학연구소에서 펴낸 주거 문화 관련 자료집을 중심으로 일본인과 조선인의 온돌관을 비교․고찰한 것이다. 이 자료집은 일본인과 조선인이 주거와 관련해서 일문과 국문으로 발표한 글들을 모아 편집한 것으로, 당시 온돌 관련 사항을 한 눈에 파악할 수 있는 장점을 지닌다. 온돌의 등장은 우리 가옥 구조와 생활 방식, 그리고 생활용품에 이르기까지 주생활 전반에 걸쳐 커다란 변화를 가져온다. 이러한 온돌은 일제강점기에 산림 황폐화의 주요인으로 꼽히며 끊임없이 개량 내지 폐지해야 한다는 논란을 불러일으킨다. 본 연구는 당시에 제기된 온돌과 관련된 논의를 크게 경제적 측면, 위생적 측면, 인간 행태적 측면으로 나누고, 다시 경제적 측면을 산림의 황폐화와 온돌의 개조로 세분하여 관련 자료를 중심으로 논의를 전개하였다. 일본인들은 조선의 온돌을 산림을 황폐화시키고 위생상 좋지 않으며 나태한 조선인을 양산하는 산물로 인식한다. 그래서 조선의 온돌을 문명과 근대에 역행하는 것으로 생각하고 해체해야 할 대상으로 여긴다. 이러한 비판적 시각은 주거에서 조선 고유의 색채를 일소함으로써 우리 민족의 정신을 말살하여 그 종속관계를 영구히 지속하고자 했던 일제의 민족말살정책과 무관하지 않다. 일본인과 달리 추운 겨울을 이겨낼 방도가 온돌 이외에 달리 대안이 없었던 조선인에게 있어서 온돌의 존폐는 바로 민족의 생존과 직결되는 문제였다. 그래서 일본인과 달리 온돌의 장점을 부각시키면서 온돌의 구조적 형태를 지키고자 한다. 이것은 일제강점기 하에서 우리 민족의 정체성을 잃지 않으려는 노력의 일환이었던 것이다. 그리고 일본인에 의해 온돌의 폐단으로 제기된 비경제성과 비위생성 등은 양국의 생활 방식에 따른 차이에서 기인한 것이지 결코 온돌이 주는 폐단은 아닌 것이다.

The current study compared and examined the view of Ondol between Japanese and Korean people focused on ?A Source Book Related To Housing Culture published by Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies. This source book was edited collecting the Japanese and Korean people's articles published in Japanese and Korean in relation to housing, which has advantages to easily understand details related to Ondol at that time. The advent of Ondol brought about a lot of changes in the whole housing life ranging from the structure of our houses and lifestyles to household items. This Ondol caused constant controversy that it had to be improved or abolished being pointed out as a main factor of forest denudation during the Japanese ruling era. The present study divided a debate related to Ondol into largely three aspects of economical, hygienic, human behavior aspects, and again subdividing the economical aspect into forest denudation and remodeling of Ondol to discuss them focused on relevant data. The Japanese consider Ondol of Chosun as a product to devastate forests and to mass-produce lazy Koreans being making insanitary environments. That's why they think that Ondol of Chosun as what is counter to civilization and modern times and that it should be de-constructed. This critical view is not unrelated to Japan’s policy to obliterate the Korean nation that they tried to eternally keep a subordinate relationship annihilating our national spirit by sweeping away Chosun's own distinct features in housing. For Koreans who had no alternative except Ondol to get through cold winter unlike the Japanese, the question of its maintenance or abolition was an issue connected directly to the very survival of the nation. That's why unlike the Japanese, the Korean people tried to keep the structural form of Ondol strengthening its advantages. This was a part of efforts no to lose our national identity during the Japanese occupation of Korea. And uneconomical and unsanitary characteristics etc. which the Japanese pointed out as a lethal factor of Ondol are arising from differences in the lifestyle between two countries rather than its own fundamental deficiency.