Earticle

씨름은 한반도에서 전승된 명백한 국기(國技)이다. 이러한 씨름은 곧잘 Korean wrestling 으로 번역되곤 한다. 이는 현대의 경기로 정착된 모습에서 보이는 서양의 레슬링과의 유사성에 근거한 번역이다. 그러나 그것은 현대에 들어와 스포츠화 되는 과정에서 나타난 모습에 많은 부 분 의존한 설명이기에, 씨름과 레슬링이 지닌 근본적인 특성을 반영하기 에 부족한 감이 있다. 이러한 구분이 명확하게 제시되지 않은 상황 속에 서 크게 두 가지 문제가 발생하고 있다. 첫째는 씨름의 기원을 설명하는 데 있어 역사적으로 영향 관계를 찾을 수 없는 고대 레슬링에 대한 사료 가 언급되는 것이며, 둘째는 이러한 소급적인 관점이 씨름의 형태가 오 래된 과거로부터 변화 없이 동일하게 전승되었을 것이라는 판단을 불러 일으킨다는 것이다. 이것은 명백하게 현실과 다른 것이며 나아가 문화의 상대성과 시대별 격차를 고려하지 않았다는 맹점을 지닌다. 본 연구는 이러한 오류를 바로잡아 전통씨름의 본연의 특성을 파악하고 분석할 법 을 인류학적 모형에서 찾고자하는 시도이다.

Ssireum is an national game handed down from Koreans. The game(or sports) is often translated as 'Korean wrestling'. This Translation is based on extroversion similarities to Western wrestling. However, it is not enough to reflect the fundamental characteristics of ssireum. Because this point of view relies on the appearance of modern sports. Two major problems arise in situations where this distinction is not clearly presented. The first is what reference ancient Western wrestling to explain ssireum without historical connection or matching specific pattern of culture. And the second is retroactive view of ssireum make misjudgment that may have been passed down equally from the old past. These problems has the blind spot of not considering cultural relativity and periodic gaps. This paper is an attempt to correct these problems through understanding the original characteristics of traditional ssireum. Necessarily, this work accompany to redefine the play-style of the object referred to by ssireum.

봉황무늬(鳳纹)의 발달은 시간개념이 아닌 형태개념이 있는데, 이는 봉황무늬 유래에 나타나는 독특한 현상적 특징이기도 하다. 또한 사람들의 정신이념을 이러한 무늬에 더욱 잘 녹여내서 화하 민족의 전통적인 사유관념인식 인식, 심미사상창출, 가 치도덕적 판단 등과도 밀접하게 연관되어 시대의 흐름에 따라 봉황무늬의 형태가 파생 되고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 봉황무늬의 파생은 봉황의 구상적 특징과 가상적 형태가 주관의식과 결합된 것으로, 중국 문화사가 발전하면서 중국만이 가지고 있는 전통 문 화 아이콘으로 자리잡았다. 게다가 이러한 무늬는 풍부한 문화적 함의, 아름다운 정신 적인 의미, 전통적인 심미적 표현, 그리고 선명한 민족적 특성으로 인해 중화민족문명 의 보물이라는 찬사를 받기까지 했다. 수많은 인류유적에서 출토된 부장품이나 현대의 실생활에 이르기까지 다양한 생활 도구에서 그 화려한 모습을 자주 볼 수 있다. 봉황무늬의 발달과정을 보면, 그 파생현상은 외부사회의 발전변화의 영향과 제 약에 의해 자신의 심미적 주관 의식의 지도 없이 일어나는 수동적이고 무질서한 부속 품으로 보인다. 이런 현상은 사물의 발전 법칙에 부합하지 않으며, 봉문조형의 발달은 예술분야에서 인간의 심미적 활동의 범주에 속하며, 거기에는 반드시 심미적 주체의식 이 있을 것이다. 중국 고전의 미학 연구내용 중 우리는 莊子의 "遊"에 대한 설명이 派 生鳳文의 流變과 일정부분 합치되어 심미 주체의식의 흔적을 찾을 수 있을 것 같다는 점을 발견했다. 이 글은 “游”의 미적 본질을 출발점으로 하였다. 일본학자 야마모토의 연구를 근 거로 영상학적 조형시스템화 연구에서 제시된 관련이미지 간의 변화와 관계 및 체계화 등의 연구 방식을 살펴 볼 수 있으며, 또 봉황무늬 파생 및 조형에 대한 중점 연구, 청 일파생봉문조형진행과정과 형식 구조의 변화 특징 및 문화적으로 내포된 맥락을 살펴 보면 모두 가치가 있다. 본 글은 단계별 봉문 조형에 대한 파생 흐름을 流變式연구를 전개하고, 그 파생적 배경 및 파생적 형식을 분석하였다. 아울러 중국 봉황무늬 발전의 문맥을 정리하고 규명함으로서 연구의 시야를 확장시킨다.

The development of phoenix pattern is not a concept of time, but a conc ept of form. The phoenix pattern has its unique figurative characteristic s since it was created. It is precisely this fictional figurative feature tha t makes it easier to integrate people's spiritual concepts into it, and is more closely connected with the recognition of traditional Chinese thinki ng concepts cognition, aesthetic thinking creation, value and moral judg ment, etc. which makes phoenix pattern shape constantly derive and inn ovate with the development of the times. Derived phoenix pattern is a combination of Phoenix's concrete ,virtual f eatures and people's subjective consciousness. It has been developing wit h the history of Chinese culture, and has become a traditional Chinese c ultural symbol with strong "Chinese element" characteristics. Because of its rich cultural connotation, beautiful spiritual implication, traditional a esthetic expression and distinctive national characteristics, it is praised as the treasure of Chinese civilization. No matter from the burial objects unearthed in numerous human activity sites, or to the modern fast-pace d real life, we often see its gorgeous figures on various living appliance s. Throughout the development process of phoenix pattern, its derivative p henomenon seems to be a passive and disordered accessory, which is infl uenced and restricted by the development and change of the external soc iety and under the guidance of no own aesthetic subjective consciousnes s. This phenomenon does not conform to the law of development of thing s. After all, the development of phoenix pattern modeling belongs to the category of human aesthetic activities in the field of art, in which there must be the consciousness of aesthetic subject. In the research content of Chinese classical aesthetics, we found that Zh uangzi's explanation of "Carefree Excursion" coincides with theevolutiono fthederivedphoenixpattern,anditseemsthattheshadowofaestheticsubjectcons ciousnesscanbefoundfromit. Based on the aesthetic essence of "Carefree Excursion", this paper focuse s on the study of derived phoenix pattern, according to the research met hods of change, relationship and systematization of images put forward by Japanese scholar Yamamoto in the systematic study of image modelin g. It is of great value to clarify the evolution process , the deformation cha racteristics of formal structure and the development context of cultural c onnotation of phoenix pattern. In this paper, through the research on the derivation and evolution of p hoenix patterns in different stages, the derivation background and forms are analyzed, and the context of the development of phoenix patterns in China is combed and explored, so as to broaden the vision of its morpho logy research.

凤纹的发展不是时间概念，而是形态概念，自凤纹衍生便有其独特的具象特征，也 正是这虚构的具象特征，更容易将人们的精神理念融入其中，更与华夏民族传统的思维观 念认知、审美思想创造、价值道德判断等紧密相联，使得凤纹造型随时代发展不断派生创 新。派生凤纹是凤的具象特征和虚拟形态与人们主观意识的结合物，并一直伴随中国文化 史发展至今，成为一种具有强烈“中国元素”特征的中国传统文化符号。也因其丰富的文化内 涵、美好的精神寓意、传统的审美表达以及鲜明的民族特色，被人们赞为中华民族文明的 瑰宝。无论是从众多人类活动遗址中出土的随葬物，还是到现代快节奏的现实生活，我们 经常在各种生活器具上看到其华美的身影。 纵观凤纹的发展过程，其派生现象看似是受外界社会发展变革的影响和制约，在没 有自己的审美主观意识的指导下，产生的被动、无序的附属品。这种现象并不符合事物的 发展规律，毕竟凤纹造型的发展属于艺术领域中人类审美活动的范畴，其中必定有审美主 体的意识存在。在中国古典美学研究内容中我们发现，庄子对“游”的阐述竟然与派生凤纹的 流变大有契合之处，似乎能从其中找到审美主体意识的影子。本文以“游”的审美本质为出发 点，依据日本学者山本谦治在图像学造型系统化研究中提出的关于图像之间的变化、关系 以及系统化等研究方式，对派生凤纹造型进行重点研究，对厘清派生凤纹造型的演进过 程、形式结构的形变特征以及文化内涵的发展脉络都极具价值。本文通过对不同阶段凤纹 造型的派生流变情况开展研究，分析其派生背景及派生形式，梳理并探明中国凤纹发展的 文脉，以拓宽其形态研究的视野。

방폭 보강용 복합재료의 특성상 모델을 구성하고 사용하기 위해서는 재료 각각의 물성치가 필요하며, 이러한 물성 데이터를 도출하기 위해서는 수많은 실험을 통해 도출된 결과를 여러 계산식을 통하여 도출된 값으로 입력해야 하며, 일반적인 재료가 아닌 특수 목적용 소재의 경우는 이를 수행하는데 많은 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ansys Workbench 환경에서 제공하는 복합재 적용 물성을 적용하여 ACP와 AUTODYN에서 방호방폭 보강용 복합섬유 패널의 모델링 및 구조 해석을 수행하였다.

To make a model of a Impact/Blast resistant composite material and perform the analysis, material properties of the composite material are required. In order to obtain such a property value, it is necessary to input the result obtained by performing a lot of material tests by the calculation formula of the situation, and there is a lot of difficulty in the case of a special purpose material which is not a general material. In this study, modeling and structural analysis of composite fiber panels for protection and explosion - proofing were performed in ACP(ANSYS Composite PrePost) and AUTODYN by applying the application properties of composites provided in Ansys Workbench environment.

Understanding of gene regulation mechanisms is one of the main goals in systems biology of development. In this communication we introduce a biologically oriented approach to model gene regulation by explicitly involving all the available empirical data. The method is derived by further developing the family of diverse approaches known as fuzzy linguistic modelling (FLM) of gene action. FLM makes it possible to formulate in simple rules the known details of diverse and hierarchical gene-regulatory organization, i.e., to reword experimental conclusions formulated in the language of experimentalists into the language of model designers.

Purpose: Risk factors associated with stunting are often studied individually, while their combined effect within a single framework is poorly understood. This study aimed to model the interrelationships between family function, dietary diversity, family environmental sanitation, and household food insecurity access as predictors of stunting in rural areas of Indonesia.Methods: A descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional approach was conducted on 339 mothers with stunted children under five years of age in a rural area of Indonesia from June to August 2025. Data were collected using questionnaires and measurements of stunting. Data analysis utilised Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) to examine the relationships among mothers' factors, child factors, family functioning (as measured by the Family Assessment Device - FAD), dietary diversity, family environmental sanitation (FES), household food insecurity access (HFIA), and stunting.Results: The final structural model demonstrated that dietary diversity (p=.001; β=.16) and family functioning (p=.003; β=.20) were the most significant direct predictors of stunting. Notably, 'child factors' (e.g., medical history) also had a direct effect on stunting (p=.029; β=0.14), but more importantly, exerted a powerful indirect influence by significantly shaping family functioning, FES, and HFIA. While 'mother factors' (e.g. education) influenced household food and hygiene, they did not have a direct statistical effect on stunting in the final model.Conclusion: Alongside dietary diversity, family functioning is a key predictor of stunting. To be effective, community nursing interventions must integrate strategies that support family dynamics with traditional nutritional guidance.

The IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) protocol stack is a key part of the Internet of Things (IoT) where the 6LoWPAN motes will account for the majority of the IoT ‘things’. In 6LoWPAN networks, heavy network traffic causes congestion which significantly affects the overall performance and the quality of service metrics. In this paper, a new analytical model of congestion for 6LoWPAN networks is proposed using Markov chain and queuing theory. The derived model calculates the buffer loss probability and the channel loss probability as well as the number of received packets at the final destination in the presence of congestion. Also, we calculate the actual wireless channel capacity of IEEE 802.15.4 with and without collisions based on Contiki OS implementation. The validation of the proposed model is performed with different scenarios through simulation by using Contiki OS and Cooja simulator. Simulation results show that the analytical modelling of congestion has an accurate agreement with simulation.

Background: The modelling of lactation curve provides guidelines in formulating farm managerial practices in dairy cows. The aim of the present study was to determine the suitable non-linear model which most accurately fitted to lactation curves of five lactations in 134 Gir crossbred cows reared in Research-Cum- Development Project (RCDP) on Cattle farm, MPKV (Maharashtra). Four models viz. gamma-type function, quadratic model, mixed log function and Wilmink model were fitted to each lactation separately and then compared on the basis of goodness of fit measures viz. adjusted R2, root mean square error (RMSE), Akaike’s Informaion Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC). Results: In general, highest milk yield was observed in fourth lactation whereas it was lowest in first lactation. Among the models investigated, mixed log function and gamma-type function provided best fit of the lactation curve of first and remaining lactations, respectively. Quadratic model gave least fit to lactation curve in almost all lactations. Peak yield was observed as highest and lowest in fourth and first lactation, respectively. Further, first lactation showed highest persistency but relatively higher time to achieve peak yield than other lactations. Conclusion: Lactation curve modelling using gamma-type function may be helpful to setting the management strategies at farm level, however, modelling must be optimized regularly before implementing them to enhance productivity in Gir crossbred cows.

Background: Heat shock proteins play an important role in protection from stress stimuli and metabolic insults in almost all organisms. Methods: In this study, computational tools were used to deeply analyse the physicochemical characteristics and, using homology modelling, reliably predict the tertiary structure of the blunt snout bream (Ma-) Hsp70 and Hsc70 proteins. Derived three-dimensional models were then used to predict the function of the proteins. Results: Previously published predictions regarding the protein length, molecular weight, theoretical isoelectric point and total number of positive and negative residues were corroborated. Among the new findings are: the extinction coefficient (33725/33350 and 35090/34840 - Ma-Hsp70/ Ma-Hsc70, respectively), instability index (33.68/35.56 ? both stable), aliphatic index (83.44/80.23 ? both very stable), half-life estimates (both relatively stable), grand average of hydropathicity (?0.431/-0.473 ? both hydrophilic) and amino acid composition (alanine-lysine-glycine/glycine-lysine-aspartic acid were the most abundant, no disulphide bonds, the N-terminal of both proteins was methionine). Homology modelling was performed by SWISS-MODEL program and the proposed model was evaluated as highly reliable based on PROCHECK’s Ramachandran plot, ERRAT, PROVE, Verify 3D, ProQ and ProSA analyses. Conclusions: The research revealed a high structural similarity to Hsp70 and Hsc70 proteins from several taxonomically distant animal species, corroborating a remarkably high level of evolutionary conservation among the members of this protein family. Functional annotation based on structural similarity provides a reliable additional indirect evidence for a high level of functional conservation of these two genes/proteins in blunt snout bream, but it is not sensitive enough to functionally distinguish the two isoforms.

Considerable evidence indicates that self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and academic performance are related. However, insufficient research has investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and different types of learning strategies (deep and surface processing strategies), as well as their influence on reading in EFL contexts. This study aims to investigate the effect of students’ prior English proficiency on current English reading performance in school through the mediation of self-efficacy, critical thinking, and three types of language learning strategies. Moderation effects of gender and subject specialization were also examined. A large-scale questionnaire was distributed to 780 senior high school students in Taiwan. The findings from structural equation modelling showed that students’ prior English level had a significant, direct impact on current English reading performance without a mediator, and significant, indirect effects on current English reading performance via the mediation of self-efficacy, critical thinking, and learning strategies. Deep processing involving critical thinking and metacognition are found to be positively related to surface processing strategies in English reading. Finally, these results suggest the generality of the overall model between males and females as well as between EFL high school students specializing in social science and science in Taiwan.

Stem diameter variability is an essential inventory result that provides useful information in forest management decisions. Little has been done to explore the modelling potentials of standard deviation (SDD) and coefficient of variation (CVD) of diameter at breast height (dbh). This study, therefore, was aimed at developing and testing models for predicting SDD and CVD in stands of Pinus caribaea Morelet (pine) in south west Nigeria. Sixty temporary sample plots of size 20 m×20 m, ranging between 15 and 37 years were sampled, covering the entire range of pine in south west Nigeria. The dbh (cm), total and merchantable heights (m), number of stems and age of trees were measured within each plot. Basal area (m2), site index (m), relative spacing and percentile positions of dbh at 24th, 63rd, 76th and 93rd (i.e. P24, P63, P76 and P93) were computed from measured variables for each plot. Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to test the effects of locations (fixed) and plots (random). Six candidate models (3 for SDD and 3 for CVD), using three categories of explanatory variables (i.e. (i) only stand size measures, (ii) distribution measures, and (iii) combination of i and ii). The best model was chosen based on smaller relative standard error (RSE), prediction residual sum of squares (PRESS), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and larger coefficient of determination (R2). The results of the LMM indicated that location and plot effects were not significant. The CVD and SDD models having only measures of percentiles (i.e. P24 and P93) as predictors produced better predictions than others. However, CVD model produced the overall best predictions, because of the lower RSE and stability in measuring variability across different stand developments. The results demonstrate the potentials of CVD in modelling stem diameter variability in relationship with percentiles variables.

본 논문에서는 효율적인 제어를 위하여 캡슐 앤도스코피에 대한 모델링을 실시하였다. 방법론적으로 루그레 모델에 대한 시스템 특성파악을 위한 수학적 모델링을 이용하였다. 비선형 마찰 모델인 루그레 모델에 바탕을 둔 stick-slip 모션 시스템이 인체내에서의 캡슐 앤도스코피의 활동을 묘사하는 시뮬레이션 모델로 이용하였다. 다양한 상황을 고려하여 루그레 마찰모델에 대한 시뮬레이션을 Matlab Simulink 를 작성하여 수행하였다. 전체적인 모션과 파라미터의 영향이 엔도스코피의 속도에 미치는 영향에 대한 것에 주안을 두어 실시하였다.

In this paper, basic backgrounds about capsule endoscopy are introduced, and the aims and objectives are also illustrated. Methodology and mathematical model for LuGre model were investigated to analyse system characteristics. A nonlinear friction model, the stick-slip motion system based on LuGre friction model was used to simulate the motion of capsule endoscopy inside human body. Under the different situation, LuGre friction model was simulated by Matlab Simulink software. The entire cycle of motion and the influence of parameters towards to velocity are fully simulated.

Growth and yield prediction methods, ranging from whole-stand models to individual-tree models, have been developed for forest types managed for wood production. The resultant models are used for a host of purposes including inventory updating, management planning, evaluation of silvicultural alternatives, and harvest scheduling. Because of the large investment in developing growth and yield models for improved genotypes and silvicultural practices for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in the Southern United States, this region serves to illustrate approaches for modelling intensively managed forests. Analytical methods and computing power generally do not restrict development of reliable growth and yield models. However, long-term empirical observations on stand development, which are time consuming and expensive to obtain, often limit modelling efforts. Given that growth and yield models are used to project present volumes and to evaluate alternative treatment effects, data of both the inventory type and the experimental type are needed. Data for developing stand simulators for loblolly pine plantations have been obtained from a combination of permanent plots in operational forest stands and silvicultural experiments; these data collection efforts are described and summarized. Modelling is essential for integrating and synthesizing diverse information, identifying knowledge gaps, and making informed decisions. The questions being posed today are more complex than in the past, thus further accentuating the need for comprehensive models for stand development.

Chemerin receptor, which predominantly expressed in immune cells as well as adipose tissue, was found to stimulate chemotaxis of dendritic cells and macrophages to the site of inflammation. Chemerin is a widely distributed multifunctional secreted protein implicated in immune cell migration, adipogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, angiogenesis, myogenesis, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest chemerin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance and it becomes a potential therapeutic target for treating type II diabetes. The crystal structure of chemerin receptor has not yet been resolved. Therefore, in the present study, homology modelling of CMKLR1 was done utilizing the crystal structure of human angiotension receptor in complex with inverse agonist olmesartan as the template. Since the template has low sequence identity, we have incorporated both threading and comparative modelling approach to generate the three dimensional structure. 3D models were generated and validated. The reported models can be used to characterize the critical amino acid residues in the binding site of CMKLR1.

Urotensin-2 receptor (UTS2R) is the most potent vasoconstrictor and plays a major role in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases and becomes a potential target for human pharmacotherapy. The crystal structure of Urotension-2 receptor has not yet been resolved. Hence, in the current study homology modelling of UTS2R was done utilizing the crystal structure of human delta opioid receptor as the template. Since the template has low sequence identity, we have incorporated both comparative modelling and threading approach to generate the three dimensional structure. 10 models were generated and validated. The reported models can be used to characterize the critical amino acid residues in the binding site of UTS2R.

Today in different higher educational institutions there is the active on a structure of expert models of monitoring the quality of education in the higher educational institutions, assuming continuous tracking an education status as a whole and its separate components. In most cases creation of a monitoring system of quality of education relies on the intermediate results of activities.

American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), which are native to the eastern United States, have been widely introduced to other parts of the world through food and pet trade. These include parts of North, Central, and South America, Western Europe, and parts of Asia. In many of these regions, they have become invasive by predating or outcompeting native animals. This is true in the Republic of Korea. Because of the potentially damaging impact on ecosystems where this species is not native, it is pertinent to delineate through habitat suitability models where it is most likely to find suitable habitat outside of its native range in order to effectively prevent future outbreaks. Here, we use presence points available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) along with mixed method habitat suitability modelling to determine areas of highest suitability and areas most at risk of invasion. We first ran ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) of bioclimatic factors on global and local (Korean) grids representing presence and pseudo-absence points. The original and ENFA modelled presence-pseudoabsence points were then fed separately into random forest algorithms using the same bioclimatic variables. The two results were subsequently averaged to indicate areas at greatest risk of invasion; points with a value > 0.5 were considered risk areas. The model for South Korea was then combined with habitat factors including elevation, vegetation, and landscape type to represent suitable habitat. The final global model showed that globally, the highest risk areas are located in Western North American, South America, Western Europe, parts of Africa, Japan, Southeast Asia, Western Australia, and New Zealand. Within these areas, L. catesbeianus already occurs at high levels in Western North America and moderate levels in South America, Western Europe, and Japan; the species also has limited occurrences in Southeast Asia. In South Korea, the model shows highest suitability in the western and southeastern parts of the country, with suitable habitat located at lower elevations and in areas with higher wetness indices.

Disturbances are ubiquitous across life system hierarchy from molecules to ecosystems due to unprecedented economic growth and human aggregation. Ecological sciences enter a new phase due to urgency of ecosystem stability in parallel with rapid development of information and communication techniques at the same time. Ecological life events, however, are extremely complex and difficult to analyze: multi-disciplines are involved in pursuing ecological projects regarding ecological contents (ecosystems, taxa, and size) and connection to humans (academic fields and human involvements). A key concept for solving complex ecological problems is “integration” by utilizing four components that have been already ready for establishing the system: gene information, mathematical biology, mobile sensor networks, and modelling techniques. Ecological informatics and modeling garner a special attention in analyzing life events objectively and quantitatively in integrative aspect. In acquiring information on ecological contents effectively, surveys/experiments could be conducted by utilizing mesocosms and mobile sensor networks. A structure property residing in interplay between social pressure and disturbance in ecosystems could be a basis for social concerns caring more about the public property than private property. Based on suitable information provision and appreciating ecological efficiency, altruistic feedbacks by humans could be arisen to resolve the tragedy of the common consequently in human societies.