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Background/Objectives: This study aims to apply a structured nursing process education program and test the effectiveness of nursing college students in order to effectively conduct case studies in their first clinical practice. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study is a methodological study to develop a structured nursing process education program suitable for the competency of first time nursing clinical practice college students for the first time through literature review and a group of experts. Findings: The results of case studies of clinical practice students by applying the structured nursing process education program are as follows. In the first clinical practice, anxiety about the patient case study nursing process was reduced. It strengthened the learning ability of clinical practice students. The application of the structured nursing process education program increased satisfaction with teaching methods. Through structured nursing process education, quantitative studies are conducted to determine whether the academic competency of clinical practice students has increased. Improvements/Applications: It is suggested that the structured nursing process program be modified to be used in various nursing area.

Purpose: This study aimed to establish the translation adequacy and examine the psychometric properties of FaceMask Use Scale (FMUS). Methods: This methodological study employed a cross-sectional design with repeatedmeasures. Phase 1 examined the equivalence and relevance of English and Chinese versions of FMUS. Phase2 examined the internal consistency, stability and construct validity. Different sample batches (213 universitystudents and 971 general public) were used appropriately for psychometric testing. The 2-phase data were collectedbetween January and April 2017. Results: In Phase 1, the semantic equivalence and relevance (item- and scale-levelcontent-validity-index=100%) was satisfactory. Furthermore, from 133 paired test-retest responses, the quadraticweighted kappa (.53~.73, p<.001) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC=.81) between the English andChinese version of FMUS were satisfactory. In Phase 2, FMUS demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency(Cronbach’s ?=.80~.81; corrected item-total correlation coefficients=.46~.67) and two-week test-retest stability(ICC=.84). The known-groups method (t=3.08, p<.001), exploratory (71.10% of total variance in two-factor model)and confirmatory factory analysis (x2/df=4.02, Root Mean Square Residual=.03, Root Mean Square Error ofApproximation=.06, Goodness of Fit Index=.99, Comparative Fit Index=.99) were all satisfactory for establishingthe construct validity. Conclusion: The FMUS has an equivalence Chinese and English versions, satisfactoryreliability and validity for measuring the practice of face mask use. This poses clinical and research implications forthose community health nurses who works on respiratory protection. Further research should be conducted on the‘negligent practice’ of FMU.

Purpose. Professional nursing ethics is a living, dynamic set of standards for nurses' professional moral behavior. Furthermore, in daily clinical nursing training, nursing students are constantly confronted with decision-making that is moral in nature. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived ethical attitudes in the clinical training process of senior nursing students using Q-methodology to offer basic strategies for nursing ethics education and thereby improve patients' care. Methods. Q-methodology provides a scientific method for identifying perception structures that exist within certain individuals or groups. Thirty-seven participants in a university rated 38 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-9. The collected data were analyzed using pc-QUNAL software. Results. Principal component analysis identified 3 types of ethical attitudes in nursing students in Korea. The categories were labeled Sacred-life, Science-realistic and Humane-life. Sacred-life individuals think that a life belongs to an absolute power (God), not a man, and a human life is a high and noble thing. Science-realistic individuals disagreed that allowing an induced abortion or embryo (human) duplication is unethical behavior that provokes a trend, which takes the value of a life lightly; most of them took a utilitarian position with respect to ethical decisions. Humane-life individuals exhibit a tendency toward human-centered thought with respect to ethical attitudes. Conclusion. This study will be of interest to educators of students of nursing and hospital nursing administrators. Also, the findings may provide the basis for the development of more appropriate strategies to improve nursing ethics education programs.

Purpose: Nursing students' competence in virtual simulation-based learning is a key factor in its success. This study explored the validity and reliability of a virtual-simulation-based learning competency self-evaluation tool for nursing students. Methods: Data were collected from a web-based survey. First, 11 nursing professors participated in a focus group interview, and 7 simulation education experts participated in the preliminary item content validity. The participants in these two aspects were not the same. Then, a preliminary survey was conducted with 15 fourth-year nursing students in I City. Next, based on these three efforts, a final survey comprising 20 evaluation items was developed. This survey was administered to third- and fourth-year nursing students at four nursing colleges in Korean provinces (Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, and Gyeongsan-do); 222 complete questionnaires were used for the final analysis. Further, Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model was used for four steps each of tool development and verification processes of the associated psychometric aspects, for a total of eight steps. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the collected survey data, and verify the tool's validity and reliability. Results: Four factors comprising 15 items explained 66.59% of the variance: learning preparation and start-up (4 items), nursing assessment (3 items), data interpretation (3 items), and problem solving (5 items). The Cronbach's α of the tool was 0.74, and that of the factors ranged from 0.72 to 0.80. Conclusions: The tool's validity and reliability were demonstrated using established methodologies. This tool can be useful for evaluating Korean nursing students' virtual simulation learning competence.

Purpose: Perceptions of nurses regarding complementary and alternative therapies(CATs) acceptance illustrate how CATs can be applied in nursing practice and become the empirical basis for the expansion of nursing role. Purpose is to identify nurses’ perception of CATs acceptance. Methods: A Q-methodological study, which allows for analysis of subjectivity of data, was used. A convenience P-sample was consisted of 36 nurses. Twenty-seven Q-statements were derived from a literature review and interviews with six nurses, and were then categorized on a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using the QUANAL PC Program. Results: Three types of perception regarding acceptance of CATs were identified among nurses. Type I was called the “cautious type”; Type II, the “positive acceptance type”; and Type III, the “considering reality type.” Conclusion: Along with further exploration of the scientific evidence of CATs, adequate nursing education, and finding ways to overcome the obstacles needed for acceptance of effective and empirically tested CATs into a nursing practice, the results of this study may help promoting application of CATs as a nursing practice.

Purpose: Simulation-based education plays a critical role in nursing by allowing stu- dents to acquire clinical competencies in a safe and controlled environment. However, current evaluation tools for simulation scenarios often lack standardization, resulting in inconsistencies when assessing the effectiveness of such programs. Methods: This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Nursing Simulation Scenario Evaluation Tool using the Real-Time Delphi method. A panel of 10 experts in nursing and simulation education participated in two rounds of surveys. The evaluation criteria were derived from the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice and relevant literature. Survey items were refined through expert consensus using content validity ratios and coefficient of variation val- ues. The finalized tool was further enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI)?based evalu- ation capabilities to support objective and systematic assessment. The tool was registered and patented in the Republic of Korea (Korean Intellectual Property Office Registration No. 10-2024-0051234) to acknowledge its innovation and technical merit. Results: The process resulted in an evaluation tool comprising eight key domains and 36 items, covering scenario structure, learning objectives, preparation, script development, debriefing, facilitation, expected outcomes, and scenario validity. A Kendall’s coefficient of concordance of 0.739 indicated strong agreement among the experts. Conclusion: This study successfully developed a standardized and validated tool to im- prove the reliability and effectiveness of simulation-based education in nursing. The tool addresses a key gap in current educational practices and enhances consistency in evalu- ating nursing simulation scenarios. Future studies should focus on validating its applica- tion across diverse educational environments.

Purpose: Around the world, male nurses face a variety of difficulties within clinical settings; accordingly, a large number of male nurses consider changing their occupation. In particular, male nurses in a number of Asian countries with a Confucian heritage experience difficulties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in turnover intention among male nurses in one such country, South Korea, and on that basis to suggest concrete strategies for reducing turnover among male nurses in Confucian cultures. Methods: Q methodology, which is used to analyze human subjectivity, was applied. Q statements were derived from 207 candidate statements gathered from various documents and interviews; 40 statements were finalized. A purposive sample of 41 male nurses was selected as likely to have diverse opinions on turnover intention of male nurses. The collected data were analyzed using PQMethod software. Results: Four distinct types of subjectivity about turnover intention among male nurses were identified: (1) ?Pursuing occupational values,? (2) ?Dissatisfaction with treatment,? (3) ?Seeking a relaxed and stable life,? and (4) ?Conflict related to organizational culture.? Conclusion: This study suggests various ways of reducing turnover and increasing retention among male nurses based on the four identified perspectives, especially in Confucian heritage regions.

Purpose: Education on infant safe sleep practices has been known to reduce the risk of sleep-related sudden unexpected infant death. Since sleep environments may vary across sociocultural contexts, infant safe sleep education needs to reflect specific sociocultural settings. This study aimed to develop an educational Protocol for Infant Safe Sleep (PISS) for primary caregivers in Korea that considers parenting behaviors and cultural characteristics. Methods: This study was conducted in three key methodological steps: (1) retrieval, de- fining, and systematic classification of PISS content; (2) the structural formulation of the content as an educational protocol; and (3) content validation. For the first step, a literature review was conducted, along with an analysis of educational materials from institution websites related to infant safe sleep and online parenting communities. Field observations were also conducted to identify relevant Korean culture characteristics. Based on these findings, the PISS was developed. Content validity index was assessed by six professionals, and the results were reflected into the educational program. Results: The PISS intervention provided an educational video and booklet and enhanced learning via phone counseling and educational kit, which comprised an illustrated safe sleep sticker and a calendar-style activity diary. The educational content consisted of (1) sleep location, (2) sleep position, (3) bedding, (4) clothes and temperature, and (5) other considerations. Conclusion: This study developed the PISS, an intangible educational intervention based on Korean sociocultural characteristics and specific guidelines for primary caregivers. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of this program in promoting safe sleep practices.

Purpose: To improve the quality of postoperative care and promote recovery after surgery, it is important that nursing education is competency-based and that competency assessment is an integral part of the educational process. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to evaluate nursing students' perceived competence in postoperative care. Methods: This cross-sectional methodological study followed DeVellis's scale development steps and was conducted between December 2022 and March 2023. In this study, 892 students were invited and 703 responded. After exclusions, data from 645 students were analyzed to examine the psychometric structure of the scale using exploratory factor analysis (n=327) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=318). Reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach's α coefficients and by test-retest measurement (n=46). Results: The proposed scale was confirmed to consist of five factors and 28 items (χ²/degrees of freedom=2.25, root mean square error of approximation=.06, normed fit index=.90, and goodness-of-fit index=.85). Cronbach's α was .97 for the total scale. The data demonstrated high test-retest stability (intraclass correlation coefficient=.88). The scale developed and psychometrically tested in this study revealed a five-factor structure: legal responsibilities and ethical principles (seven items), postoperative nursing care (seven items), interpersonal relations and communication (four items), leadership (six items), and education and professional development (four items). Conclusion: The scale, which demonstrated very good psychometric properties, would be helpful in assessing perceived postoperative nursing competence among nursing students. This may help students graduate with the necessary knowledge and skills required for postoperative care. However, further research involving larger samples and more diverse cultural contexts is needed to enhance the generalizability of the scale.

Purpose: The subjective experiences of middle-aged individuals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic play a pivotal role in fostering resilience for reintegration into normal life post-pandemic and preparing for potential future infectious disease outbreaks. This study aimed to explore the experiences of middle-aged individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Q methodology. Methods: Forty-six middle-aged individuals from 10 cities in South Korea participated in this study. The participants arranged and ranked 39 Q statements describing their experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic using a Q-sort table. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using the PQ method. Results: Three distinct viewpoints were identified: concerns regarding government policies related to COVID-19 (political perspective: consistent government policies are of utmost importance); concerns about personal loss related to COVID-19 (personal perspective: daily life is of the utmost importance); and concerns about social losses related to COVID-19 (social perspective: societal interests take precedence over individual needs). Conclusion: The nursing interventions recommended for these three factors serve as a strategic blueprint for effectively addressing future outbreaks of infectious diseases. These nursing intervention strategies can significantly enhance positive perceptions of the three identified elements of the COVID-19 experience, providing an opportunity to transform negative outlooks into positive ones.

Purpose:This study develops a chatbot for school violence prevention (C-SVP) among elementary school students. Methods: Among the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) models, ADD phases were applied to develop a C-SVP. Students’ learning needs were identified by constructing content with a design that attracted their attention. Subsequently, a formative evaluation was conducted on the developed C-SVP to test its applicability by ten elementary school students targeting the 5th and 6th grades. Results: The chatbot was designed using KakaoTalk and named “School Guardian Angel.” The formative evaluation revealed that the developed C-SVP was easily accessible and useful for elementary school students. Conclusion: The developed C-SVP is expected to be effective in preventing violence among elementary school students. However, further research involving children of various age groups is required.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a mobile application focusing on developmental support care for infants born prematurely. Methods: An application was developed using the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model. In the analysis phase, previous research was evaluated through big data text-mining and a literature review. In the design phase, the preliminary content of the application was designed, and the content validity and comprehension were verified. A hybrid application was developed and used by eight experts and ten users, who evaluated the layout of the mobile application and their satisfaction with it. Results: The content of the designed application comprised a diary, customized information, developmental play, and community. The mean scores for layout were 3.73±0.47 and 3.43±0.68 out of 4 points among the experts and users, respectively. Users’ mean satisfaction score was 3.70±0.70 out of 5 points. Conclusion: The information provided by the mobile application was evaluated as consistent and systematic. The application was also found to be satisfactory by infants’ parents. The mobile application developed through this study is expected to be effective in supporting the development of children born prematurely.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a tool to evaluate slow nursing performance for older adults in long-term care hospitals. Methods: The search period was set from March 2013, when the term "slow nursing" was first used in the literature, to October 2021. A slow nursing tool was developed in two phases: development and verification. In the tool development phase, 29 items were developed through an extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with seven long-term care hospital nurses. Construct validity testing was performed by a 10-member expert panel, and a pilot survey was conducted on long-term care hospital nurses. In the tool validation phase, the construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the tool were tested by applying it to 181 nurses in long-term care hospitals. Results: The final tool comprised five factors and 23 items, with an overall explanatory power of 56.8%. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, and the model fit was good. Known-group validity was established by the observation of a significant difference in the slow nursing score between intensive care unit and long-term care hospital nurses, and criterion validity was established by a significant correlation between the slow nursing and person-centered assessment scores. Internal consistency reliability was shown by a Cronbach's α coefficient of .781. Conclusion: The concept of slow nursing has been clarified, improving the understanding and implementation of slow nursing care by nurses in long-term care hospitals. The Slow Nursing Tool for Long-term Care Hospital Nurses (SNT-LCHN) is expected to increase interest in and contribute to the effectiveness of slow nursing practices. It will serve as a valuable tool for improving nursing performance in these settings.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the revised Korean version of the Nurses' Ethical Behaviors for Protecting Patient's Rights Scale (NEBPPRS-K25). Methods: The participants in this study consisted of 311 nurses employed at university hospitals located in D, S, or U cities. Data were collected from July 1 to August 31, 2022. The collected data were analyzed utilizing SPSS and AMOS version 28.0.Results: The statistical analysis led to the exclusion of three items from the original version, resulting in five subscales encompassing a total of 25 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated satisfactory model fit indices (normed χ2=2.56, p<.001, RMR=.05, RMSEA=.07, GFI=.84, CFI=.86, TLI=.85, IFI=.87). The items' convergent and discriminant validity were verified using confirmed through the extracted mean variance (.54~.65) and composite reliability (.78~.90). The Cronbach's ? value for the overall NEBPPRS-K instrument was .89, while the Cronbach's ? value for each individual subscale ranged from .66 to .85. Conclusion: The NEBPPRS-K25 is a valid and reliable scale, making it suitable for widespread use in measuring nurses' ethical behaviors to safeguard patient rights.

Purpose: Security neglect is common among vulnerable children. The Child Neglect Scale (CNS) is widely used to screen children for neglect. However, little is known about the accuracy of the Security Neglect Subscale when administered in isolation. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Security Neglect Subscale of the CNS among vulnerable children in China. Methods: Cluster sampling was used, and 242 vulnerable children participated in the study. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 28.0 and Amos ver. 28.0, and the test construct validity of the CNS Security Neglect Subscale was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability, were evaluated. Results: The construct validity of the nine-item CNS Security Neglect Subscale was confirmed by a two-factor structure. The modified model fit the data well, as shown by a normed chi-square of 2.48, a comparative fit index of .97, a Tucker-Lewis index of .96, and a root mean square error of approximation of .08. The model had acceptable convergent and discriminant validity for each structure. The Cronbach's α coefficient was .87 overall, and values for the two factors ranged from .78 to .93. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the satisfactory psychometric properties of the CNS Security Neglect Subscale, indicating its utility in evaluating security neglect in vulnerable children in China.

Purpose: We developed a virtual reality (VR) program for use in pediatric nursing practicums to help nursing students learn to measure vital signs in children. Methods: The analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model was employed between July 2021 and December 2021 at a university in South Korea. In the analysis phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with four nursing students, two nursing school graduates, and four experts. The topic and contents of the VR program were settled in the design phase. The VR program was developed and subsequently used and evaluated by 20 nursing students and four experts. Results: The contents of the VR program for pediatric nursing practicums included the measurement of vital signs in a newborn baby and a young child, as well as an evaluation system. The mean score for the nursing students' satisfaction with practice was 4.02 out of 5 points. The mean scores for overall satisfaction with the VR program were 4.15 and 4.79 out of 5 points for nursing students and experts, respectively. Conclusion: The VR program developed in this study allows nursing students to practice measuring vital signs in children, thus improving the students' clinical performance in pediatric nursing.

Purpose: This study explores the relationship between nurses' active involvement in healthcare policydevelopment and their intention to stay in their current roles. It aims to assess how this involvement inhealthcare policy activities influences their intention to stay in their current. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, the study surveyed nurses across five major publiclyfunded teaching hospitals in Oman using an online self-administered questionnaire titled the“Involvement in Health Policy Scale.” Analytical methods included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlationanalysis, and multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of nurses' intention to stay. Results: Of the 1200 distributed surveys, 1017 responses were useable (85% response rate). The samplewas predominantly female (87.9%), with an average age of 35 years. Nurses reported a moderateintention to stay (mean ITS ¼ 3.13, SD ¼ 0.80). Regression analysis indicated that increased involvementin health policy was a significant positive predictor of intention to stay (b ¼ 0.09, p < .007). Moreexperienced nurses (b ¼ 0.078, p < .044) and non-Omani nationality (b ¼ 0.213, p < .001) were alsopositive predictors. Conversely, being single and facing numerous barriers were negative predictors ofintention to stay (b ¼ 0.071, p < .008; b ¼ 0.165, p < .001). Conclusion: The study underscores the positive impact of nurses' involvement in healthcare policy ontheir intention to stay in their roles. It highlights the necessity for healthcare organizations to fosterenvironments that enhance nurse engagement in policy-making, thereby potentially improving retentionrates and sustaining their workforce.

코로나19(Covid-19)가 전 세계에 이슈가 되기 시작한지 만 2년이 넘어가는 지금, 사회와 교회는 의도와 상관없이, 옳고 그름에 상관없이 강제적으로 뉴노멀(New Normal)이 되어버린 일상을 살아가고 있다. 그 사이 2년만에 한국교회의 16%가 폐쇄되었고, 남은 84%의 교회들 중 25%의 교회는 폐쇄직전 또는 향후 2년안에 폐쇄될 것으로 전망되 고 있다. 교회안에 들어온 잘못된 뉴노멀은 목회자로 보이는 유튜버스 타(Youtuber Star)를 양산하고 있고, 회중들은 이에 영적인 대화와 교 감이 사라진 현재의 교회들을 떠나고 있다. 이에 본 연구자는 이를 타 개하기 위하여 특별히 스스로를 웨슬리안(Wesleyan)으로 여기고 있는 목회자들이 그동안 매우 집중적으로 연구해오던 존 웨슬리의 조직신학 적인 특징들에 설교학적인 관점에서의 웨슬리의 특징들을 더하여 현 상황을 타개하는 시도를 하려고 한다. 웨슬리는 오늘의 회중의 삶과 대화하는 목회자이자 설교자였다. 회 중들의 현실과 삶이 주제가 된 명확한‘주제설교자’였고, 사회적 성결 을 이루기 위하여 오히려 오늘의 내 앞에 서있는 회중들의 성결을 깊이 있고 신랄하게 파고드는 설교자였다. 이는 내적인 부흥을 먼저 이끌어 냈으며, 이는 자연스럽게 외적인 부흥으로 이어졌다. 웨슬리는 매우 철저한 성경중심의 설교를 하였는데, 현재의 많은 설교자들이 회중들의 감각에 소위 세련되 보이기 위하여 지나치게 많은 인문학을 설교안으로 들여오고 있는 부분에 경종을 울린다. 그는 때로 는 지루하리만큼 수많은 성경본문들을 인용하는 것을 볼 수 있는데, 이 는 인문학과 과학이 아닌 성경이 설교를 증명하게 하였음을 천명한 것 이었다. 이러한 성향은 자연스럽게 그의 설교의 대주제가‘교리’에 있 도록 하였고, 이는 논리적이고 논증적이며 논쟁적이고 설득적인 방법 들을 통하여 설교되도록 하였다. 그의 설교의 목적은 오직 한 가지, 성 도들이 구원받게 하는 것이었으므로 굳이 성경전체를 동일한 무게로 가르치지 않았고, ‘구원론’과‘마태복음, 로마서’에 특별히 무게를 두 고 설교를 하였다. 그는 설교에서 수많은‘의문문’을 활용하는 것을 볼 수 있는데, 이는 오늘 들은 말씀을 자신의 삶에 어떻게‘적용’할 것인 지에 대해 성도들을 자극하고 일깨우는 데에 활용되었다. 마지막으로 그는‘사변형의 신학’으로 이름붙여진‘성서-전통-이성-경험’을 총 동원하여 설교하려고 노력하였다. 이 모든 웨슬리의 설교학적인 특징들이 그동안의 조직신학적인 연구 들에 더해진다면, 현재 교회와 목회자들이 겪고 있는 이 어려움들을 이 겨내고, 다시 내적으로 외적으로 부흥할 수 있는 기회가 올 수 있게 될 것을 기대한다.

More than two years since the global outbreak of COVID-19, society and churches are now living what has become the compulsory “New Normal,” regardless of whether it is right or wrong. Meanwhile, 16% of Korean churches have closed in the last two years, and 25% of the remaining 84% of churches are on the brink of closure or expected to close within the next two years. One of the misled New Normals that penetrated the church is the mass-production of Youtuber Stars who appear to be pastors, leading the congregation away from the current churches, where spiritual dialogue and communion have disappeared. I, as the researcher of this thesis, attempt to break through this trend by adding John Wesley’s characteristics from a homiletic perspective to his systematic theological features, which pastors regarding themselves as Wesleyans have been very focused on. Wesley was a pastor and a preacher who connected with the everyday life of the congregation. He was a clear “topical preacher” who spoke of life and reality of the congregation, and a preacher who wanted to penetrate the congregation’s holiness rather deeply and harshly, in order to achieve social holiness. This first led to internal revival, which naturally led to an external revival. Wesley gave very thorough Bible-centered sermons, which alarms many current preachers who bring in too much of the humanities into their sermons to make it look so-called sophisticated to their congregation. He cited many Bible texts in his sermons, to the extent it could draw boredom, which was his way of declaring that the Bible, not humanities and science, proved preaching itself. This tendency naturally led the subject of his sermons to be in ‘the doctrine’, which allowed them to be preached through logical, argumentative, controversial, and persuasive methods. The sole purpose of his sermon was to lead people to salvation, so he did not teach the entire Bible with the same weight but preached with a focus on the Doctrine of Salvation, Gospel of Matthew, and Book of Romans. He can be seen using numerous ‘interrogative sentences’ in his sermons, which were used to stimulate and awaken the congregation about how to ‘apply’ what they heard to their daily life. Finally, he tried to preach by mobilizing all the Scripture-Tradition-Reason-Experience, which was named “Quadrilateral.” If all of Wesley’s homiletic characteristics are added to the research of systematic theological studies thus far, there is hope of an opportunity to overcome the difficulties currently faced by churches and pastors, and to ignite revival internally and externally.

In this paper, I analyzed the method of synonymous description focused on conceptual meaning, sociocultural meaning and register of personal noun in example of TOSHIYORI, ROJIN/ JUMIN, JUNIN. it can be summarized, as shown as follows. (1)TOSHIYORI means elderly people, they are also ＜sickly object of sympathy＞and ＜ignorant, stubborn and useless existence＞. (2)ROJIN means an older person, he is also ＜weak and lonely object of sympathy＞ and ＜affluent and happy being＞. (3)JUMIN means people living in a large area such as ~district, castle, town, island, city, ~coast, ~province, they are also＜victims＞in war and disaster, accident, national destruction and poor living environment. (4)JUNIN means a person living in a narrow area such as house, apartment, mansion, inn, room, street, town, city, area. (5)TOSHIYORI, ROJIN are characteristic of public use. ROJIN is noticeable in law, publicity paper, white paper and TOSHIYORI is in publicity. JUMIN is characterized by its use in public documents and scenes such as the minutes of the National Assembly, publicity paper, and white paper and JUNIN in everyday documents and scenes such as books, magazines, and Yahoo. Studies that reveal the values ​​of language society are meaningful work in sociology as well as linguistics. This paper attempts to present a method for empirically analyzing the tendency of social values ​​reflected in language use. In addition to expanding the survey scope of synonyms, I would like to make comparison of values ​​through comparative studies with Korean as future tasks.

人を表す名詞の概念的意味と社会文化的意味、使用領域を中心にコーパスを利用した類義語の記述の方法について、「年より」「老人」/「住民」「住人」を例に論じた。本稿の調査で次のようなことが明らかになった。 (1) 「年寄り」は＜年をとった階層＞を意味し、＜病弱な同情の対象＞であると同時に＜無知で頑固な役に立たない存在＞でもある。 (2) 「老人」は＜年をとった個人＞を意味し、＜病弱で孤独な同情の対象＞でありながら、一方では ＜豊かで幸福な存在＞でもある。 (3) 「住民」は「~地区、城、村、島、年、~沿岸、~地方などの＜広い地域に住む人々＞であり、戦争、災難災害、事件事故、環境破壊や劣悪な生活環境に置かれた＜被害者＞である。 (4) 「住人」は「家、集合建物、部屋、街」などの＜狭い土地や建物に住む人々＞を意味する。「村、~地域」などは「住民」と共有する。 (5) 「老人」「年寄り」は、共に公的な使用が特徴的である。「老人」は、法律・広報紙・白書などで、「年寄り」は広報紙での使用が目立つ。「住民」は、国会会議録・広報紙・白書などの公的文章での使用、「住人」は、一般書籍・雑誌・ヤフーなどの日常的な文章や場面での使用が特徴的である。 言語社会の価値観を分析する研究は、言語学のみならず社会学でも意味深い作業である。本稿は言語使用に反映された社会的価値観の傾向を実証的に分析する方法を提示しようと試みたが、類義語の調査範囲を拡大する作業と共に韓国語との対照研究を通じた価値観の比較を今後の課題としたい。

본 연구는 대한민국 정부의 기술혁신형 국가연구개발사업 중 하나인 “지식경제기술혁신사 업”을 대상으로 R&D 성과창출 성공확률의 예측모형을 추정하고, 추정된 예측모형의 민감도 검토를 위한 실험설계분석을 실시한다. 분석 대상 R&D 주관기관 유형은 “대기업”, “중소기 업”, 두 가지 영리기관이며, “국가R&D사업관리서비스”에 매년 등록 관리되는 여섯 가지 핵 심 R&D 성과 항목 중 특히, 특허등록, 매출액, 두 가지를 분석 대상으로 선정한다. 또한, 타 기관 간 R&D 협력 여부도 영향요인으로 본 연구에 포함한다. 일반적인 R&D 논리모형에 기 초하여 예측모형을 수립하며, 분석 샘플 n = 1,929개 종료 R&D 과제를 대상으로 분석 샘플 특성을 고려한 로짓 (Logit) 회귀분석을 실시한다. 실증분석 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 정부지원 금액 대비 성과창출 성공확률의 양 (+)의 상관성은 확인되나, 그 영향력은 특허등록과 같은 단기적, 기술적 산출에서 매출액과 같은 중기적, 경제적 결과로 진행될수록 감소하였다. 둘째, 매출액 성과창출 여부는 직전 단계에 위치한 특허등록 창출 여부에 의존적임이 확인되었다. 셋째, “단독 R&D”와 비교할 때 “협력 R&D”에서 특허등록, 매출액 성과창출 성공확률이 더 높고, “대기업”보다 “중소기업”의 매출액 성과창출 성공확률이 더 높았다. 넷째, 민감도 실험 설계분석을 통해, 정부지원금액이 증가할수록 특허등록 성과창출 성공확률은 S자형 비선형 성장곡선 형태의 증가 추세를 명확히 보인 반면, 매출액 성과창출 성공확률은 상대적으로 선 형에 근사한 둔감한 증가 추세를 보였다. 본 연구가 제안하는 정책적 함의로서, 각 R&D 과 제별 순차적인 성과창출 유도, 타 기관 간 R&D 협력 활성화, 중소기업 친화적인 국가연구개 발사업의 기획 전개 관리 등이 바람직하다고 판단된다. 또한, 정부지원금액 증액을 통해 성 취 가능한 R&D 성과 항목은 한정적일 수 있으므로, 각 R&D 과제별 정부지원금액 규모의 적절성을 세밀히 검토하는 절차가 향후 좀 더 강화될 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

This study presents an empirical case where a prediction model is estimated for the performance creation success probability regarding a national technology innovation research and development (R&D) program. Additionally, a framework for a design of experiments is established to conduct sensitivity analyses on the predicted probability. The prediction model is developed based on typical R&D logic models, and it encompasses the total of five distinct R&D characteristics such as R&D Government Subsidy (X1), Patent Registration (Y1), Sales (Y2), Company Type (T1) and Collaboration Type (T2). In the analysis, the sample of n = 1,929 observations (i.e., R&D projects) is analyzed using Logit regression models to cope with the sample’s nonparametric characteristics. In particular, an interesting finding from this study is that the predicted probability for Patent Registration (Y1) performance creation success shows an S-shape nonlinear growth curve trend as R&D Government Subsidy (X1) increases. As practical implications, we suggest the following; (1) promoting the sequential R&D performance creation, (2) enabling the R&D collaboration between other agencies, (3) planning, deployment and management for SME-friendly national R&D programs. In addition, a meticulous review process should be incorporated into the R&D management scheme because it was found that the increased amount of R&D Government Subsidy (X1) might have a limited effect up to the short term and technical outputs only.